动物知道人类是这个星球上的顶级猎食者吗?(二)
Do animals know humans are the apex predator of this planet?
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我看到很多“如果你把一个手无寸铁的人扔在森林里，他就会死”的论调。
正文翻译
Do animals know humans are the apex predator of this planet?
动物知道人类是这个星球上的顶级猎食者吗?
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Yes, I do believe most animals realize that we humans are the apex predators on the planet. The vast majority of them are afraid of us, as they should be. The main exceptions are the polar bear and the Australian salt water crocodiles, which we have not killed at a sufficiently high rate to convince them we are
There were bigger predators in the past, but we killed them all.
Saber tooth cat. Walk tall and carry a big spear. If a big predator attacks you, stab it to death. It worked for ancestors. Only animals who run away live to have offspring.
是的，我相信大多数动物都意识到我们人类是这个星球上的顶级掠食者。他们中的绝大多数都害怕我们，这是他们应该有的。主要的例外是北极熊和澳大利亚咸水鳄，我们还没有以足够高的效率杀死它们以便让它们相信我们是地球霸主。
过去有更大的掠食者，但我们把它们都杀了——剑齿虎、惧狼。
昂首阔步，手持长矛。如果一个大型捕食者攻击你，刺死它。这对祖先来说是行得通的，只有逃跑的动物才能活下来繁衍后代。
I rather thought that it was our thirst for revenge. Kill one of us and we will kill you, your family, your neighbors, and tell our kids stories of how dangerous you and your kind are. And we hunt in packs, and set traps.
我倒认为是我们对复仇的渴望。
杀了我们中的一个，我们就会杀了你，你的家人，你的邻居，然后告诉我们的孩子你和你的同类有多危险。我们成群狩猎，设陷阱。
I’m pretty sure it was a sort of combination. Animals taking revenge isn’t particularly new; I believe there have been recorded incidents on hyena packs leading vengeful attacks on lion prides over stealing food or attacking one of their own (and vice versa), and creatures as intelligent as elephants can certainly hold a grudge.
Unlike them, though, we actually have the capability to pull off revenge kills on any other animal not just easily, but excessively thanks to our weapons and ability to plan and strategize better than other predators. Combine our inclination for violence with our artificial weapons and big brains, and even the world’s biggest animals become fodder in our path. Only animals who have merit to us, like dogs, are deliberately kept out of harm’s way (most of the time).
我很确定这是各种因素的结合。
动物复仇并不是什么新鲜事。有事件记录，鬣狗会报复狮子，而不是偷吃食物或攻击自己的同类(反之亦然)，像大象这样聪明的生物肯定会记仇。
然而，与它们不同的是，我们实际上有能力报复任何其他动物，这不仅是容易的，而且是过度的，这要归功于我们的武器和比其他捕食者更好的计划和战略能力。把我们的暴力倾向与我们的人造武器和巨大的大脑结合起来，即使是世界上最大的动物也会成为我们前进道路上的垫脚石。只有那些对我们有好处的动物，比如狗，才会被故意保护以远离伤害 (大多数时候)。
Sabertooths weren’t killed off by humans, they were outcompeted by other big cats. It wouldn’t make sense for us to have killed off Smilodons but not lions and tigers.
剑齿虎并不是被人类杀死的，它们是被其他大型猫科动物打败的。如果我们杀死了剑齿虎，那不杀死狮子和老虎就说不通了。
They did kill off the American lion, which is now extinct, too. Actually, no one knows exactly what happened, but it is suspicious that all these species went extinct shortly after human beings arrived on the continent.
他们确实杀死了美洲狮，现在美洲狮也灭绝了。事实上，没有人知道到底发生了什么，但值得怀疑的是，所有这些物种都在人类到达大陆后不久灭绝了。
Actually no one knows when the first people arrived in the Americas.
It is often thought to be around 20,000 years ago but there has been a few pieces of evidence that points to the fact that humans might have been there as early as 40,000 years ago.
There are a few theories that would explain the extinction of so many big animals in america.
The most likely factor is climate change or a catastrophic disaster that wiped out some of the creatures which started a chain event that led to the extinction of the mega fauna.
