从科学和医学上讲，为什么在所有条件相同的情况下，与正常体重相比，肥胖是不健康的?
Scientifically and medically, why, all things being equal, is being fat unhealthy compared to being at a normal weight?
译文简介
因为在大多数情况下，如果你很胖，那就意味着你的器官周围有很多脂肪，而最危险的是你的心脏周围。
正文翻译
Scientifically and medically, why, all things being equal, is being fat unhealthy compared to being at a normal weight?
从科学和医学上讲，为什么在所有条件相同的情况下，与正常体重相比，肥胖是不健康的?
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Because in most cases, if you are fat, that means you have a lot of fat around your organs most dangerously around your heart.
Which increases chances of getting heart attacks or failure then death.
When you are faced with danger or fear, your heart pumps a lot faster.
If it’s clogged by fat, it simply won’t be able to pump fast enough leading to heart failure.
That’s partly the reason why heart disease is the leading cause of death among humans according to center for disease control ( CDC). Yes, you heard right. Forget covid.
Visceral fat also lowers cognition.
Increases risk of developing some cancers.
Increases risk of getting heart disease.
Increases risk of suffering from diabetes
因为在大多数情况下，如果你很胖，那就意味着你的器官周围有很多脂肪，而最危险的是你的心脏周围。
这会增加心脏病发作或衰竭的几率，并导致死亡。
当你面对危险或恐惧时，你的心跳会跳得更快。
如果它被脂肪堵塞，它就不能足够快地泵出，从而导致心脏衰竭。
根据疾病控制中心(CDC)的说法，这就是为什么心脏病是人类死亡的首要原因的部分因素。
内脏脂肪也会降低认知能力。
增加罹患某些癌症的风险。
增加患心脏病的风险。
增加患糖尿病的风险
“Visceral fat also lowers cognition.”
Not really: Direct Measurements of Abdominal Visceral Fat and Cognitive Impairment in Late Life: Findings From an Autopsy Study.
Some studies show an inverse relationship, but others don’t. In fact in the ones that do, it’s not that people with more visceral fat are less intelligent, its that they have a greater risk of suffering from dementia when they get older.
“内脏脂肪也会降低认知能力。”
不是这么回事，链接——《对腹部内脏脂肪和晚年认知障碍的直接检测:来自尸检研究的发现》
事实上，并非内脏脂肪越多的人智商越低，而是他们在变老时患痴呆症的风险越大。
Key word is lowers. No one said if you have visceral fat you are automatically less intelligent. Visceral fat enables easy, excessive access for the proinflammatory protein signal interleukin-1 beta which is generated in visceral fat, released into the blood then negotiates through the blood brain barrier and into the brain where it over -activates microglia (the resident immune cells in our brain) and impairs cognition.
Visceral adipose NLRP3 impairs cognition in obesity via IL-1R1 on CX3CR1+ cells
这里的关键词是“降低”（认知能力）。没有人说如果你有内脏脂肪，你就一定不聪明。
内脏脂肪可以使内脏脂肪中产生的促炎蛋白信号白细胞介素-1 β容易过度获取，释放到血液中，然后穿过血脑屏障进入大脑，激活小胶质细胞(我们大脑中的固有免疫细胞)，损害认知能力。
链接略。
“Key word is lowers. No one said if you have visceral fat you are less intelligent.”
Well if you’re not less intelligent but cognitively impaired, what exactly are you “impaired” in?
“这里的关键词是“降低”（认知能力）。没有人说如果你有内脏脂肪，你就一定不聪明。”
如果你的智商没有下降，但有认知障碍，那么你到底是在什么方面“受损”呢?
I've always thought of cognition as inputs and intelligence as our ability to incorporate those experiences into our overall understanding and body of knowledge. Consequently, one could still be intelligent despite an input deficit.
我一直认为认知是输入，而智力是我们将这些经验融入我们整体理解和知识体系的能力。因此，尽管输入不足，一个人仍然可以是聪明的。
Well said. The two are different. Cognition is the mental process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses while intelligence is the ability to easily learn or understand things and to deal with new or difficult situations.
说得好。这两者是不同的。认识是通过思想、经验和感官获得知识和理解的心理过程，而智力是指容易学习或理解事物以及处理新情况或困难情况的能力。
being fat doesn’t make you less intelligent than anyone but your potentially fit self, depending on the individual that could mean either they’re a genius bogged down by fat, or a dumbass who is more hindered by those choices
肥胖并不会让你比别人更不聪明，但会让你的潜在健康状况更差，这取决于个人，这可能意味着他们要么是被肥胖困住的天才，要么是被这些选择阻碍的傻瓜。
No way. It increases cognition. Brain neurons are made of fat molecules.
