中国如何赢下了钍基核能竞赛？

-------------译者：暖日快翻--- 审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

@Volp24k
The oil industry’s worst nightmare, no wonder this is not funded in the west

石油行业最糟糕的噩梦，难怪西方不投钱搞。

@imtm
- why didn''t USA go ahead with Torium?
"It''s abundant and cant be weponised"
- oh...

-为什么美国没有领先于钍基核能？
“它储量丰富而且没法武器化”
-哦……

@凯杰冯-g8v
The U.S. abandoned its efforts on thorium-based molten salt reactors primarily because they require special heat-resistant alloys capable of withstanding temperatures up to several thousand degrees Celsius, coupled with severe high-temperature fluoride corrosion – issues that existing materials couldn''t adequately address. China only recently solved the most challenging issue for these reactors by synthesizing a new nickel-based heat-resistant alloy material on its space station. Even so, frequent inspections and timely replacements are still necessary.

美国放弃钍基熔盐堆研发，主要在于其所需的特殊耐热合金必须能承受高达数千摄氏度的温度，同时还要抵御严苛的高温氟盐腐蚀——这些难题是当时现有材料无法妥善解决的。中国也只是最近才在其空间站上合成了一种新型镍基耐热合金材料，从而攻克了此类反应堆最棘手的难关。即便如此，频繁的检测和及时的更换仍然是必需的。

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@Rationalific
3:42 - "Maybe we shouldn''t keep giving away this information." I''m sorry... If you''ve had the research for 60 years and did nothing about it, and it''s something that produces less waste and is less dangerous and can produce fewer nuclear weapons than what is currently in use, and your country is too lazy to put that into place for well over half a century, then you are not good stewards of it, and the information should be given away to those who care to make it a reality. They were literally sitting on at least a potential idea that could make energy wars (over oil, etc) obsolete and make energy cleaner than ever before, and that is the secret that can''t be allowed to get out, huh?

3:42 - “也许我们不该再把这些信息给出去了。” 抱歉... 如果你们拥有这项研究60年却无所作为，而它（钍技术）能产生更少的废料、更少的危险、比现有技术制造更少的核武器，并且你们国家懒散了大半个世纪都不去落实它——那么你们就不是它的合格守护者，这些信息就该交给那些真正关心并愿意实现它的人。他们（美国）可是实实在在地坐拥至少一个能让能源战争（围绕石油等）过时、让能源比以往任何时候都更清洁的潜在方案，而这个方案就是那个‘绝不能泄露’的秘密，是吧？

-------------译者：暖日快翻--- 审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

@sentinelaenow4576
Humanity''s problems to solve:
- WAR
- ENERGY ( CHECKED! )
- Agreeing on a universal power plug for it.

人类需要解决的问题：
-战争
-能源 (√ 搞定！)
- 就一个万能电源插头达成共识

@jaffa2413
Imagine not being able to find anything to watch and this drops

想象当你找不到任何可看的内容时，它上线了

@heyitsazar
Turkish scientist Prof. Dr. Engin Ar?k, who said that thorium would be a solution to our country''s energy problem and who carried out studies on this subject, lost her life together with her team when the plane she got on to go to a scientific program in Isparta, Turkey crashed on November 30, 2007

土耳其科学家Engin Ar?k教授博士曾表示钍将是解决我国能源问题的方案，并在此领域进行了深入研究。2007年11月30日，她前往土耳其伊斯帕塔参加科学项目时，因所乘飞机坠毁而不幸与整个团队同时遇难。

-------------译者：暖日快翻--- 审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

@yuantan9292
As Chinese, I want to say that while China is ahead for now, this race is far from over.
(This part is mentioned in the video) The current running reactor on the news, TMSR-LF1 (Thorium Molten Salt Reactor Liquid Fuel #1) is only a tiny (2MW thermal) pilot reactor.
(This part slightly differs to the video) The next-step plans were to have two experimental reactors (TMSR-SF2 for "(pebble bed) solid fuel"(100 MW thermal) and TMSR-LF2 (10MW thermal)) operational by 2025. The latter has been delayed to 2029, and the former we don''t know.
Then there''s a 100MW electricity small modular reactor demonstration plant (TMSR-LF3) planned by 2035, followed by a Gigawatt demonstration plant (name/date unknown).
According to this timeline, even if everything goes according to plan, we might only see commercial deployment around 2050, and there are plenty of chances for it to get delayed, so Thorium is unlikely to solve any energy crises in the first half of the century.
Source: World Nuclear Association - Molten Salt Reactors

