为什么人类学家对进入中国第一位皇帝的陵墓犹豫不决？
Why are anthropologists hesitant to enter the tomb of the first emperor of China?
译文简介
首先，与其说是人类学家，不如说是考古学家。
正文翻译
Why are anthropologists hesitant to enter the tomb of the first emperor of China?
为什么人类学家对进入中国第一位皇帝的陵墓犹豫不决？
为什么人类学家对进入中国第一位皇帝的陵墓犹豫不决？
评论翻译
很赞 ( 30 )
收藏
First, it’s probably better to say archaeologists than anthropologists. In the US, archaeology is often treated as a branch of anthropology, but archaeologists working on historical eras can come from different traditions, and I believe something vaguely similar (that is, archaeologists are not necessarily anthropologists) is going on in Chinese archaeology.
首先，与其说是人类学家，不如说是考古学家。在美国，考古学通常被视为人类学的一个分支，但研究历史时代的考古学家可能来自不同的传统，我相信中国考古学中也有一些模糊的相似之处(也就是说，考古学家不一定是人类学家)。
第二，如果有犹豫，那也是一种恼怒的、不情愿的犹豫。我们已经很好地了解了在这个庞大的陵墓群中，第一位皇帝可能会被安葬在哪里。然而，对实际挖掘有很大的阻力，因为这将是一项庞大而昂贵的任务，而且对是否能很好发掘存在严重的问题。
例如，尽管著名的兵马俑很壮观，但如果这些俑能得到妥善保存，它可能会更加壮观。它们曾被涂上了大量的油漆，但油漆暴露在光线和空气中而褪色。考古学家们决心不再犯同样的错误。当最终准备好时，发掘工作会做得很好，但这意味着大量的准备和资金。
此外，还有对现场有毒环境的担忧。迄今为止，对陵墓的描述相当准确，提到了一个房间，里面有一幅由珍贵材料制成的帝国地图，用水银来描绘河流和水体。此外，近年来的土壤测试发现汞含量升高，尽管这可能是该地区工业污染的结果。
无论哪种方式，这都表明发掘工作可能有重金属中毒的风险，因此安全问题给这样的项目带来了额外的复杂性(和成本)。
Because of the Ming tombs experience.
The Ming Tombs were sealed tombs near Beijing, and were sealed against air intrusion. In the 1960s, the tombs were opened for study, but the sudden introduction of outside air damaged numerous artworks, clothes, scrolls etc that were in the tombs.
因为明十三陵的经历。
明十三陵是北京附近的封闭陵墓，是为了防止空气侵入而封闭的。在20世纪60年代，陵墓被开放供研究，但突然引入的外部空气损坏了坟墓中的许多艺术品，衣服，卷轴等。
High levels of mercury found in soil in the area may indicate that the ancient descxtion by Sima Qian of the tomb having a sort of huge map and fountains of mercury representing the rivers and lakes in the Qin realm may well be true. If so, excavation may release mercury vapor into the atmosphere and pose huge danger to excavator crews and people living nearby.
外界的空气侵入破坏了秦始皇陵周围出土的兵马俑的油漆。兵马俑最初是彩绘的。
在该地区土壤中发现的高汞含量可能表明，古代司马迁对坟墓的描述很可能是真实的，他说有一副巨大的地图和代表秦国河流和湖泊的水银喷泉。如果是这样，挖掘可能会将汞蒸汽释放到大气中，并对挖掘人员和附近居民构成巨大危险。
It’s also quite likely that there are nontrivial and still-functioning booby traps that excavating crews would have to deal with.
Archaeologists are still trying to figure out how to conduct an investigation of the site without encountering the above problems.
《对秦始皇陵墓的五种猜测》——中国网
此外也很有可能有一些重要的、仍然有效的诡雷，挖掘人员必须处理。
考古学家仍在努力研究如何在不遇到上述问题的情况下对遗址进行调查。
Like with the terracotta soldiers. I suspect that the internal structure of the main tomb will have collapsed.
The only way to excavate and physically investigate the tomb will be to dismantle it layer by layer, which would also destroy it.
This can only be done once.
The Chinese archaeologists will want to be absolutely certain that they can do this without losing important data. If it takes another century or two to work out how to find out as much as possible in a non destructive manner first. The tomb can wait. It has been there a long time and it isn't as if it is going to go anywhere any time soon.
What is more, The Chinese have a long standing culture of ancestor worship. And this isn't any old ancestor. This is the tomb of THE Emperor.
I can easily imagine that there will be a strong cultural inhibition for many Chinese people against attempting to disturb the tomb.
就像兵马俑。我怀疑主墓的内部结构已经坍塌。
挖掘和物理调查陵墓的唯一方法是将其逐层拆除，这依然会破坏陵墓。而且这只有一次机会。
中国考古学家想要绝对确定他们可以在不丢失重要数据的情况下做到这一点。如果要花上一两个世纪的时间来研究如何以一种非破坏性的方式找到尽可能多的东西。陵墓可以等，它已经存在了很长一段时间，似乎再多点时间也没什么区别。
更重要的是，中国人有悠久的祖先崇拜文化。这不是任何一个古老的祖先。这是始皇帝的坟墓。
我可以很容易地想象，对于许多中国人来说，试图打扰陵墓会有一种强烈的文化上的反对声浪。
I heard another version of this, that the first Emperor has a reputation of being a bit of a brutal despot, and in a culture that reveres / fears ancestral spirits, he’s not an ancestor you want to piss off.