不可能吧，脂肪会增加认知能力才对。大脑神经元是由脂肪分子构成的。
Not all fat is the same.
There’s un saturated fats, saturated fats and polyunsaturated fats. Can’t explore all of them and details here but it’s polyunsaturated fatty acids like omega-3 fatty acids that your brain needs. It thrives on it. Obtained from diet.
Oily Fish like mackerel, salmon, tuna, cod liver oil, etc avocados, oysters, chia seeds are some of the good sources. That’s why the Mediterranean diet is highly recommended particularly paleo dish. Your body needs fats but from the right foods.
不是所有脂肪都是一回事。
有不饱和脂肪，饱和脂肪和多不饱和脂肪。我们不能在这里详细研究所有的不饱和脂肪酸，但是大脑需要的是像omega-3脂肪酸这样的多不饱和脂肪酸，需要从饮食中获得。
油性鱼类，如鲭鱼，鲑鱼，金枪鱼，鱼肝油等，鳄梨，牡蛎，奇亚籽也是很好的来源。这就是为什么地中海饮食被强烈推荐的原因，尤其是旧石器时代的菜肴。你的身体需要脂肪，但要从正确的食物中摄取。
Eh, as far as deaths go, you could do far worse than a heart attack. Extremely painful, yeah, but it's quick.
Don't get me wrong, I battle my bodies distressing tendency to pack on fat, but not because I worry about dying. Do I want to live to my 80s or, God forbid, 90s? Hell no. But I do want to preserve my joints and not be in pain. That's why I fight my weight.
说到死亡，你可以导致比心脏病发作更糟糕的事，非常痛苦，是的，但过程很快。
别误会，我在和自己身体容易长胖的痛苦做斗争，但不是因为我担心死亡。我想活到80多岁，或者90多岁吗?该死的，不要。但我确实想保护我的关节，不要感到疼痛。这就是为什么我要和体重做斗争。
Please don’t fight your weight.
请不要跟你的体重过不去。
Why not? My body is stubborn and lazy, and so I fight through it as best I can.
Plus, bad joints are a problem with my family (we're all quite tall), so that's the main reason why I try to lose weight: ease the burden on my knees.
为什么不?我的身体既顽固又懒惰，所以我要尽我所能战胜它。
另外，关节不好也是我家人的一大问题(我们身高都很高)，所以这就是我想减肥的主要原因:减轻膝盖的负担。
if it kills you outright no it’s not a particularly bad way to die but that’s a pretty big if. I work in healthcare and I can assure you that you don’t want heart disease. I’m not particularly afraid of death but I am afraid of being stuck in a broken shell of a body. My heart really goes out to people in that situation. I’m in the same situation as you. May the odds ever be in your favour.
如果它直接杀死了你的话，不，这不是一种特别糟糕的死亡方式，当然这种可能性很大。
我在医疗保健部门工作，我可以保证你不想得心脏病。我不是特别害怕死亡，但我害怕被困在一个破碎的躯壳里。
我真的很同情处于那种处境的人。我的处境和你一样，祝你好运。
Honestly, one of the more insightful comments. I, too, fear being trapped in a nearly useless body.
Still, we all die someday, so I try not to fear it. And there's not more I could do that I'm not doing now. I could eat healthier, I suppose, but I'd rather not dread eating my meals. So I make small compromises. Whole grain bread rather than cutting carbs. I eat more fats and less sugars, and I try to make it more healthy fats.
The irony is that my blood pressure is great, my triglycerides are great, everything about my stats and blood work says I'm in great shape. Except I have a gut. Frustrating, but I gave up hating myself because of it long ago.
这是非常有见地的评论，我也害怕被困在一个几乎无用的身体里。
不过，我们总有一天会死，所以我试着不去害怕它，我能做的都做了。我想我可以吃得更健康，但我宁愿不为吃感到为难。所以我会做出一些小小的妥协。全谷物面包而不是减少碳水化合物。我会吃更多的脂肪和更少的糖，我试图摄入更健康的脂肪。
讽刺的是，我的血压很好，我的甘油三酯很好，所有关于我的数据和血检都显示我的身体很好，除了我的直觉。
这很沮丧，但我很久以前就不再讨厌自己了。
I’m in the exact same situation as you. I’ve gotten to a place where I’m at peace with my body as well. I portion control because it stretches my resources and money farther. I’m active because I enjoy it and it’s just as good for my brain and mental state as it is for my body. If I lose weight so be it. As for how I appear you either find me attractive or not, what someone else thinks of you is none of your business.
