印度作为世界第四大经济体，为什么还未展现出力量感呢？

JD
There are 3 key reasons
* Energy Import dependence : Oil and Uranium - Results in trade deficits - weak currency
* Volatile neighbourhood with rogue nuclear powers - results in the need for high defence spending and exposes India to big power blackmail (US/ China arming neighbours)
* Diversity in languages and religion - results in the need for the government to be populist and exposes India to CIA regime change shenanigans
Having said this India is slowly and surely on a path to become a strong power
* Solar and soon nuclear energy (SMR) possibly thorium based increasingly replace incremental oil demand.
* Rising indegenous defence industry reduces import dependence
* A nationalistic government has been in power for more than 11 years with a strong majority - reducing foreign intereference

【回答】
有三个关键原因：
* 能源进口依赖：石油和铀——导致贸易逆差，货币疲软
* 动荡的周边环境与不负责任的拥核国家——导致国防开支高昂，使印度易受大国（美国/中国武装邻国）胁迫
* 语言和宗教多样性——导致政府需采取民粹主义政策，使印度易受中情局政权更迭阴谋的影响
尽管如此，印度正稳步迈向强国之路：
* 太阳能及即将发展的核能（小型模块化反应堆，可能基于钍技术）逐渐替代新增石油需求
* 本土国防工业崛起降低进口依赖
* 民族主义政府以绝对优势执政超11年，减少外部干预

The question to ask is India strong?
* It has the worlds largest standing army, is a nuclear power, has an indegneous missile program which is amongst the best in the world, is building more naval ships and submarines than any country other than China; makes its own tanks, guns, choppers, missiles, missle defence systems and amunition, has begun making jets and drones and is 5 -10 years away from catching up in jet engine technology
* Is self sufficient in food and has a largely inward looking economy, less impacted by tariff blackmail than China
* Has a strong industrial base and a rapidly growing manufacturing sector. With its domestic market scale and abudant skilled labour, India is the only country which can take on China
* In private capacity Indians own more gold than any other citizenry of the world. India also has a low debt to gdp ratio
However this is still a journey for India it is still working on its own defences and trying to better the lot of its citizens. it must bide its time, mask its strength and grow stronger for the wolves - China, US and Pakistan are always at the door looking to derail this progress. The focus must not be on projecting power, rather in conserving strength and growing stronger. 

印度是否强大？
* 拥有世界最大规模常备军，是核国家，本土导弹项目位居世界前列，舰艇与潜艇建造数量仅次于中国；自主生产坦克、枪炮、直升机、导弹、导弹防御系统及弹药，已开始制造战机与无人机，预计5-10年内突破航空发动机技术
* 粮食自给自足，经济以内需为主，受关税胁迫影响小于中国
* 工业基础雄厚，制造业快速增长。凭借国内市场规模与充足熟练劳动力，印度是唯一能与中国抗衡的国家
* 私人持有黄金量全球第一，政府债务占GDP比重较低
但这仍是漫长征途：印度持续加强国防建设，努力改善民生。它必须耐心等待、隐藏实力、积蓄力量，因为中国、美国、巴基斯坦始终虎视眈眈企图阻挠其发展。重点不应是张扬实力，而应积蓄力量稳步壮大。

Though if one looks closely India has begun the first baby steps of projecting its power:
* Whether its vaccines, or disaster relief or food or medicines - India is the first port of call. A country which does not ask for its pound of flesh in return or denies vaccines on the basis of race or wealth like the USA
* It has begun exporting arms to friendly countries and this will only go up in time as private defence industry grows in size
* It increasingly reaches out into enemy countries to protect its people and interests - taking out terrorists wherever they are located.
* It shows a capacity to lead, build consensus and win win deals with fellow countries. As seen in its G20 leadership, work in the UN and now rising bilateral trade and investment pacts
* It has a longer list of friends than enemies.
* Has a more independent foreign policy than Europe and barring US and China is the only 3rd country which can claim it acts in its own soverign interests standing up to the great powers in foreign policy

不过，如果仔细观察，印度已迈出展现力量的初步尝试：
* 无论是疫苗、救灾、粮食或药品援助，印度总是首选援助国。它不像美国那样要求回报或根据种族财富拒绝提供疫苗
* 开始向友好国家出口武器，随着私营国防产业发展，规模将持续扩大
* 日益深入敌国保护本国公民与利益，在全球范围清除恐怖分子
* 展现领导力、凝聚共识并与各国达成双赢协议，体现在G20领导作用、联合国工作及日益增多的双边贸易投资协定中
* 友邦数量远多于敌国
* 外交政策比欧洲更独立，是除美中外唯一能坚持主权利益、抗衡大国的第三国

Patrick Khaw
It could be because it has the world's largest population at 1.5 billion. 
But that doesn't account for why the economy is not bigger or poised to grow larger. 
It should be. It was in a much better position at independence than China to make progress. 
One reason may have been the economic direction India took when it obtained self-rule. It decided to be self-sufficient and not to import goods. This may not have been the best course for a newly-independent underdeveloped country. 
Which leads to the high cost Colonialism played in retarding Indiaçs growth. the East India Company and then the British crown, looted and pillaged India. It destroyed its shipbuilding and textile industries and extracted a heavy cost via taxes for running the country. It did this exclusively for England's benefit. Gains for India and its people were incidental. 

