为什么与中国相比，印度的基础设施建设相对落后？

Bill Chen

Well, why is the rupee depreciating for 8 decades while being one of the fastest growing global economies this century?
But Indian households own almost $4 trillion in gold today.
While the Ganges, revered as the holy mother river of Indian civilization, remains polluted beyond belief.
Why doesn't India have better infrastructure?
Not because India can't, but because indians WON'T.

好吧，既然印度是本世纪增长最快的全球经济体之一，卢比为何在过去八十年里一直贬值？
而印度家庭如今却持有近4万亿美元的黄金。
恒河 —— 被尊为印度文明的圣母河 —— 却依然污染得令人难以置信。
为什么印度没有更好的基础设施？
不是因为印度办不到，而是印度人不愿意去做。

Tigar
In fact, India is really needed a revolution to swipe away all the ridiculous policies including Caste system, corruption, bureaucracy, incompetentance, laziness and stupidity, etc.

事实上，印度确实需要一场革命，扫除种姓制度、腐败、官僚主义、不称职、懒惰与愚蠢等所有荒谬政策。

Deepak
Our system is rotten,
We are waiting for our Mao Zedong

我们的制度已经腐烂，
我们在等待我们的毛泽东。

Hu Shi xiong
For Mao to exist , the Chinese must exist first . He and his family threw themselves into the meat grinder for a Chinese state.
India was never as rotten as China back then . Today is actually better than India of before
I won't say I agree with everything or it's not propaganda but Lee Kuan Yew did make it a point to fight for Malaysians as a public message then Singaporeans . Not the Chinese ethnic group .
Indians have only started to come round to a unified identity .

毛的存在，必以中华民族的存续为前提。他与家人曾为中国的国家事业奋不顾身。
当时的印度从未如旧中国那般积弊深重。而今日中国的景象，实已胜过昔日的印度。
我并非全盘认同其言论，也不否认其中或有宣传成分，但李光耀当时确曾公开表明：他首先为马来西亚人奋斗，其次才是新加坡人——而非仅为华族群体。
印度人直至近年才逐渐形成统一的民族认同。

Donny Trong
Corruption. Taxpayers money are hidden inside India government pockets rather than spend on infrastructures.

腐败。纳税人的钱被藏进印度政府的口袋，而不是用来修建基础设施。

Baba Vickram Aditya Bedi
Look at India in 1990 and today, don't delude your ego, India has massively improved its infrastructure.

看看 1990 年的印度和今天的印度，别自欺自尊，印度在基础设施上已大幅改善。

Jackie Chan
A Chinese bureaucrat, an Indian bureaucrat and an African bureaucrat walk into a bar. They’ve known each other for years, having met every year at UN conferences, and they’ve become friends.
But, talking over drinks, they realise that they’ve only ever met at conferences. So the Chinese bureaucrat suggests that after the next one, in Beijing, they come to his house to relax for a few days.
They all agree, and when the next conference ends, they set off. They get a plane at Beijing’s airport, fly to a provincial city and speed off down a pristine six-lane highway to a large house in the suburbs.

一个中国官僚、一个印度官僚和一个非洲官僚走进酒吧。他们多年以联合国会议相识，每年碰面，已成朋友。
但在喝酒聊天时，他们发现自己实际上只在会议上见过面。于是中国官僚建议，下次在北京开会后，到他家去放松几天。
众人同意，下一次会议结束后出发。他们在北京机场乘机，飞到一个省会城市，然后沿着一条崭新的六车道高速一路飞驰，来到郊区一座大房子前。


"This is a really nice house," the African bureaucrat says. "How did you afford it on your government salary?"
"Well, did you see that new highway we drove on? I just took some money from the project and spent it on the house."
The other bureaucrats nod, obviously impressed. For the next few days the three men have a wonderful time, and agree to meet again after the next summit, this time at the Indian bureaucrat’s house.
A year goes by, the conference ends and they set off. They fly from the airport in Delhi to a little provincial town. Then they jolt down a long, potholed road until they get to a large mansion.