我听到的另一个版本是，秦始皇有一点残暴暴君的名声，在一个敬畏/害怕祖先灵魂的文化中，他不是一个你想惹恼的祖先。
There's some sort of prophecy or curse attached, along the lines of “When my tomb is opened, C.... will be destroyed”. Well, on the one hand he would say that. On the other….
里面有某种预言或诅咒，比如“当我的坟墓被打开时，C将被毁灭”。一方面，他会这么说。另一方面....
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Some interesting parts of Pompei are not yet touched either. Careful, careful. This can only be done once.
庞贝的一些有趣的部分也还没有被触及。小心,小心。只有一次机会。
One of my relatives was living around that area and he witnessed the whole process. He even told me how the Emperor and his two wives' bodies were found.
During that time the Chinese archaeologists were not very experienced, they didn’t plan it well. They spent a whole year only to find the main entrance.
To clarify, among the 13 Ming Emperor Tombs, only one underground tomb(this one mentioned above) has been opened so far. Other than the QinShiHuang tomb, there is another tomb that everyone wants to take a look at. The tomb of Empress Wu Zetian, the only woman emperor of China. The government announced will not open it for at least 50 years, to protect it from damage.
我的一个亲戚住在那附近，他目睹了整个过程。他甚至告诉我皇帝和他的两个妻子的遗体是如何被发现的。
当时的中国考古学家发掘经验不充分，他们没有做好充足的计划。他们花了整整一年才找到正门。
澄清一下，在十三座明皇陵中，到目前为止只有一座地下陵墓(上面提到的)被打开。除了秦始皇墓，还有一座墓大家都想去看一看——武则天皇后的墓，中国唯一的女皇帝。政府宣布至少在50年内不会发掘，以保护它免受破坏。
链接：《乾陵》
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Is it possible to send in a remote-controlled robot to photograph the tomb?
有没有可能派一个遥控机器人去给陵墓拍照?
I think Egypt used a robot before to investigate the Great Pyramid. But the case is different here. They usually have pyramid ventilation shafts. Those underground Chinese ones have been sealed for thousands of years. You will need to open the entrance to let the robot in. Once the outside air gets in even with a small opening, the balance within the tomb will be damaged. (this answer also mentioned it). Highly volatile mercury will also be leaking out through that opening.
Even if they want to try it with robots or drones, they may want to first practice the technique on a not-so-important site.
我想埃及以前用过机器人来调查大金字塔。但这里的情况不同。他们通常有金字塔式的通风井。那些中国的地下建筑已经被封闭了几千年。你需要打开入口让机器人进去。一旦外部空气进入，即使只有一个很小的开口，也会破坏坟墓内部的平衡。(这个答案也提到了这一点)。高度挥发性的汞也会通过这个开口泄漏出去。
即使他们想用机器人或无人机来尝试，他们也可能想先在一个不太重要的地方练习这项技术。
None of this sounds like a serious obstacle though. An airlock could surely be constructed over the entry point, for example, and survey teams with drones and hazmat suits sent in. I can’t help wonder if there’s an element of superstition at work. Qin Shi HuangDi was a pretty terrifying figure, after all. When Tamerlane’s tomb was opened in Samarkand the Axis invaded the Soviet unx two days later, so I can’t blame the Chinese for being wary.
不过，这些听起来都不是什么严重的阻碍。例如，显然可以在入口上方建造一个气闸，并派出配备无人机和防护服的调查队。
我不禁怀疑这里面是否有迷信的成分。毕竟秦始皇是一个相当可怕的人物。
The main reason is that China has a dynasty history of 5,000 years, and there are many historical relics, There are many tombs of emperors, princes and princesses or important ministers… the archaeological teams are busy.So if you don't have complete assurance and don't have enough reasons, don't do it.
For example,There are princes or princesses tombs under every university in xi 'an.
xi 'an subway plan relies on the archaeological team.many kinds of cultural relics excavated during the subway excavation even display in the subway stations.
This is the subway station,not museum.Watch it every day on the way to work
主要原因是中国有5000年的王朝历史，有很多历史遗迹，有很多皇帝、王子和公主或重要大臣的坟墓……考古团队很忙。所以如果你没有完全的把握，也没有足够的理由，那就不要去挖掘。
例如，西安的每一所大学下面都有王子或公主的坟墓。西安地铁的规划有赖于考古队。在地铁挖掘过程中挖掘出的各种文物甚至在地铁站内展示。
这里是地铁站，不是博物馆。每天上班的路上都会看到。
元朝的历史遗迹直接保存在地铁站里。懒得发掘了/笑
In addition, the Qin and Han Dynasties started unified pattern of China.These emperors had a profound influence on China.Not only the first emperor of the Qin dynasty, but also the mausoleum of the emperors of the Han Dynasty we have confirmed location, but no dig (Two emperors' tombs were partially destroyed by grave robbers, but the underground palace behind there were protected after rescue excavation)
There is one thing that you are right. Chinese people believe in geomantic omen and ancestors' blessing…Some superstitions are mysterious.