事实上，没有人知道第一批人是什么时候到达美洲的。人们通常认为它大约在2万年前，但有一些证据表明，人类可能早在4万年前就在那里了。
有几种理论可以解释美国这么多大型动物的灭绝。
最有可能的因素是气候变化或一场导致一些生物灭绝的灾难性灾难，引发了导致大型动物灭绝的连锁事件。
There is a growing body of evidence that seems to show that their extinction and all of the large mammals that went extinct in that time frx due to a large meteor impact in Greenland. Really fascinating to research.
越来越多的证据似乎表明，它们的灭绝以及当时所有的大型哺乳动物的灭绝都是因为格陵兰岛的一颗大流星的撞击。
it is because we also eat their food source.
那是因为我们也吃它们的食物来源。
It seems highly unlikely that humans with crude weapons killed off the megafauna of the post glacial period.
人类用粗糙的武器杀死后冰川时期的巨型动物似乎是极不可能的。
Not necessarily. The early hunters were more sophisticated than you think. One article speculated that cave men ran mammoths into a mud hole of some sort (normally a good defense against large predators) and then speared or atl-atl darted them. Another article suggested that using a “spider hole" and a short-handled spear to stab a passing mammoth in the belly like the modern African Pygmies do. The spear drags the ground to further aggravate the wound and they wait til the prey dies. Best theory I know of says that climate change stressed out the larger animals and early man helped finish them off.
不一定。早期的猎人比你想象的要复杂得多。
一篇文章推测，穴居人把猛犸象赶到某种泥洞里(通常是抵御大型掠食者的好办法)，然后用矛刺它们。另一篇文章认为是像现代非洲俾格米人那样用短柄矛刺穿路过的猛犸象的腹部。
矛在地面上拖动，进一步加重伤口，然后它们就等着猎物死去。
据我所知，最好的理论是，气候变化使大型动物承受了巨大压力，而早期人类导致了它们的灭绝。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
As far as I know the current consensus is that the decline in megafauna due to human overhunting caused the extinction of the last machairodont species, which were highly specialized megafauna-hunters.
据我所知，目前的共识是，由于人类的过度捕猎，巨型动物数量的减少导致了最后一只剑齿虎物种的灭绝，它们是高度专门化的巨型动物狩猎者。
It was not necessarily overhunting but the precarity of these highly specialized megafaune had such a slim margin for existence that if a tribe of humans came into a valley and killed maybe only one extra smilodon a year that would be enough, over several decades, to cull enough cats locally to lead to inbreeding and that group’s extinction. Do this over a few hundred valleys of a species range and, in a 1000 years they are extinct, but more because they were already in a precarious position evolutionarily.
Other beasts were wantonly slaughtered, as masses of bison and oxen were driven over cliffs and so forth. So, it was a combo of some overhunting and just the shit that happens when an invasive species- man- arrives.
这并不一定是过度捕猎，但这些高度专门化的巨型动物的不稳定性使它们的生存余地非常小，如果一个人类部落来到一个山谷，每年可能只多杀死一只剑齿虎，这就足够了。持续书十年，在当地捕杀足够多的剑齿虎，导致近亲繁殖和种群灭绝。在一个物种范围内的几百个山谷中这样做，1000年后它们就灭绝了，但更多的是因为它们在进化上已经处于危险的位置。
其他的野兽被肆意屠杀，成群的野牛和公牛被赶下悬崖等等。所以，这是过度捕猎和入侵物种——人类到来时所发生一系列事情的结合。
If that’s true, what explains African animals survival?
如果这是真的，那如何解释非洲动物的存在?
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
One theory that might explain this is that humans evolved in Africa, so other species had millions of years of co-evolution with us to adapt (become smaller needing less food, instinctive fear to avoid humans, etc.). When humans left Africa and spread to other continents, the megafauna of those ecosystems were immediately introduced to a completely new kind of superpredator all at once. Yikes.
一种可能解释这一现象的理论是，人类在非洲进化，其他物种也与我们共同进化了数百万年，以适应生存(变得更小，需要的食物更少，本能地害怕避开人类等等)。
当人类离开非洲，迁徙到其他大陆时，那些生态系统中的巨型动物立刻要面对一种全新的超级捕食者。
A hypothesis not a theory and it’s a lousy one to say the least. If any of that was true than the large Megafauna that still existed in America would have become extinct when humans arrived, while we know it took many thousands of years and that they disappeared relatively close to the same time.