作为中国人，我想说虽然中国目前暂时领先，但这场竞赛远未结束。
(视频中提到的部分) 新闻中正在运行的实验堆，钍基熔盐堆液态燃料一号机（TMSR-LF1），只是一个微型（热功率2兆瓦）的试验性反应堆。
(与视频表述略有不同的部分) 下一步的计划原本是在2025年建成两个实验堆：TMSR-SF2（“（球床）固态燃料”，热功率100兆瓦）和TMSR-LF2（热功率10兆瓦）。目前后者已推迟至2029年，前者的进展尚不明确。

随后计划在2035年前建成一座100兆瓦电功率的小型模块化反应堆示范电站（TMSR-LF3），之后还有一个吉瓦级（Gigawatt）示范电站（名称/日期未知）。
按照这个时间表，即使一切按计划进行，我们可能也要到2050年左右才能看到商业部署。而且项目存在诸多延迟的可能性。因此，钍基熔盐堆技术在本世纪上半叶不太可能解决任何能源危机问题。
来源：世界核协会 - 熔盐堆报告

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@synonys
4:00 The exact wrong lesson to learn from this episode. The right lesson to learn is “maybe we should utilize our research too”

4:00这集看完学了个‘错误示范’。真正的重点应该是”也许我们自己的研究也应该拿来使用“

@diogoalmeidavisuals
Chinese researchers- "This is pretty incredible technology, we are going to make it a reality!"
Americans reaction (instead of collaborating and working towards the greater common good) "We need to stop making this publicaly available!"

中国研究者-“这是一个难以置信的科技成果，我们应将他变成现实！”
美国人的反应（非但不合作共赢）“我们应该阻止让这些公开可获得”

@Al-Storm
Bureacracy and politics get in the way of everything in the modern era.

官僚主义和政治在当代阻碍了一切事务的进展。

@devrim-oguz
There is also the accelerator driven thorium reactors. Which a Turkish scientist named Engin Ar?k was working on. But she tragically died in a plane crash with the rest of her team and many other scientists. (It was probably an assassination)

此外还有加速器驱动钍反应堆技术。土耳其科学家Engin Ar?k生前正致力于此领域研究，但她与整个团队及多位科学家不幸在空难中集体遇难（很可能是暗杀事件）。

-------------译者：暖日快翻--- 审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

@vitasartemiev
This video, like many before it, conflates Thorium reactors with molten salt reactors. These two categories are orthogonal. You can have a uranium nuclear reactor be a molten salt reactor, and be immune to meltdowns. Because the fuel mixture is already liquid.

这个视频与之前的许多视频一样，这部片子也将钍反应堆和熔盐反应堆混为一谈。其实这两个类别是完全独立的。铀核反应堆也可以设计成熔盐堆，并且免疫于熔毁。因为燃料混合物本身已完全是熔融状态

@VelvetMeteor
The title of the video is misleading, it''s basically clickbait. Nobody has "won the race", China just made some advances but it''s still early days and the race is far from over. There, I saved you 24 minutes.

这段视频的标题具有误导性，基本上就是个标题党。没人'赢了比赛'，中国仅取得些进展但仍在早期阶段，比赛远未结束。看，我帮你省了24分钟。

@bhushandaware6118
I don't think American Oil companies will ever allow Thorium Reactors to setup

我不认为美国人的石油公司将会允许钍反应堆的安装

@LifeCasts
70% of the video was about why not US, rather than How China

这段视频70%的内容都在讨论“为何不是美国”而非“中国模式”

-------------译者：暖日快翻--- 审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

@karlgustav1247
We don't want to do anything with this; publish the research; world is better off.
This is the perfect example of why you should publish your research if you don't see a future in it or don't want to do more research into it yourself.

我们不想用这个技术做任何事情；发表研究；世界会更好。
这正是为什么你应该发表研究成果的绝佳例证——即使你认为该研究没有未来前景，或者自己不想继续深入探索。

@Camelotsmoon
0:14 Well of course, because the byproducts can't be used in nuclear weapons.

0:14 当然，因为副产品不能用于核武器。

@TwinFlyDSW
Thorium reactors sound promising. Hopefully there will be growing interest and breakthroughs into another type of energy production source that your channel happens to be named after.
Cold fusion.

钍反应堆听起来很有前景。希望人们对另一种能源生产的兴趣和突破会越来越大，而你的频道恰好以这种能源命名。冷聚变。

@cdanhowell
It''s pretty unfortunate that the US didn''t ever work on this. I mean, thorium isn''t perfect - the salts used are highly corrosive - but the theory works and is significantly safer. The US certainly dropped the ball on this, as many have said for a long time...