For example, a stone carving was stolen from the tomb of Wei Qing, a general of the Han Dynasty, and then there was a big drought there.
此外，秦汉时期开始了中国统一的格局。这些皇帝对中国有深远的影响。不仅秦始皇，而且汉朝历代皇帝的陵墓我们都有确定的位置，但没有挖掘(两位皇帝的陵墓被盗墓贼部分毁坏，但后面的地下宫殿经过抢救挖掘后得到了保护)。
有一件事你是对的。中国人相信风水和祖先的祝福……有些迷信很神秘。例如，汉朝将军卫青墓的石雕被盗，然后那里发生了一场大干旱。
陕西省汉中市的市花是一棵桂花树，由汉朝开国宰相萧何于2100年前种植。那棵桂花树相当大。如果它开花，半个南郑县都能闻到香味。但这棵树在2006年底逐渐枯萎，并于2007年死亡。不久之后，2008年，四川北部靠近汉中市的地方发生了大地震。每个人都不想说什么，2008年底，枯死的桂花树又在根部附近长出了新枝，有获新生。
I would imagine the tomb was magnificent! In the late 1980’s, the Government of China purchased and constructed a theme park called Splendid China in Kissimmee, Fl. It was beautifully constructed by Chinese artesians and featured buildings reminiscent of the Forbidden City and miniatures of the Great Wall and many other historical sites. I suspect it looked very similar to the first emperor’s tomb. The detail on the work, as well as the Bonsai Trees and other miniature landscape were as perfect as the real thing. Unfortunately the park was a dismal failure. The property and the many miniatures, including the Great Wall, built with actual tiny blocks, were auctioned off, and the site is now a housing development with restaurants and stores. It exemplified the fact that from the time of the first emperor through to the 20th century, the Chinese were still highly skilled in miniature cities
我可以想象陵墓的宏伟！
在20世纪80年代末，中国政府在佛罗里达州基西米购买并建造了一个名为“锦绣中国”的主题公园。它是由中国手艺人建造的，建筑精美，让人想起紫禁城、长城和许多其他历史遗迹的缩影。我怀疑它看起来很像秦始皇的陵墓。
作品上的细节，以及盆景树等微缩景观都与实物一样完美。不幸的是，这个公园很短命。这处房产和许多用真正的小块积木建造的模型，包括长城，都被拍卖了，现在这里是一个有餐馆和商店的住宅开发项目。
它证明了一个事实，即从秦始皇到20世纪，中国人仍然非常擅长建造微型城市。
Booby traps? I thought that was only in movies.
陷阱?我以为只有在电影里才会这样。
The Sima Qian article about the tomb from the first century BC discusses “automated” crossbow traps. As the use of mercury in the “big map” also discussed in the article has possible confirmation in the high levels of mercury in the soil immediately around the tomb mound, it makes sense that excavators would be very careful about other stuff mentioned in the article.
公元前1世纪的司马迁关于古墓的文章讨论了“自动”弩陷阱。由于文章中讨论的“大地图”中汞的使用使得墓丘周围土壤中可能存在高含量的汞中得到了证实，因此挖掘者对文章中提到的其他东西非常小心是有道理的。
It’s amazing that the tomb still has so many relics inside.
It has been raided for 2000+ years, by rebels and even the last century by warlords. The first raider was xiongyu who toppled the Qin dynasty (merely a decade or so after emperor died), they excavated it for 30 days, the loot was a mountain of relics.
古墓里居然还有这么多文物，真是太神奇了。
它已经被盗猎分子偷盗了2000多年，甚至在上个世纪也被军阀盗掘过。第一个盗墓者是推翻秦朝的项羽(秦始皇死后仅仅十年左右)，他们挖掘了30天，战利品是一座堆成山的文物。
Umm, so LIDAR is a real thing . They could see exactly what's down there without harming a blade of grass.
都已经有雷达了。/扶额
他们可以在不伤害一根草的情况下准确地看到下面的情况。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
They may well have done so already and not published the results. The tomb is almost certainly a buried large stone building (as described in Sima Qian’s article), and quite possibly collapsed (the xi’an area definitely has earthquakes).
My guess is whatever can be done externally has already been done, and either the results are incomplete, uninteresting without more study, or being kept secret for some reason.
他们很可能已经这么做了，只是没有公布结果。陵墓几乎可以肯定是一座被掩埋的大型石头建筑(正如司马迁的文章所描述的那样)，很可能是倒塌的(西安地区肯定有地震)。
我的猜测是，外部可以做的事情都已经做了，要么是结果不完整，需要更多研究，要么是出于某种保密的原因。