欧盟圈讨论：最受人尊崇的人格特征因国而异，在你的国家它是？
What are the usual "good" personality traits in your culture?
译文简介
Sprezzatura是一个意大利语词，首次出现在巴尔达萨雷·卡斯蒂廖内于1528年著写的《廷臣论》中，作者将其定义为“某种若无其事的态度，以此掩盖自己所有的技艺，会使其所说所做显得不费吹灰之力，且几乎完全都不作思虑"
正文翻译
In Estonia, it is common to say töökas that somewhat translates to hard-working, but also strongly implying diligent and proactive. Also heasüdamlik that is literally translated to good-hearted, so meaning kind-hearted and good-natured. And being smart is also often pointed out, though this is not really a personality trait per say.
So generally speaking Estonian society is more focused on security and benevolence values than hedonism or stimulation
在爱沙尼亚，人们常会说töökas，差不多可以译为努力，但也暗指勤奋和主观能动性。还有heasüdamlik，从字面上可翻译为心地善良，所以意指仁善和脾气好。经常被人点到的还有聪慧，尽管这并不是真正意义上的人格特质。
所以总的来说，爱沙尼亚社会更注重的是安全感和仁慈的价值，而不是享乐主义或刺激。
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I think the highest praise you can get from a Portuguese person is to be considered desenrascado. The direct translation would be resourceful, but the actual meaning has a bit more layers. Something more akin to resourceful + resilient + independent + creative + confident.
（葡）我认为，你能从葡萄牙人那里得到的最高赞誉是被认为desenrascado。直译为足智多谋/神通广大，但其真实意涵有着更多的层次。更接近足智多谋+复原能力强+独立+有创造力+自信。
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You were lost somewhere without a phone or a map but managed to find your way? Desenrascado.
Your fridge is almost empty but you still managed to make a tasty meal? Desenrascado.
You could have hired a professional, but did it yourself and it turned out well? Desenrascado.
You've moved away from everyone you know with very few resources and you turned out ok? Desenrascado
比如，你才九岁，却可以信任你自己拿着简单的购物清单去商店购物？这就很Desenrascado。
你在没有电话或地图的情况下在某个地方迷路了，但却能成功地找到路？这就很Desenrascado。
你的冰箱几乎是空的，但你还是设法做出了一顿可口的饭菜？这就很Desenrascado。
你本可以聘请专业人员，却选择自己动手，出来的结果却很好？这就很Desenrascado。
你远离了所有你认识的人，手上也没什么资源，结果却混得还不错？这就很Desenrascado。
还有其他一些特质也属于高度评价，比如Limpo（干净），即你这个人能保持自己和自己的家干净且体面（你最好不要被人看成一个badalhoco（邋遢的人）），trabalhador（努力），当你在劳动中从不畏缩（你最好不要被人说medo ao trabalho（害怕工作））。
所以，这下你明白了吧：足智多谋，干净到发光，努力工作，如此你就会得到最高的赞誉。
Here in Germany: being on time ... Which means 5 mins ahead of scheduled time
（中欧人）在德国这里：准时…这意味着你要提前五分钟到。
（回，爱沙尼亚）我们或多或少也存在这种情况，是提前五分钟还是一分钟因人而异，但在人们眼中，迟到一分钟的严重程度，等同于迟到了三十分钟。
A child that is behaving well is brav, and one of the highest compliment people of my parent's age (60-75) can give to their children and students is that they are flott.
I have no idea what flott really means, but it feels very good to hear it.
I think it encompasses reliability, "mit-denken" (to think along with what is asked of you?), working for the betterment of everybody, responsability, kindness and politeness too, a strong moral compass, truthfulness and sincerety.
So apparently, we value one's capability of good teamworking.
（瑞士）brav指的是一个孩子表现良好，而我父母这个年龄段的人（60-75岁）能给他们孩子和学生的最高赞誉之一就是他们是flott的。
我也不清楚flott到底是什么意思，但听到这个词感觉会非常好。
我认为它包括可靠、"mit-denken"（按要求去思考？）、为改善所有人的生活而工作、负责任、善良和礼貌、强大的道德指南针、真实和真诚。
所以很显然，我们很重视一个人良好的团队合作能力。
You don't often hear the next one, but you feel it - solidaire. More like, someone will come to you with a problem, and you'll mobilize whatever network you have to help solve the problem. Maybe you know a person who can help, maybe you know someone who's been in the same scenario, maybe you have just the right tool for the job... it's a bit like taking care of your own community of people.
I don't think I'd translate it as just "helpful" - it's a deeper kind of support.