我和你的情况一模一样。我已经到了一个对自己的身体感到从容的心境。
我部分控制体重，因为它可以使我进一步获取资源和金钱。
我放纵是因为我喜欢，它对我的大脑和精神状态都有好处，就像它对我的身体一样。如果我减肥了，无所谓。
至于我的外表，你觉得我有吸引力与否，或者别人怎么看你都不关你自己的事。
my dads like 66 and he have diabetes but he keep it in control for so many years, he feels normal and even his doctor is surprised all the time, proper nutrition, meds and never skipped a day morning walking.. so simple fitness can be sometimes eh? whats bothering him lately is depression due to corona, but i do my best to ignore his occasional rage fits and try to entertain him lol
我的爸爸66岁了，他有糖尿病，但他已经控制了这么多年，他感觉很正常，甚至他的医生也一直很惊讶，合理的营养，药物，从来没有跳过一天的晨走。
所以，如此简单的健身也会困扰这么多人，不是吗?最近困扰他的是由疫情引起的抑郁症，但我尽力忽略他偶尔的愤怒，试着逗他大笑。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Say you are a person with a genetic heart condition undiagnosed. You are a fitness expert and suddenly one day you get heart attack. Not being able to do a single pushup will break your soul like nothing else. You won’t be able to walk without help maybe, eat like you used to, not being able to lift weights you will shrink fast. It’s not nice. Heart attack doesn’t mean instant death always. Just like say kidney failure, or liver failure, these are terrible and you “might die”. But if you survive say in liver failures case, you will be transplanted a new liver, what if your body rejects that new liver? oh man, operations after operations your body is a wreck that just wish it was rather dead than to go through all that pain… No death is good death. Death is just meant to be like it is. Not nice. I wish you all commenting here a long ass life man, it’s so amazing when people are alive and happy. <3 Health is happy mind, happy body.
假设你患有未确诊的遗传性心脏病。你是一个健身专家，突然有一天你得了心脏病。
连一个俯卧撑都做不成，这让你心碎。也许你不能走路，不能像以前那样吃东西，不能举重，你会很快萎缩。这很糟。
心脏病发作并不意味着立即死亡，就像肾衰竭或肝衰竭一样，这些都很可怕，你“可能会死”。就算你活下来了比如说在肝功能衰竭的情况下，你会被移植一个新的肝脏，但如果你的身体排斥这个新的肝脏呢? 天啊，一次又一次的手术，你的身体已经支离破碎，宁愿死也不愿经历所有的痛苦，横竖都是死。
我希望你们在这里评论的人都长命百岁，人快乐的活着是很有魅力的。
健康就是快乐的心灵，快乐的身体。
Fortunately, I am one of the few Americans without a history of heart disease. I mean, my grandfather had a stroke when he was 87, but shit, by the time your that old, something has to get you.
No, the demon that haunts my family has been depression. It's a battle every day, but I'm pleased that after extensive therapy and hard work on my part, it's a battle I win more often than I lose.
幸运的是，我是少数几个没有心脏病病史的美国人之一。我爷爷87岁的时候中风了，但等你这么老的时候，肯定会有事的。
不，一直困扰我家人的恶魔是抑郁症。这每天都是一场战斗，但我很高兴，经过广泛的治疗和我自己的努力，这是一场我赢的比输的多的战斗。
And yet look just how long some people go with very few or no symptoms, even though their hearts are struggling with every beat to support their bodies?! I think there was a top cardiologist who said recently, “it’s sugar and other carbs that are killing people, not fat.” I don’t know who to believe, so I don’t eat much of either. But that’s just me.
然而，总有些人看似身体健康没有症状，但心脏依然有问题。
我记得有一位顶级心脏病专家最近说过，“是糖和其他碳水化合物在杀死人，而不是脂肪。”我不知道该相信谁，所以这两样我都吃得不多。但这只是我的想法。
Sugar and other simple carbs like from refined foods like white bread, white rice or products manufactured with refined wheat are easily digested and have have a higher glycemic index. So they are one of the greatest contributors to visceral fat accumulation.
Eating fat itself doesn’t automatically mean it becomes visceral. Visceral is manufactured by the body as a result of having too much un used calories which are stored as fat.