It was more likeky due to climate change, it did not just make the large animals on land to become extinct it also caused the large creatures in our oceans to become extinct so something significant most have happened to the climate. It would tip the balance over and create this extinction event
假设不是理论，真要是理论也是最糟糕的理论。
如果这些都是真的，那么在美国仍然存在的大型动物在人类到来的时候就已经灭绝了，而我们知道这花了几千年的时间，它们在相对接近的同一时间消失了。
更有可能是由于气候变化，它不仅使陆地上的大型动物灭绝，还导致海洋中的大型生物灭绝。所以这意味着气候发生了重大变化，它会打破平衡，造成这次灭绝事件。
The very idea that stone age humans hunted megafauna to extinction is ridiculous. Among other things because Iron age humans hunted man eating lions and tigers non stop for centuries and barely made a dent on their populations. Nothing kills faster than habitat destruction. Megafauna went extinct because Climate changed and vegetation changed as well, You will not find mammoths and woolly rhinos on Siberia today, not because humans armed with bone spears hunted them, but because the open vegetation there was replaced by forests.
石器时代人类猎杀巨型动物直至灭绝的观点是荒谬的。因为铁器时代的人类数百年来不间断地捕猎，吃狮子和老虎，几乎没有减少他们的数量。
没有什么比破坏栖息地更能杀死物种了。巨型动物的灭绝是因为气候的变化和植被的变化。你不会在今天的西伯利亚发现猛犸象和长毛犀牛，不是因为人类用骨矛猎杀它们，而是因为那里开阔的植被被森林取代了。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I don’t think you can attribute the decline in megafauna to climate change alone. Perhaps we didn’t hunt them into extinction in the literal sense, but we did hunt their food.
I’m inclined to believe it was a combination of predation by humans, climate change and competition for food and habitat from these new, organized, tool using apex predators.
我不认为巨型动物数量的减少仅仅是因为气候变化。也许我们并没有把它们猎杀到灭绝，但我们确实猎杀了它们的食物。
我倾向于认为，这是人类捕食、气候变化以及这些新的、有组织的、使用工具的顶尖捕食者对食物和栖息地的竞争的综合作用。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Humans weren’t as significant as we became later on, sure human hunting could have been one factor but it’s not likely that we hunted most of these animals to extinction on our own.
Humans only hunted the carnivorous megafaunas food source so no that’s not an explanation that covers their extinction completely.
The most decisive answer is the climate change no matter how boring that may sound.
It explains the extinction even that wiped out the largest creatures on land and in the ocean except for whales who were probably better at adapting than the others.
人类并不像我们后来变得那么重要，当然人类的狩猎可能是一个因素，但我们不太可能自己猎杀这些动物，使它们灭绝。
人类只猎杀食肉的巨型动物作为食物来源，所以这并不能完全解释它们的灭绝。
最决定性的答案是气候变化，不管这听起来多么无聊。它解释了灭绝，甚至灭绝了陆地和海洋中最大的生物。除了鲸鱼，它们可能比其他动物更善于适应。
Most predators are fearful of man, however polars bears are not. They are 100 percent carnivorous and will hunt humans or any other animal if they smell them. I was in n the Arctic once doing research. I was carrying a shotgun for self-defense as were other in our party. We we sighted a sow and her cubs some distance away, and through our binocular realized that she smelled us. Even though we were armed it is best not to shoot one where we were, unless it was in extreme self-defense. We were told that If we shot a polar bear we better have claw marks on our chests.
Anyway, the sow and her cubs smelled us but we cut back and avoided her. She continued to the willows where we were located, but we had moved. It was amazing to know that the bear was actually hunting us. It showed me that they have no fear whatsoever of humans.
大多数食肉动物都害怕人类，但北极熊却不怕。它们是100%的食肉动物，如果闻到人类或任何其他动物的气味，它们就会捕食。我曾经在北极做研究。我和我们队里的其他人一样，拿着猎枪自卫。我们曾看到远处有一头母熊和她的幼崽，通过我们的望远镜发现她闻到了我们的气味。即使我们有武器，也最好不要在我们所在的地方开枪，除非是极端自卫。我们被告知，如果我们射杀了一只北极熊，我们最好在胸前留下爪印。
总之，母熊和她的幼崽闻到了我们的气味，但我们躲开了她。她继续向我们所在的地方走去，但我们已经搬走了。知道那只熊真的在猎杀我们真是太神奇了。它向我展示了它们对人类毫无畏惧。
Nice answer. You also need to add skunks to that list. Believe it or not, skunks aren’t afraid of anything. No matter the situation, skunks believe that all they have to do is spray and they’ll be left alone. This works almost all the time, except when they’re crossing the road and a truck is barreling down on them. This is why we see so many dead skunks on the road, they just don’t care. Add to that the fact that they don’t really have any natural predators, the lowly skunk is just about the most fearless animal on the planet.