【回答】
可能是因为它拥有世界上最多的人口，达到15亿。  
但这并不能解释为什么经济没有更大或没有准备好增长得更快。  
它本应如此。独立时，印度比中国处于更好的发展位置。  
一个原因可能是印度获得自治后选择的经济方向。它决定自给自足，不进口商品。这对一个新独立的欠发达国家来说可能不是最佳选择。  
这也引出了殖民主义对印度发展造成的巨大阻碍。东印度公司以及后来的英国王室掠夺了印度，摧毁了其造船和纺织业，并通过税收榨取巨额财富来维持对印度的统治。这一切完全是为了英国的利益。印度及其人民的收益只是附带的。  

India itself is a complex country. It has a caste structure seen as rigid but has some flex within each caste. It's a difficult system to break because equality destroys the privilege and status of many people. 
On top of this there are deep religious divisions that also have an impact on caste. Indian society is also riven by socio-economic divisions. Then there are political and language divisions as well. India provides an example of a country whose society is divided by cross-cutting cleavages. 
An interesting account of the country may be found in the book, In Spite of the Gods: The Strange Rise of Modern India by Edward Luce. He explainsvwhy the country is so divided and is likely to remain so for a long time. 
Corruption is also deeply entrenched. About 30% of MPs in the Lok Sabha belong to political dynasties. This figure is higher in provincial legislatures. 
A study of the differences between India and China is an interesting exercise. Both had similar sized populations and were formed at the same time. 
If you had a Western education as I did, you would as I did, bet on India rising faster than China.this is a dangerous bias that ignores reality. It also betrays a misunderstanding of China, it's culture and its history. 

印度本身是一个复杂的国家。它有种姓制度，看似僵化，但在每个种姓内部又有一定的灵活性。这是一个难以打破的制度，因为平等会摧毁许多人的特权和地位。  
除此之外，还有深刻的宗教分歧，这也对种姓制度产生影响。印度社会还因社会经济差异而分裂。此外，还有政治和语言上的分歧。印度是一个社会被多重分歧割裂的国家的例子。  
关于这个国家的一个有趣描述可以在爱德华·卢斯的《不顾诸神：现代印度的奇怪崛起》一书中找到。他解释了为什么这个国家如此分裂，并且可能在很长一段时间内保持这种状态。  
腐败也根深蒂固。印度人民院约30%的议员属于政治世家。这一比例在省级立法机构中更高。  
研究印度和中国之间的差异是一项有趣的工作。两国人口规模相似，成立时间也相近。  
如果你像我一样接受过西方教育，你可能会像我一样，赌印度会比中国崛起得更快。这是一种危险的偏见，忽视了现实。这也暴露了对中国、其文化及其历史的误解。  

Miss Stripewell 
India is the 4th largest economy with 1.47 billion people and about $2700 per capita GDP. 
What kind of sense of strength do you want to project? 
If you can’t be the 4th largest economy with more than 4 times the population of the number one economy in the world that is nearly 8 times as big as you, you might as well pack up and go home. 
Just for comparison, the #3 country in the list has 84 million people and 20x the per capita GDP of India 
More than 70% of Indians make less than $1000 a year 
Just for comparison, any single person making below $15650 a year or about $1300 a month are below poverty line in the US. And you have people making less than that in a year and you just say they are above poverty line.

【回答】
印度作为拥有14.7亿人口、人均GDP约2700美元的第四大经济体，到底想展现怎样的力量感？  
如果人口是世界第一大经济体四倍多，经济总量却只有对方的八分之一，这怎么当第四大经济体，那还不如趁早收拾收拾回家算了。  
对比一下，榜单上第三名的国家只有8400万人口，人均GDP却是印度的20倍。  
印度超过70%的人年收入不到1000美元。  
再对比看看，在美国，任何人年收入低于15650美元（约合每月1300美元）就算处于贫困线以下。而你们这里有人一年都赚不到这个数，却还说他们生活在贫困线以上。

Sandhu
What are you talking about? 
India has the strength no other country has on the planet. 
India is seen as an enemy by no country on the planet. Except Pakistan, India is not seen as a threat by anyone.
* Middle East is on more friendly terms with India than they are with Pakistan.
* India is friends with Middle East and is friendly with Israel.
* India is friendly with Russia and Ukraine. Uncle Sam tried his best to force India to take side but didn’t happen.
* For Europe India is not at all a threat.
* China keeps poking India but does not see India as an enemy.
* Even North Korea sees India as a neutral party.
And the world needs India. India is located at the most politically volatile location on the planet hands down. Left is Pakistan, a state solely created to breed terrorists and a nuclear state, top is Russia the biggest pain in the ass of the western world currently and a nuclear state, right is China an insecure country which wants to be a US and a nuclear state. Right in the middle is India, keeping the region together.
India a developing country which is solely focusing on its space program and education just minding its own business. This kind of image earns it a lot of reputation which no country has on the planet and that’s a lot of power.