The body uses the stored fat as energy source in case of calorie deficit. For instance if you take days without eating, you may continue functioning normally thanks to your fat reservoir.
Really trying to use simple English here. I hope you understand.
糖和其他简单的碳水化合物，比如来自白面包、白米或精制小麦制品的糖和碳水化合物很容易消化，而且血糖指数更高。所以它们是内脏脂肪堆积的最大贡献者之一。
摄入脂肪本身并不意味着脂肪会变成内脏脂肪。内脏脂肪是由身体产生的，因为有太多的未使用的卡路里储存为脂肪。
身体利用储存的脂肪作为能量来源，以防热量不足。例如，如果你几天不吃东西，你可能会因为你的脂肪储备而继续保持正常状态。
在这里我尽量用简单的英语，希望你能理解。
Saturated fat is the healthiest fat, the more you eat, the longer you live.
饱和脂肪是最健康的脂肪，吃得越多，活得越久。
It's unsaturated fat which is healthy
是健康的不饱和脂肪
Thats what they have been telling everyone for decades. They are wrong.
这是他们几十年来一直告诉大家的。他们错了。
They're talking about body fat, not dietary fat. Any kind of food can turn into body fat as long as you consume enough calories.
他们说的是体脂，而不是膳食脂肪。任何一种食物都可以转化为脂肪，只要你摄入足够的热量。
But dietary fat is lixed to body fat - depending on what you consume
但膳食脂肪与体脂有关——这取决于你摄入什么。
It’s because eating fats and being fat are two different things. You can eat fats without being fat. Sugars can make you fat too if you eat a lot of it.
这是因为吃脂肪和长胖是两码事，你可以吃脂肪而不胖，同样如果你吃太多糖也会让你变胖。
popular belief, carbs seem to take a lot more energy to burn and that’s why people who eat a lot of them are fat. Those who are vegetarians, and/or stop eating meat because they think that the fats are making them fat, usually do not lose weight because of this. They continue eating carbs and dairy and other crap that results in not losing weight.
与普遍观点相反，碳水化合物似乎可以提供更多的能量，这就是为什么吃很多碳水化合物的人会发胖。
那些素食者，或者因为他们认为脂肪使他们变胖而停止吃肉的人，通常不会因此而减肥。他们继续吃碳水化合物、奶制品和其他垃圾食品，却并没有减肥。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Am I the only one that thinks that that yellowish orange looking fat around the heart looks like melted cheese? Seriously that heart looks like cheese wrapped meat of some sort
难道我是唯一一个认为心脏周围橙黄色的脂肪看起来像融化的奶酪的人吗?
说真的，那颗心脏看起来就像某种裹着奶酪的肉。
looked kinda like a burger to me
我觉得有点像汉堡
When I see the “fatty” heart, I have the urge to pinch the fat and slice it off like I would if I was trimming meat in preparation for cooking.
当我看到“肥胖”的心脏时，我就会有一种冲动，掐住肥肉，然后把它切下来，就像我在准备做饭时把肉切成薄片一样。
Let’s clarify, visceral fat is good, but an excess of it isn’t
直白点，内脏脂肪本身是好事，但过多就不好了。
Is it possible to diagnose this and treat it?
肥胖能得到诊断和治疗吗?
Unlike cholesterol which is fat that travels in and with blood, it’s relatively easy to know when you are at risk of accumulating visceral fat around organs.
Central obesity or too much fat build up around your belly is a clear sign that you are at risk. Anything above 80cm for women and
94cm waist circumference for men is a serious cause for concern.
Avoid eating foods that lead to this.
Foods with saturated fat should be consumed in moderation. Animal meats and whole cream milk with it’s products like cheese, butter and ghee. Coconut oil.
Too much sugary drinks also accelerate fat accumulation. Soft drinks like soda, energy drinks and sugar added juices. Trans fats foods. Margarine, cakes, cooking fats.
Surgery may be an option.
If you can’t afford surgery, practice intermittent fasting regularly. It helps the body to channel the extra fat from the organs and burn it to be used as energy source.