“这房子真漂亮，”非洲官僚说，“你靠公务员工资怎么买得起？”
“你们不是刚才看到那条新高速吗？我从那个项目里拿了点钱，把房子买了。”
其他两位官僚点头表示佩服。接下来几天三人度过愉快时光，并约定下次峰会后在印度官僚家再聚。
一年后，会议结束他们出发了。他们从德里机场飞到一个小地方，之后颠簸地走一条长长的坑坑洼洼的路，直到到达一座大宅邸。


The Chinese bureaucrat, obviously impressed, asks how the Indian bureaucrat could have afforded it. The Indian bureaucrat replies, "Well, did you see that highway we drove on? I just took some money out of the project and spent it on the house."
A year later they are in Africa, and they all agree to head to the African bureaucrat’s house. They go to the airport, and fly to a smaller airport in the middle of the jungle. From there they board a helicopter and fly over a pristine jungle to a large palace surrounded by military guards. They look out over trees as far as the eye can see.

中国官僚明显被震惊，问印度官僚如何买得起。印度官僚回答：“你们不是刚才看到那条高速吗？我从那个项目里拿了钱，用在了房子上。”
又过一年，他们来到非洲，大家一致决定去非洲官僚家。他们到机场，飞到丛林中心的一个小机场，然后坐直升机越过原始丛林，来到一座被卫兵包围的大宫殿。放眼望去尽是茂密的树木。


The Indian and C bureaucrats are amazed, and they are both eager to know how he managed to afford such a palace.
"Well, did you see that highway we drove on?" the African bureaucrat asks.
Behind every joke is some grains of truth. The nature of corruption in each region is different: in C, corruption results in too much being built; in India or Africa, corruption results in too little or nothing being built. India cannot seem to finish its construction projects while C tends to build way more than it actually needs.

印度和中国官僚惊呆了，都急切想知道他如何买得起这样的宫殿。
“你们不是看到我们开的那条高速吗？”非洲官僚问道。
每个玩笑背后都隐藏着一些真相。各地区腐败的性质不同：在C，腐败导致建得太多；在印度或非洲，腐败导致建得太少，甚至根本不建。印度似乎无法完工其建设项目，而C往往建得远超其实际需求。

Amit Tiwari
Well, I can approve Indian part at least. In my home town, which is just 500 km from New Delhi, there is a little 200 meters long flyover under constructions…. since 11 years. That flyover is not even 50% done in 11 years.

至少我认可关于印度的那部分。在我家乡（距新德里仅 500 公里），有一座大约 200 米长的天桥在建……已经 11 年了。那座天桥 11 年都没完工，连一半都不到。

Vicky V
In hyderbad they built the outer ring road. A 10 lane access controlled expressway 169 km long in 5 years flat. It goes around most of the city and offers car and truck exits at over a dozen points .Speed limit 100km/hr. So not every part of India is the same.

在海德拉巴他们建成了外环路。那是一条 10 车道、全封闭的快速路，长 169 公里，5 年完工。绕城而行，在十多个点设有汽车和货车匝道，限速 100 公里/小时。所以印度并非各地都一样。

Harish Balan
Hyderabadi here! Agreed on thr ORR but its an exception mate. In a small list of exceptions. Most all the roads are pot holed after even the smallest of rainfall and the drainage is non existent in low lying areas that become rivers, swimming pools and breeding grounds for mosquito borne diseases. Sorry- love the city but long way to go in terms of true world class roads and highways

我来自海德拉巴！确实外环路很好，但那只是例外，属于少数例外之一。大多数道路在哪怕小雨之后就坑洼不平，低洼地区排水几乎不存在，常常变成河道、游泳池和蚊媒疾病的滋生地。抱歉——我爱这座城市，但在真正的世界级道路和高速公路方面仍有很长的路要走。

Anindya Dasgupta
Was it a pre election project? Anyway the money spent for that project actually had only a tenth of the allotted fund , like any other project in India , the rest must have gone to build some temple or palace the three diplomats as discussed here visited.