不错的答案。但你还需要将臭鼬添加到该列表中。信不信由你，臭鼬什么都不怕。不管在什么情况下，臭鼬都认为只要喷上喷雾就不会被打扰。这几乎在任何时候都有效，除非他们过马路时一辆卡车朝他们开过来。
这就是为什么我们在路上看到这么多死臭鼬，它们根本不在乎。再加上它们没有天敌，低等的臭鼬是地球上最无所畏惧的动物。
I disagree with this answer. The behavior of animals towards humans is contextual. For example, if someone tries to walk out of his/her safari vehicle, there are many animals that would not hesitate to attack humans. Elephants, rhinos, hippos, hyenas will not hesitate to rip a human apart given the right context. If you search “tourist killed by elephant during walking safari” you would get multiple returns.
Wolves, sharks, cougars, the list and the scenarios too many to write.
我不同意这个答案。动物对人类的行为是有背景因素的。例如，如果有人试图走出他/她的狩猎车，有很多动物会毫不犹豫地攻击人类。只要环境合适，大象、犀牛、河马、鬣狗都会毫不犹豫地把人撕成碎片。如果你搜索“游客在徒步旅行中被大象杀死”，你会得到很多条信息。
狼，鲨鱼，美洲狮……清单和场景太多了。
Pretty sure we didn’t kill them all. Might have help extinction in some. But for instance, saber toothed tigars have come and gone several times. Their extinction was not caused by humans.
我们肯定没把他们都杀了。可能有助于某些物种的灭绝。例如剑齿虎来了又走了好几次，它们的灭绝不是人类造成的。
Walk up to a Tiger and tell him you are his superior apex predator.
走到老虎面前，告诉他你是他的顶级捕食者。
Nah…if I think it's a threat I will shoot it from a distance, walk up to it and tell it I'm the apex predator. I think maybe you miss the point
不，如果我认为它是一个威胁，我会从远处射击它，然后再走过去告诉它我是顶级掠食者。
我想你可能没抓住重点。
A rude response deserves a pointed education:
You wander around with a rifle in Hertfordshire? I think not.
Genetically and physically, you are a weakling. That humans can build shit using their brains doesn’t fling them to the frontlines of Apex Predation in the animal kingdom. Could you shoot down a charging Hippo? Elephant? Thought not.
I live amongst Jaguars and Caimans, and um, well, duh, I don’t feel like an Apex Predator whilst hiking in the Brazilian forests. Even a certain spider or insect can take me out.
Now, let’s go to your neck of the woods: Ever been chased by a domestic Rotty or a 100 lb Male German Shepherd with suit and tie on without your rifle? I’d suppose using your mindset, you would just stand there and wallow in your arrogant superiority while being brutally if not mortally injured by the beast.
粗鲁的回应应该受到严厉的教育：你以为是带着步枪在赫特福德郡晃悠吗?我认为不是这么回事。
从基因上和身体上，你都是弱者。人类可以用自己的大脑制造垃圾但这并没有把他们带往动物王国的食物链顶端。你能击落一头正在冲锋的河马吗?大象?我认为不能。
我居住的地方有美洲虎和凯门鳄。我在巴西森林徒步旅行时不觉得自己是一个顶级捕食者。甚至某种蜘蛛或昆虫也能把我干掉。现在，让我们进入你的生活领域：你曾经被一只驯养的100磅重的雄性德国牧羊犬追赶过吗? 我设想着，你会站在那里，沉浸在你傲慢的优越感中，同时被野兽残忍地伤害，如果不是致命的话。
Hi Larry. Mighty prickly if you consider that a rude response. Pointed education? Dont make me laugh.Your response was much ruder and yes I do feel you miss the point. Of course we are frail compared to tigers and Jaguars but we have evolved differently to use out brains. We don't fight them on their terms, if we need to fight them at all we do it on ours. Many of those apex predators know that through generations of coming out on the wrong side of confrontations with humans.