不像胆固醇是一种随血液流动的脂肪，要知道你什么时候有在器官周围积累内脏脂肪的危险，这相对比较容易。
中央型肥胖或腹部脂肪堆积过多是一个明显的信号，表明你处于危险之中。女性腰围在80厘米以上，男性腰围在94厘米以上都是一个严重的问题。
避免吃导致这种情况的食物。
含有饱和脂肪的食物应节制食用——动物肉类和全脂牛奶以及奶酪、黄油和酥油等产品，以及椰子油。
过多的含糖饮料也会加速脂肪的积累——汽水、能量饮料和加糖果汁等软饮料，反式脂肪的食物，人造黄油，蛋糕，烹饪油脂。
手术可能是一种选择。
如果你付不起手术费，可以定期进行间歇性禁食。它帮助身体从器官中疏导多余的脂肪，并将其作为能量来源燃烧。
Cut off the source of visceral fat build up how? By minding what you eat. Again, anything that contains sugar should be avoided or taken in moderation at all costs, refined grains and products like pasta white bread and cakes, eaten only ounce in a while. Anything refined should be avoided at all costs.
Eat whole fruits instead of taking only juice. once you cut off the source, it becomes easier to tap into the stored fat with exercises and intermittent fasting.
Coconut oils and apple cider vinegar may help as well to reduce visceral fat.
But you need to exercise at high intensity regularly to train your heart to pump faster at all times and keep it healthy.
If you decide to walk, brisk walk until you feel your heart pump fast enough.
定期锻炼，但要想有效，你必须监控你的卡路里摄入量，首先每天消耗更少的卡路里，避免积累更多的脂肪，其次，让身体利用脂肪储备作为能量来源。
切断内脏脂肪积聚的来源?注意你的饮食。同样，任何含糖的食物都应该避免，或无论如何都要适量摄入——精制谷物和像意大利面、白面包和蛋糕这样的产品，一段时间只吃一盎司。任何精致的东西都应该不惜一切代价避免。
吃完整的水果，而不是只喝果汁。一旦你切断了脂肪的来源，通过锻炼和间歇性禁食来消耗储存的脂肪就变得更容易了。
椰子油和苹果醋也可以帮助减少内脏脂肪。
但你需要有规律地进行高强度的锻炼，以训练你的心脏始终跳动得更快，并保持健康。
如果你决定步行，就选择快走，直到你感到你的心跳足够快为止。
32 inches, 37 inches don't sound like large enough to make people of average height look obese, visually speaking. What am I missing. 34–36 inches is the most common waist size for men's pants. Don't know about women. Women are usually more fat at the waist than men.
32英寸和37英寸听起来并没有大到让中等身高的人看起来肥胖，从视觉上来说。我错过了什么吗？34-36英寸是男士裤子最常见的腰围尺寸。
我不了解女人，但女人的腰部通常比男人胖。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I also don’t know what you are missing. May be inches and cm are confusing you. Or you simply don’t know how central obesity measurements are taken.
If I showed you a picture of 94 cm waist abdominal circumference man, you will be left gasping for air. Not possible here but I may try to share a table may be and to explain how measurements are taken.
Waist measurements should be taken as you breathe out. You should relax and not contract any abdominal muscles. Align the tape measure at the level of the belly button, and circle the whole way around the body and back to the starting point.
Waist circumference cut-off levels
As a general guide, increased obesity-related health risks are associated with a WC greater or equal to 94 cm in men and 80 cm in women. If a man has a WC greater than 102 cm, he is at a substantially increased risk, as are females with a WC greater than 88 cm. A WC greater than 120 cm for men and 110 cm for women puts these individuals at extremely high danger for obesity-related health issues.
我也不知道你错过了什么。可能英寸和厘米让你困惑吧，或者你根本不知道中心肥胖是如何测量的。如果我给你看一张腰围94厘米的男人的照片，你会被吓得喘不过气来。我可能会尝试分享一张表，并解释如何测量。
呼气后测量腰围，你应该放松，不要收缩任何腹部肌肉。将卷尺对准肚脐，绕着身体转一圈，回到起点。
腰围临界值
一般来说，男性腰围大于或等于94厘米、女性腰围大于或等于80厘米会增加与肥胖相关的健康风险。如果男性的腰围大于102厘米，那么他的患病风险就会大大增加，女性的腰围大于88厘米也是如此。男性腰围超过120厘米、女性腰围超过110厘米将使这些人极有可能患上与肥胖有关的健康问题。
自然，不同的种族有不同的体型和比例。因此，不同种族的人有不同的腰围分界点。
亚洲人天生瘦削娇小，因此日本人、中国人和南亚人的腰围比白种人低。这意味着，如果一个亚洲人和白人的同性都有94厘米的腰围，亚洲人患肥胖相关疾病的风险会大得多。
腰围临界值：（男/女）
欧洲人：94/80cm
南亚人：90/80
中国人：90/80
日本人：90/80
中南美洲：90/80
非洲人：94/80
中东/地中海东岸：94/80