美国从来没有做这件事是相当不幸运的。我的意思是钍不是完美的-使用的盐具有很强的腐蚀性-但该理论是有效的，而且安全得多。美国当然在这件事上丢了球，正如许多人长期以来所说的那样.......

-------------译者：暖日快翻--- 审核者：龙腾翻译总管------------

@spacefacts1681
minor correction: Hastelloy-N was developed at Oak Ridge, not by China. They''re just replicating the recipe

稍微修正一下：Hastelloy-N是在Oak Ridge研发的，并不是在中国。中国只是复制了该合金配方

@paul12356789paul
Excellent episode. Good to know.

很精彩的片段。值得去了解

@InbredCannibalNecropedophile
0:20 No, the holy grail is fusion

0:20不，核聚变才是真正的圣杯

@benanyahu
samonella academy predicted this

samonella学院预言过这个了

@mrhauntley
First video in my feed today

今天我订阅源中的第一个视频

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@jkzero
the image at 10:37 is incorrectly used all over the internet as "Fukushima reactor explosion;" however, this shows a fire at the oil refinery in Ichihara, more than 250 km from Fukushima.

在10:37的这张图片被错误地用作"福岛反应堆爆炸"的配图；然而图中显示的其实是发生在市原市炼油厂的大火，此地距离福岛超过250公里。

@Flashraize
Great video, Dagogo!

这是一个好视频，Dagogo!

@chrisnewman7281
Thorium was being used back in the 1960s and part of the reason why it fell out of favour with the Americans was because it couldn’t be as easily weaponised

钍的使用可以追溯到1960年，它之所以不受美国人欢迎，部分原因是它不容易被武器化

@stevehill4615
I''ve been following the Thorium story for a number of years now since hearing about Kirk Sorensen and a reason I heard for the non adoption of MSR was the large companies involved in nuclear power had made large investments in R&D, delivery and supply chain of nuclear technology and that to effectively scrap all their investment and have to start again would not be in their interests.

我关注钍基核反应堆技术多年，最初是从Kirk Sorensen的相关报道中了解到的。据我所知，熔盐反应堆（MSR）未被采纳的一个关键原因在于：大型核电企业已在现有核电技术的研发、设备交付及供应链体系投入巨额资金。若废弃这些沉淀成本转向全新技术路线，显然不符合其利益需求。

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@yttean98
Not only China noted the potential of Thorium, India was another country which did lots of research since the 70''''s but did not get very far, even some of their scientist said Nuclear reactor based on Thorium is dead end.
Most of the materials from this video are available online and repeated here, get new materials e.g. China''''s Thoruim reactor on Hainan island.

不仅是中国注意到了钍的潜力，印度是另一个自70年代以来进行了大量研究但没有走多远的国家，甚至他们的一些科学家也表示，基于钍的核反应堆是死结局。
该视频多数内容均为网络公开资料且存在重复，建议更新素材源。例如关注中国海南岛的钍基熔盐实验堆。

@MostlyPennyCat
12:16 Moltex''s SSR reactor is very different from the Oakridge MSR, there''s no pumped fuel salt, it all sits in static fuel tubes with a sacrificial element to prevent corrosion and a one way valve for offgassing.
The coolant is pumped salt but has no fuel, that''s just simply moving heat to the gas turbine with the salt.

Moltex的SSR反应堆与橡树岭MSR大不相同，其燃料盐并非通过泵送循环，而是全部置于静态燃料管内。这些燃料管采用牺牲性元件来防止腐蚀，并设有单向阀用于排出气体。
冷却剂则为泵送循环的盐类介质，其中不含燃料成分，仅单纯通过盐介质将热量传递至燃气轮机。

@sanatanihindu383
india is working on thorium nuclear energy from last 30 years, becuase india has largest thorium reserves in the world three stage nuclear reactor is under construction , 2nd stage is already acheived, if succeded then this will be game changer of india and other countries

印度在过去30年里一直在研究钍核能，因为印度拥有世界上最大的钍储量。第三阶段的核反应堆正在建设中，第二阶段已经实现，如果成功，这将改变印度和其他国家的游戏规则

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@CappyLarou
I have been waiting for you to cover this...thank you

我一直在等你报道这件事......非常感谢。

@jagsahil
Great video! You briefly mentioned India’s efforts, but it would’ve been great if you had expanded on them a bit more—especially given how far along they are compared to most countries. India has been seriously pursuing thorium since the 1950s with its three-stage nuclear program. The KAMINI reactor has been operating for decades using U-233 bred from thorium, and the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) is nearing full operation. They’re also developing the AHWR, which is specifically designed to run on thorium. While China’s recent progress is impressive, India’s long-standing and active thorium work definitely deserves more attention.