（比利时）这个词你不会常常听到，但你能感觉到它：solidaire。更像是，有个人带着问题来找你，而你会调动你所拥有的所有网络来帮助解决这个问题。也许你认识一个能帮上忙的人，也许你认识一个曾遇到过同样情况的人，也许你正好有合适的工具...有点像是关照你自己所在社群的人。
我想我不会仅仅把它翻译成“乐于助人”，它是一种更深层次的支持。
Politeness I think, hands down. We have a lot of social rules centered around being polite and keeping things formal.
I’m aware we’re not known for being the friendliest nation but politeness, savoir-vivre and the respect of étiquette are particularly important and praised (which is maybe precisely why we’re not openly friendly, now I think about it).
（法）我认为是礼貌，毋庸置疑的。我们的很多社会规则，都围绕着礼貌和合乎礼仪。
我也很清楚，我们国家并不是以最友好的国家而闻名的，但礼貌、处世之道和对尊重礼仪是特别重要的，也是会得到赞誉的（现在想来，也许这正是我们不会公然表示友好的原因）。
I think in Dutch society the most valued personality trait is being normaal, which means both ordinary and doing things without excess.
（荷）我认为在荷兰社会中，最为人看重的人格特征是normaal（正常），意思是平凡，以及行事不张扬。
（回，克罗地亚）老实说，我觉得这一点也会让克罗地亚人产生共鸣。我还没有听说有其他任何国家会用“normalan”这个形容词，来作为对一个人性格的最高且不言自明的赞誉。
（回，芬兰）听起来，在荷兰做一个多动症患者会很煎熬啊
（回，瑞典）就像在爱尔兰做一个内向的人
（回，英）我不是荷兰人，但我记得在我学习荷兰语的过程中，曾学过doe maar normaal（正常行事）这个概念。我当时还找到了下面这个列表，概括了什么才算niet normaal（不正常）（所以，基本上，如果你做了下列这些，那就是社交中的严重失礼），可供对此好奇的外国人参考，也许有些荷兰人可以中途插入提供更准确的信息，但根据我的记忆，这张清单貌似已经很全面了：
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showing off or acting pretentious
discussing money (or how much you have or make)
showing a little too much personality
showing overt public displays of emotion
not following the ever-important unwritten rules and regulations of the Lowlands
acting or being perceived as too “weird”, “different”, “disobedient” or “foreign”
I have no idea what #6 means, what are these unwritten rules!?
自吹自擂
炫耀或装腔作势
谈钱（或你拥有多少钱，或你赚了多少钱）。
表现得太有个性
当众展现情绪
不遵守低地不成文的重要做法和规则
在行事上或是被人认为太“怪异”、太"不同"、太“不服从”或太"异质"。
我不清楚第六条是什么意思，这些不成文的规则是什么！？
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（回，荷兰）啊，有很多呢，比如：
Never take the last biscuit from a serving dish without first offering it to other people
When dinner is being announced, take that as a cue to leave, unless you've been invited to join
Being educated, skilled, culturally sophisticated or rich is well regarded, but never flaunt it
When riding a bicycle you're king of the road
Never admit that you watch (your favourite low-brow entertainment) and enjoy it
Avoid discussing religion or politics at work
When there's just a glimpse of sunlight out, go sit and drink at a pavement cafe and act as if it's high summer
The weather is always too cold, too hot, too wet, too dry or too windy. Always complain about it
绝不要不请自来地造访荷兰人的家。
绝不要在没有先主动把饼干分给其他人的情况下，从盘子里拿走最后一块饼干。
宣布开饭的时候，除非你已经受邀参加，否则就要把它当成要你走人的暗示。
受过教育，身怀技能，文化素养高或有钱会被人高看，但千万不要去炫耀。
骑自行车时，你就是马路之王。
绝不要承认你在观看（你最喜欢的低级趣味娱乐）并很享受。
避免在工作场合讨论宗教或政治
只要有一丝阳光，就要去人行道上的咖啡馆里坐下喝点咖啡，假装这就是盛夏时节
天气总是太冷、太热、太湿、太干或风太大。要一直抱怨天气。
In Ireland one of the best complements would be "good craic"
Which simply means being a fun guy, great to be around, a time with them will always be enjoyable.
Another would be being called "Sound". Which is kind, reliable, generous, or just overall being a good person
（爱尔兰）在爱尔兰，最高的赞美之一就是“good craic”，意思是人风趣、有TA在就会很欢乐、和他在一起的时光总是很让人愉悦。
还有就是被称为“sound”，指的是善良、靠得住、慷慨，或是单指总的来说是个好人。
Even the stereotype of Irish people in a lot of places abroad has been pressuring on occasion. I used to travel a lot in work to other European offices and if people wanted to go for drinks or something after work, people would zone in on me and other Irish people and be all 'Well, I know the Irish girl is going up for partying'.