Of course I don't carry a rifle in Hertford. There's no need, as far as I'm aware there are no apex predators to contend with so that's a silly throwaway comment which means nothing. As far as dog's are concerned I'm highly schooled in knowing how to deal with them and I would still fancy my chances against a Rottweiler or a German shepherd in a life or death confrontation. I do agree not everyone would be ok, most wouldn't but I'm used to big dogs and am physically capable and very knowledgeable. So please don't lecture me on education as there's only one person that's being schooled here.
如果这都算粗鲁的答复的话，你可太容易生气了。教育，别惹人发笑了。你的回复粗鲁的多。是的，我觉得你没抓住重点。
显然，与老虎和美洲虎相比我们是脆弱的，但我们进化出了不一样的大脑。我们不以它们的方式对抗它们，如果我们需要对抗它们，我们会以我们自己的方式。许多食物链顶端的捕食者都知道，在与人类的对抗中，他们世世代代都站在了错误的一边。
我在赫特福德当然不带步枪。没有必要，就我所知，这里没有顶级掠食者要对抗，所以这是一个愚蠢的随口评论，没有任何意义。就狗而言，我受过良好的训练，知道如何对付它们，我一直希望自己有机会与罗威纳犬或德国牧羊犬进行生死对决。我同意不是每个人都会没事，大多数人都不会完好无伤，但我习惯了大狗，我身体健康也对相关知识的了解也很多。所以请不要在教育上跟我说教，因为这里只有一个人需要接受教育。
Generally speaking, humans are definitely the apex predator. However, superiority is situational. Are you armed, or not? Are you alone? Animals understand this instinctively, just like you do.
一般来说，人类绝对是顶级掠食者。然而，优势取决于情境。你有武器吗?你独自一人吗?动物本能地理解这一点，就像你一样。
No, animals do NOT know because animals are stupid. The other day, a deer crossed in front of my car. I rolled down the window and said, “Hey, you! Move it. I’m talking to you. Capeich?” The deer could not understand one word I was saying.
不，动物不知道，因为动物是愚蠢的。
有一天，一只鹿从我的车前经过。我摇下车窗说:“嘿，你！走开。我在跟你说话。Capeich ?”但鹿听不懂我说的一个字。
Most people are answering the question “Are humans the apex predators of the planet”. That’s not the questions. The question is “are animals aware of this”?
No. Most animals either aren’t even aware of humans, or we are irrelevant to them.
In that statement the word “most” is referring to raw numbers of animals, and there are many many more insects, small mammals reptiles, worms and other creepy crawlies than big things we more commonly think of as animals. These animals are largely unaware that we exist even if we affect their lives.
If you want to restrict “animal” to the larger creatures of the earth then I would bet that most of them still are mostly unaware of who humans are and our effects on their lives.
大多数人都在回答这个问题:“人类是地球上的顶级捕食者吗?”这不是问题所在。问题是，动物意识到这一点了吗?“
不，大多数动物要么根本不知道人类的存在，要么我们对它们来说无关紧要。
在这句话中，“大多数”一词指的是动物的原始数量，昆虫、小型哺乳动物、爬行动物、蠕虫和其他令人毛骨悚然的爬行动物比我们通常认为的动物多得多。这些动物基本上不知道我们的存在，即使我们影响了它们的生活。
如果你想把“动物”限制在地球上更大的生物，那么我敢打赌，它们中的大多数仍然不知道人类是谁，以及我们对它们生活的影响。
Crows. They are aware of us, and aware of our power to poison shot and hunt them and they don’t like us for that reason.
Domesticated animals: sheep, cows and such. Probably know whos taking care of them.
Wolves that are in areas where humans hunt them.
Pet dogs. But not cats! They think humans are staff.
And there are other animals that still see us a good meal, and act on that inclination from time to time: grizzly bears, great white sharks , and mosquitos.
对于某些特定的动物群体，也有一些例外:
乌鸦。他们知道我们的存在，知道我们有能力毒害、射杀和猎杀他们，因此他们不喜欢我们。
家养动物:羊、牛等。也许知道是谁在照顾他们。
在人类捕猎区域的狼。
宠物狗。但不包括猫！他们认为人类是员工。
还有其他动物仍然把我们当作美餐，并不时地按照这种倾向行事:灰熊、大白鲨和蚊子。