二战期间，为什么日裔美国人被关进拘留营，而德裔美国人却没有？

二战：为什么日裔美国人被 interned 而德裔美国人没有？

WW2: Why were Japanese-Americans interned but not German-Americans?
Tom Wetzel Worked in print production, tech writer, teacherupxed

汤姆·韦策尔 曾从事印刷制作、技术文档撰写及教学工作

One answer here says the Japanese-Americans were interned because Japan launched an attack on he US. That’s not a correct explanation. The Japanese-Americans were American citizens, not citizens of Japan. There was no evidence ever offered that they supported the militarist regime in Japan. Racism is the reason.
German-Americans who belonged to Nazi organizations like the Bund were sent to internment camps. The key thing to keep in mind is that Japanese-American citizens were sent to internment camps without requiring any evidence whatsoever of support for the right wing military regime in Japan. There had been a long history of racism against Japanese immigrants on the west coast. And thus the implicit racist assumption was that they were “disloyal” simply by their descent, not in virtue of their actual political views. Thus the internment of the Japanese was an inherently racist act.

有一条回答称，日裔美国人被拘留是因为日本对美国发动了袭击。这个解释并不正确。日裔美国人是美国公民，而非日本公民，而且从未有任何证据表明他们支持日本军国主义政权。种族主义才是真正的原因。
那些加入了德美联盟等纳粹组织的德裔美国人确实被送进了拘留营。关键在于，日裔美国公民被关进拘留营时，根本无需提供任何他们支持日本右翼军事政权的证据。美国西海岸针对日本移民的种族主义歧视由来已久，因此这种潜在的种族主义假设认为，日裔美国人仅凭血统就“不忠”，而非基于他们实际的政治立场。由此可见，对日裔美国人的拘留本质上是一种种族主义行径。

It’s simply not true, as one answer suggests, that German-Americans were too numerous to intern. Rather, there was never any thought about that because it was assumed that as white Americans it would only be treasonous or “disloyal” action or belief, such as membership in a Nazi organization, that would be relevant.

正如某条回答所言，德裔美国人因人数过多而无法被拘留，这种说法完全是错误的。事实上，人们从未有过拘留德裔美国人的想法，因为在大众的认知里，作为白人美国人，只有叛国或“不忠”的行为或信念（比如加入纳粹组织）才会成为被拘留的理由。

After all, if there any question whatsoever about their loyalty, they would not have been recruited to the army in such vast numbers. There were so many Germany-Americans in the US army in Europe and North Africa (like Eisenhower), jokes were made about World War 2 being “a civil war among the Germans.”

毕竟，如果他们的忠诚度真的存在任何疑问，就不会有如此多的德裔美国人被征召入伍了。在欧洲和北非战场的美军中，德裔美国人数量众多（艾森豪威尔就是其中之一），以至于有人调侃称，第二次世界大战简直是“一场德国人之间的内战”。

John Berger Researcher of "Nazi German" culture since the early 1960s

约翰·伯杰 自20世纪60年代初起研究纳粹德国文化

Several reasons. I’m not saying they are fair or reasonable.
German-Americans and Italian-Americans were the two largest “non-Anglo” ethnic groups (groups that came from countries where English was not the primary “native language). It would have been a tremendous disruption to the economy to remove German-Americans and Italian-Americans from the working population and then maintain them in internment camps. This is why Japanese in Hawaii — Japanese resident aliens (issei, who were denied the option of becoming US citizens) and Japanese-Americans born in the United States (nisei) — were not put in internment camps; they were almost 40% of the population.