（回，爱尔兰）我是一个略偏内向的人，我真心觉得（在爱尔兰）善于交际是很被人看重的。
而在海外的很多地方，连对爱尔兰人的刻板印象偶尔都会让人感到压力。我以前经常会因为工作前往其他欧洲国家的办事处，如果人们想在下班后去喝点酒什么的，他们就会区别对待我和其他爱尔兰人，以及别国的人，而且全都会这么说，“嗯，我就知道那个爱尔兰女孩会想去参加派对的”。
Stoicism/"stiff upper lip" is the main one I can think of. Staying level headed and in control of your emotions in a time of crisis sounds good to me.
（苏格兰）斯多葛主义（即坚忍寡欲）/“泰山崩于前而色不变”是我能想到的首要特质了。在大难之际，稳坐钓鱼台，并且能控制自己的情绪，在我看来这就很棒了。
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I’d say children would mostly be praised/boasted about for being bright, being funny is also viewed as a bonus.
Hard worker can (sometimes) be a bit of a backhanded compliment- the kind of thing a teacher might say about a dim but amiable pupil.
I think there’s an unhelpful view that you’re just supposed to be effortlessly excellent, which leads to a lot of frantic behind the scenes work to present that appearance.
（英）我觉得，孩子们大多会因为聪明而受到夸赞，有幽默感也是加分项。
勤奋的人（有时）则是一种看似恭维实为挖苦的评价，老师可能会给一个愚笨但人很和气的学生这样的评价。
我认为存在一种没什么好处的观点，即你就应该毫不费力地做到出类拔萃，这就导致会在人后疯狂努力，好呈现出这种表象。
Two things I can think of is that children who are good at school work are often made to walk around and help the other children instead of given more difficult work and constantly get better.
Another trait is “self-irony”, which is basically the ability to make and take a joke at your expense.
（丹麦）我能想到两点，那些在学校里表现出色的孩子经常会被要求四处走动帮助其他孩子，而不是交付给他们更多困难的功课，然后不断精益求精。
另一个特征是“自嘲”，基本上指的是拿自己开涮的能力。
简而言之，这种文化和那些非常看重“面子”的文化正相反。虽然不是所有人都如此，但很多富人，特别是政治家，都会尽量让自己看起来没有那么富有，让自己更像普通老百姓。炫耀的方式往往（并非总是如此，我们这里也存在可憎的纨绔子弟）会更加微妙。
The ten rules state:
"You're not to think you are anything special.
You're not to think you are as good as we are.
You're not to think you are smarter than we are.
You're not to imagine yourself better than we are.
You're not to think you know more than we do.
You're not to think you are more important than we are.
You're not to think you are good at anything.
You're not to laugh at us.
You're not to think anyone cares about you.
You're not to think you can teach us anything."
（回，瑞典）发明了詹代法则的是你们丹麦人，而不是挪威人，它描述了所有斯堪的纳维亚人“应该 ”如何为人处世。
这十条规则是这么说的：
1、不要自认为很特别。
2、不要自认为和我们一样好。
3、不要自认为比我们聪明。
4、不要自认为比我们优秀。
5、不要自认为懂的比我们多。
6、不要自认为比我们重要。
7、不要自认为精通某项技能。
8、不要取笑我们。
9、不要自认为别人很在乎你。
10、不要自认为你能教导我们任何事。
Some years ago, the UN had a survey in which parents from a lot of different countries were presented with a LONG list of virtues, and asked to pick the two most important ones that they wanted their children to have.
Norwegians chose "independence" and "responsibility". More than 90% of Norwegian parents want their children to be independent, and no other country valued that particular trait as highly as we do.
（挪威）几年前，联合国作了一项调查，把一份长长的美德清单给到了来自很多个不同国家的父母，并要求他们选出他们希望子女拥有的最重要的两项美德。
挪威人选的是“独立”和“责任”。90%以上的挪威父母希望他们的孩子能够独立，没有任何一个国家像我们国家这样高度重视这一特征。
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I’m not sure it applies to adults or the whole society but children are often praised for being reipas. I think that it sounds slightly similar to töökas. There’s maybe not a strong connection to being hard working it’s more about being proactive and independent and a bit brave. Like a child who takes two buses to get home from school on their own and goes to a grocery store on the way without getting nervous or lost. I think that there’s also a negative side to as it encourages suppressing emotions (which is a problem in Finland), like a child might have been told to be reipas and not be scared or sad even in situations where it might be appropriate.