【回答】
你在说什么呢？
印度拥有地球上任何其他国家都没有的实力。
地球上没有哪个国家把印度视为敌人。除了巴基斯坦，没人觉得印度是个威胁。
* 中东跟印度的关系比跟巴基斯坦更友好。
* 印度和中东是朋友，和以色列也处得不错。
* 印度对俄罗斯和乌克兰都很友好。美国使劲想逼印度站队，但没成功。
* 对欧洲来说，印度根本算不上威胁。
* 中国老是招惹印度，但也没把印度当敌人。
* 就连朝鲜也把印度看作中立方。
而且世界需要印度。印度毫无疑问位于地球上政治最不稳定的地方。左边是巴基斯坦，一个专门培养恐怖分子的国家，还是个核国家；上边是俄罗斯，目前西方世界最头疼的对手，也是个核国家；右边是中国，一个想成为美国那样却缺乏安全感的国家，同样是个核国家。正中间就是印度，维持着这个地区的稳定。
印度是个发展中国家，一心只搞自己的太空计划和教育，管好自己的事。这种形象为它赢得了世界上任何国家都没有的声誉，这就是巨大的力量。

Sandeep Deshpande
Let me give a blunt hard nosed realistic view. 
India lacks hard power projection on a global scale, it is a regional power at best. India cannot project power on a global scale. No real blue water navy for instance, our existing navy is rudimentary from global power projection perspective. 
India lacks soft power too. Indian diaspora is large and thriving , but Indian soft power outside India is mostly concentrated among Indian diaspora , not mainstream or widespread. Aside from a few stuff like yoga, no Indian idea is mainstream outside India and outside the India. diaspora. There is no dedicated fan club's for watching Indian movies or shows outside of India and outside India diaspora for instance. With some exceptions, like the existence of dedicated Rajnikant fan clubs in Japan. 
India does not have a strong manufacturing play, or a strong semiconductor play or a strong defense play, which limits it's strategic autonomy 
Indians think we don't need the world, as we have 1.4 billion population here, who are a very big consumer base , but reality is Indian consumer purchasing power is quite low, when you factor in 80 percent in agricultural sector or informal sector with low earning potential. So there is lack of awareness that India needs the world to bootstrap it's exports. 
Basically India is structurally dependent on US, China and Russia for their manufacturing and defense and electronics. If they turn off the taps, India will be in trouble. 
Indian exports in merchandise are mostly in low value sectors, which doesn't give them much bargaining power, so what if US stops importing gems and textiles from India, they can always get it from Vietnam or Thailand or Sri Lanka 
Combined, India is not yet a global power, but due to its large economy is a large user. Being a large user does have it advantages. Say you are a small country like Sri Lanka, you have much lesser room in negotiations. So being a large user does confer advantages and India constantly tries to hedge itself between US, China and Russia for benefits.

【回答】
让我直白地讲点现实看法。  
印度缺乏全球范围的硬实力投射能力，顶多算个地区强国。它没法在全球展示力量，比如没有真正的远洋海军，我们现有的海军从全球力量投射角度看还很初级。  
软实力也不行。海外印度人群体庞大且活跃，但印度软实力在国外主要局限在这个群体里，并不主流或广泛。除了瑜伽之类少数东西，印度理念在国外、在海外印度人圈子外并不流行。比如，印度以外几乎没有专门追印度电影或剧集的粉丝俱乐部——除了个别例外，像日本有专门的拉吉尼坎特影迷会。  
印度没有强大的制造业、半导体产业或国防工业，这限制了它的战略自主权。  
印度人总以为我们不需要世界，毕竟国内有14亿人口，市场巨大。但现实是，考虑到80%人口从事农业或非正规行业、收入潜力低，印度消费者的购买力其实很弱。很多人没意识到，印度需要靠世界来拉动出口。  
说白了，印度在结构上依赖美国、中国和俄罗斯的制造业、国防和电子产品。如果它们切断供应，印度就麻烦了。  
印度的商品出口主要集中在低附加值领域，议价能力不强。就算美国不从印度进口珠宝和纺织品，它随时可以从越南、泰国或斯里兰卡买到。  
总之，印度还不是全球强国，但凭借庞大经济体量算是个“大用户”。当大用户确实有好处——比如像斯里兰卡这样的小国，谈判空间就小得多。所以印度一直在中美俄之间周旋，为自己争取利益。