很棒的视频！虽然你简短的提到印度的努力，但如果能展开讲讲就更好了——尤其是考虑到相比大多数国家的进展。印度自20世纪50年代起就通过其三阶段核能计划认真研究钍燃料。KAMINI反应堆使用钍增殖产生的铀-233运行已达数十年，原型快增殖反应堆（PFBR）也即将全面投运。该国还在研发专门使用钍燃料的先进重水堆（AHWR）。虽然中国近年进展令人瞩目，但印度长期而积极的钍燃料研究绝对值得更多关注。

@MarioReyesSAP
Thank you! A very interesting episode. I hope this technology is successful and becomes widespread.

非常感谢。一个非常有趣的片段。我希望这项技术能够成功并得到广泛应用。

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@JulAlxAU
Love the way the Chinese work, quiet, no PR, no fanfare, nothing, and suddenly boom!

喜欢中国人的工作方式，安静，没有公关，没有大张旗鼓，什么都没有，然后突然繁荣起来！

@Bagels-273
Nice video. One correction, the highest power university campus reactor is MURR in Missouri at 10MW

好视频。需要更正一点：密苏里大学研究堆（MURR）以10兆瓦的功率成为大学校园中输出功率最高的反应堆。

@justdummy-pr9t
I love this channel. Thank you for such great videos like this

我喜欢这个频道。感谢您提供像这样如此出色的视频。

@BartClaeys01
Funding for Thorium/molten salt reactor research was stopped or moved to the research of uranium water-cooled reactors because when molten salt reactors have contact with water, they become explosive and thus cannot be used in warships

钍/熔盐 反应堆研究的资金被停止或转移到铀水冷反应堆的研究上，因为当熔盐反应堆与水接触时，它们会变得具有爆炸性，因此不能用于军舰上。

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@gregloates
Great video, thanks CF!!

很棒的视频，感谢CF！！

@Keyumiz
It''s unbelievable I''ve been watching cold fusion now for nearly a decade

令人难以置信的是，我关注这个频道将近10年了。

@nicksonsicnawa9607
Don't underestimate China, EV, ROBOTIC, SOLAR, BATTERY, WIND, RARE EARTH, AI, 3rd Generation nuclear reactor

不要低估中国、电动汽车、机器人、太阳能、电池、风能、稀土、人工智能、第三代核反应堆

@barrybates556
Enjoyed your presentation and expertise. Terrific.

喜欢你的演讲和专业知识。非常不错。

@ejdavis72
So, China pulled an Apple.

中国这波操作颇有苹果之风。

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@brightmal
It's a pedantic point, but I would argue with part of the narrative direction here. I would suggest that the breakthrough Weinberg came up with wasn't so much the use of Thorium as a fuel, but rather the molten salt reactor idea. A molten salt reactor can run the thorium-uranium cycle, or the uranium-plutonium cycle. And they can be designed for thermal spectrum operation, or fast spectrum operation. Moving away from solid fuel and water moderation, to molten salts is really the key breakthrough that enables all sorts of possibilities.

这是个有些咬文嚼点的细节，但我认为叙事方向的部分内容值得商榷。我认为温伯格的突破性贡献并不在于将钍用作燃料，而在于提出了熔盐反应堆的构想。熔盐反应堆既可以运行钍-铀循环，也可以运行铀-钚循环；既能设计为热谱运行，也能实现快谱运行。从固体燃料和水慢化剂转向熔盐技术，才是真正开启各种可能性的关键突破。

@l0lLorenzol0l
As good as the news are I won''t fully believe it until I see non-Chinese sources and reports on how well it operates

尽管消息令人振奋，但在看到国际第三方对中国钍基熔盐堆运行实效的报道前，我仍将保持审慎态度。

@MrDhalli6500
The half life of the Thorium waste is 30 years. When radioactive material half life's 10 times it is no longer considered radioactive. so the Thorium reactor waste half life is 300 years, then it's considered a heavy metal waste.

钍核废料的半衰期为30年。当放射性物质的半衰期经历十倍时长后，便不再被视为具有放射性。因此钍反应堆产生的核废料在经过300年后，将被归类为重金属废料。