那是竞选前的项目吗？无论如何，那项目实际花费的只占拨款的十分之一，像印度的其它项目一样，其余的钱肯定被用去建某个寺庙或宫殿，就像这里讨论的三位外交官访问的地方一样。

CantHitMe
same here in ranchi, our flyover (approx 5km) was built within 2–3 years and clean ring road that surrounds the whole city connecting to various highways.

我们兰契也是类似情况，我们的天桥（约 5 公里）在 2–3 年内建成，城环路也很整洁，连接多条高速。

Krishna Kumar
Vision & political willpower is what makes things happen. In a democracy, we must first accept that there will be corruption.
No two people are both equal!
The idea is to control it for the common good.

愿景和政治意愿是让事情发生的关键。在民主制度里，我们首先必须接受会存在腐败这一事实。
没有两个人完全相等！
关键是要控制腐败，朝着公共利益去治理它。

Lorde Voldemorte
Adding realism to the story: African model was so great that Chinese invested heavily in africa and now there are smooth Chinese highways everywhere in Africa. While in India…why would China not build highways in India?

给故事加点现实因素：非洲模式曾经吸引大量中国投资，现在非洲到处都有平整的中国修建的高速公路。而在印度……为什么中国不在印度修高速呢？

Ravi Raj
Precisely, its actually foolish to consider eliminating corruption, its curtailing it, thats what makes the difference
There seems to be lot of talk going on in India to eradicate corruption, as if someone can take a magic wand and rewrite the concept of greed

确切地说，认为能完全消除腐败是愚蠢的，关键是遏制腐败，这才会带来不同。
在印度似乎有人天天谈要根除腐败，好像有人能拿根魔法棒把贪婪的概念改写一样。

TheXenomorphist
That can only be done when politicians fear the citizens, in India it’s vice versa.

这只有在政治家害怕公民时才能做到，但在印度恰好相反——是公民惧怕政治家。

Ramnath Kamat
The most important reason is India is a democracy with strong property rights. Property acquisition by the govt for a simple project takes years to settle which hinders the rapid growth of infrastructure.

最重要的原因是印度是民主国家并且有强有力的产权保护。政府为一个简单项目征地往往需要多年才能解决，这阻碍了基础设施的快速发展。

Anmol Monga
In India construction takes a long rarely because of corruption but because of very strong property rights in the country and and influential rural society. I think if C was democratic they would face the same problem not because C is less corrupt than india but because of political gridlocks involved in buying up people’s land. C is infact as corrupt as India. Why India also has not been able to attract manufacturing the way C has because of extremely strong labour laws and very politically active labour unxs. For a developing Country India has labour laws as strong as those in France, Hence the only Industry that is profitable in India is heavy Industry. One of the problems India faces is because of the remanence of Socialism that remains strong in India. Infact I can bet C is way more capitalist than India even though it is a *** country.

在印度建设耗时长，并不只因腐败，而更多是因为该国强有力的产权以及有影响力的农村社会。我认为如果C是皿煮国家，也会面临同样问题，不是因为C比印度少腐败，而是因为征地涉及的政治僵局。事实上C和印度同样腐败。印度未能像C那样吸引制造业，还因劳动法极为严格和工会政治化。对一个发展C家来说，印度的劳动法堪比法国，因此在印度唯一有利可图的行业是重工业。印度面临的问题之一是社会主义残余在印度依然强大。实际上我敢打赌，C比印度更资本主义，尽管表面上是共产国家。

Dev Prakash
We always have all the excuses for our shortcomings. To achieve substantial things one needs Will power and China has that. We should from China rather then giving excuses.