（芬兰）我不确定这是否适用于成年人或整个社会，但孩子们经常会因为reipas而受到表扬。我觉得这个词听起来和töökas略相似。也许和努力关系不大，更多的是积极主动、独立和几分勇敢。比如一个小孩自己换乘两辆公交车从学校回家，并在途中去杂货店买东西而不会感到紧张，也不会迷路。我认为这其中也自带消极的一面，因为会鼓励你压抑情绪（这在芬兰成为了一个问题），就像一个孩子可能会被要求要做到reipas（即爽利），就算是在适合表现出害怕或悲伤的场合中，也不要表现出害怕或悲伤。
I checked the survey VCIOM made, and the most common positive qualities Russians named were:
доброта - kindness
душевность - that's a hard one to translate. Google suggests sincerity, but it's more of sincere friendliness and cordiality
упорство - perseverance
мужественность - masculinity
терпимость - tolerance, in the sense of someone causing you offense and you not fighting back. Like Jesus
безотказность - never refusing a call for help
（俄）我去查了VCIOM（俄罗斯民意研究中心）做的调查，俄罗斯人最常挂在嘴边的正面品质是：
доброта - 善良
душевность - 这个词很难翻译。谷歌给出的是真诚，但它更接近真诚的友善和热忱。
упорство - 毅力
мужественность - 阳刚之气
терпимость – 忍耐，意指有人冒犯你而你作不反击。就像耶稣一样
безотказность – 绝不拒绝别人的求救。
Conscience, sense of justice, empathy, boldness should be it.
Why: nobody likes liars, deceivers, slippery people; everybody wants to be surrounded by people who care deeply about each other; everyone looks up people who dare to go first and claim the prize before everyone else is comfortable walking the path.
Lithuania’s historical heroes and fictional characters had these exact traits.
（立陶宛）应该是良心、正义感、同情心、胆魄。
原因：没有人喜欢说谎者、骗子、滑头的人；每个人都希望被很关心彼此的人包围；每个人都会仰望那些敢于先人一步，在其他所有人舒舒服服地上路之前就去申领奖品的人。
立陶宛历史上的英雄和虚构人物所拥有的正是这些特征。
Latvian culture has always been heavy on work ethic, so the first trait that comes to mind is čaklums. That means someone who is hard-working, and also treats the work itself with respect. Several other work-related traits like cītība (diligence in work) are highly respected.
（拉脱维亚）拉脱维亚文化一贯重视职业道德，因此，我首先想到的是čaklums。它的意思是努力工作的人，而且很尊重工作本身。还有几项与工作有关的特质，比如cītība（工作勤奋）也很受尊崇。
Our people love to see things done. Therefore you can be the most stupid person ever but if you get things done you will be praised. Therefore non-practical knowledge is worthless. People who are sociable also praised. There is even a term "ağzı laf yapmak" which basically means skilled talker.
（土耳其）我们国家的人喜欢看到事情被搞定。因此，你可以是最蠢的那个人，但如果你能把事情搞定，你就会被表扬。因此，不实用的知识是没有价值的。善于交际的人也会受人称赞。甚至还存在这么一个说法， "ağzı laf yapmak"，大意是指能说会道的人。
（回，土）但在我看来，不在于和所有人打成一片，而是讲出的话能令人信服，而且能很轻松地结识别人。因此，健谈和擅长演说是非常重要的。如果你寡言少语，还很拘谨，那一般而言你就会被无视。
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（回，意）我也不知道背后的原因，但这让我想起了你们土耳其电视剧中的人物。演员们常会以一种看起来想要“迎合”对方的方式来比画手势。
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For Italy I will try to list some of the less obvious qualities someone could be louded for here: solare which means of a sunny disposition. So a cheerful, merry, joyful person. Then cazzuto/con le palle (badass, ballsy), which is someone (male or female, it doesn't matter) that have the "balls" to do something which is deemed hard, difficult or scary. In some part of the South dritto/furbo/che tiene cazzimma (crafty, sly - an amoral type of intelligence) which is not a good quality but some people see it as such out of its usefulness in order to survive and often thirve.
（意）对于意大利，我会尝试列举一些不那么显而易见的品质，可能会让一个人被高看的品质有：
Solare，意思是性格阳光。也就是开朗、欢乐、令人愉快的人。
然后是cazzuto/con le palle（狠人，有种），指的是某人（男女不重要）有“胆量”去做一些被认为很艰苦、很困难或很可怕的事情。
在南方的一些地方，dritto/furbo/che tiene cazzimma（狡猾，狡诈，即不道德的智慧），这不是一种好的品质，但有些人认为它是有用的，为的是生存，也经常会随机应变。
在过去的时代中，sprezzatura被视为意大利贵族的典型品质。"Sprezzatura是一个意大利语词，首次出现在巴尔达萨雷·卡斯蒂廖内于1528年著写的《廷臣论》中，作者将其定义为“某种若无其事的态度，以此掩盖自己所有的技艺，会使其所说所做显得不费吹灰之力，且几乎完全都不作思虑"。Sprezzatura也被描述为“一种防御性的讽刺形式：将一个人真正的愿望、感觉、想法和意思/意图掩藏在沉默寡言和若无其事的面具之后的能力"。