我们总是为短处找各种借口。要取得实质性成就需要意志力，而中国有这种意志。我们应该向中国学习，而不是找借口。

Soham S
I think you miss a major point, Gabriel. Democracy takes very long to improve a society. We need to get through every types of people’s opinion, misinformation. Authoritarianism has this advantage of making a decision fast and implementable. Even the feudal system has this advantage. That’s a major component of India’s slow development.

我认为你忽略了一个要点，加布里埃尔。民主改善社会需要很长时间。我们需要处理各种人的意见与错误信息。威权体制有一个优点：能快速做决策并执行。甚至封建体制也有这个优势。这是印度发展缓慢的一个重要因素。

Umair Ahmed
I don’t agree, even with hundreds of years of democracy many countries still face hurdles from the bureaucracy. Their infrastructure development been stifled regardless, focusing on larger projects which ultimately get riddled with delays.
There is much more happening than the role of immature democracy undermining it.

我不同意。即便有数百年民主历史的国家，也仍然面临官僚体制的障碍。他们的基础设施发展同样被扼制，聚焦的大项目最终也充斥着延误。
影响因素远不止于所谓“不成熟的民主”所能解释的那么简单。

Stephen Richards
One reason is that India simply behind economically. China’s official GDP (2024) is 18.8 trillion dollars, while India’s is 3.9 trillion dollars (and some experts think that China’s stated GDP is much lower than its actual GDP).
The second reason is that as China got richer, the government made infrastructure investment a top priority. As India gets richer, will its government do the same?
I travelled around China a bit in the 1990s and the infrastructure was not….impressive. Outside of the main cities, trains and buses were ‘chaotic’ (e.g., cramped and crowded and slow and often with some livestock). The top hotel in one town only had hot water for around 30–45 minutes each day. In one small village, we could only get there by horseback (or on foot) and there was no electricity. A lot of China’s infrastructure development happened after this period. India is now at the stage where it is can start catching up (if the will is there).

一个原因是印度在经济上确实落后。中国（官方）GDP（2024）为 18.8 万亿美元，而印度为 3.9 万亿美元（有专家认为中国公布的 GDP 可能远低于其实际规模）。
第二个原因是，随着中国变富，政府把基础设施投资放在首位。随着印度变富，它的政府会做同样的事情吗？
我在 1990 年代在中国旅行过一段时间，当时基础设施并不……令人印象深刻。主城以外，火车和公共汽车很“混乱”（例如拥挤、慢且常伴随牲畜）。某城最好的酒店每天只有大约 30–45 分钟的热水。在一个小村庄，只能骑马或步行到达，那里没有电。中国大量的基础设施建设是在那以后发生的。印度现在处于可以开始追赶的阶段（如果下定决心的话）。

Frédéric
It’s misleading to compare India today to China in 1980s, because back then China had already solved many fundamental problems that continued to haunt India to this day.
A good example is the woman’s right, another is the literacy. I don’t need to mention the unified language.

把今天的印度与 1980 年代的中国相比是误导性的，因为那时中国已经解决了许多根本问题，而这些问题至今仍困扰着印度。
一个很好的例子是妇女权利，另一个是识字率。我就不用再提统一的语言了。

Stephen Richards
There is also the caste system.
Those things will effect India’s overall development for sure. As for infrastructure though, in my opinion, it is largely a matter of priorities. China has been spending around 7–8% of its GDP on infrastructure development, while the US spends about 2.5% and India spends around 3.5%. India’s figure is double that of a few years ago, but much smaller than China’s (which also has a much larger economy).

还有种姓制度。
这些因素肯定会影响印度的整体发展。至于基础设施问题，在我看来很大程度上是优先级的问题。中国在基础设施上投入了约占 GDP 的 7–8%，而美国约为 2.5%，印度约为 3.5%。印度的这个比例是几年前的两倍，但仍远低于中国（且中国经济规模也更大）。