原因有几点。我并非说这些原因是公平或合理的。
德裔美国人和意裔美国人是美国最大的两个“非盎格鲁”族群（即来自母语并非英语的国家的族群）。如果将这两个族群的劳动力从就业人口中移除并关进拘留营供养，会对美国经济造成巨大冲击。这也是夏威夷地区的日本人没有被关进拘留营的原因——在夏威夷，日本侨民（即被剥夺入籍资格的第一代移民）和土生土长的日裔美国人（第二代移民）几乎占了当地人口的40%。

Japanese-Americans were serving in the Japanese armed forces in China from 1937 onwards. Their service — and the deaths in China of at least one or two — was reported with pride in the Japanese-language press in the United States. As far as I know there were never any German-Americans or Italian-Americans volunteering for service with the Germans or Italians in Spain, or with the Italians in Ethiopia.

自1937年起，就有日裔美国人在中国服役于日本军队。美国的日文媒体曾自豪地报道过他们的服役经历，其中至少有一两人在中国阵亡的消息也被刊载。据我所知，从未有过德裔美国人或意裔美国人志愿前往西班牙效力于德、意军队，或是前往埃塞俄比亚加入意大利军队。

When they were reporting in the war in China Japanese-language newspapers in the United States would refer to “our forces in China” rather than “Japanese forces in China.” This gave the impression that Japanese-language newspapers in the United States, and Japanese-Americans as a group, identified as “Japanese” rather than as “Americans.” Japanese newspapers that had an English-language section would sometimes change “our” to “Japanese” in the English translation.
Racism. Germans and Italians are white, Japanese are not. Here is a pre-Pearl Harbor cartoon by Dr. Seuss:

美国的日文报纸在报道中国战场的战事时，会使用“我们在华的军队”这一说法，而非“日本在华的军队”。这给人一种印象，即美国的日文媒体以及日裔美国人这个群体，认同自己的“日本人”身份，而非“美国人”身份。那些设有英文版块的日文报纸，有时会在英文译本中将“我们”改为“日本”。
种族主义。德国人和意大利人是白人，而日本人不是。以下是一幅珍珠港事件爆发前，苏斯博士创作的漫画：


Short answer
The U.S. interned large numbers of Japanese-Americans after Pearl Harbor because of a mix of racialized wartime panic, longstanding anti-Asian exclusion and state laws, military and political pressure focused on the West Coast, weak judicial protection for racial minorities, and administrative ease of rounding up a geographically concentrated population. Comparable mass internment of German- or Italian-Americans did not occur because those communities were larger, more dispersed, politically integrated, and less subject to longstanding racialized exclusion; federal policy and sextive enforcement targeted Japanese ancestry as uniquely suspect.

简短回答
珍珠港事件后，美国关押大量日裔美国人，是种族化的战时恐慌、长期的反亚裔排外政策与州法、聚焦西海岸的军事及政治压力、少数族裔司法保护薄弱，以及对地理集中人群实施围捕具备行政便利性等因素共同作用的结果。德裔或意裔美国人未遭遇类似大规模关押，原因在于这些族群人口更多、分布更广、政治融入度更高，且较少受到长期的种族排斥政策影响；联邦政策与选择性执法将日裔单独列为重点怀疑对象。

Key factors, explained
Racialized history and law
- Anti-Asian precedent: California and federal law had a long history of anti-Japanese measures (alien land laws, segregation, voting and immigration exclusions) that normalized suspicion and made mass measures socially and legally easier.
- Race as organizing category: Japanese ancestry was treated as a racial, immutable trait that federal agencies and courts accepted as a basis for differential wartime treatment.

关键因素解析
种族历史与法律因素
- 反亚裔先例：加利福尼亚州及联邦层面长期存在反日法案（如外国人土地法、种族隔离政策、选举权与移民限制令），这些政策让对日本人的猜忌成为常态，也使大规模管控措施在社会层面和法律层面更容易推行。
- 以种族作为划分标准：日裔身份被视为一种与生俱来、不可改变的种族特征，联邦机构与法院均认可将其作为战时差别待遇的依据。

Demographics and geography
- Concentration: Before WWII, large proportions of Japanese-Americans lived on the U.S. West Coast in relatively compact communities and farms. That made identification, removal, and housing in assembly centers and camps administratively straightforward.
- German- and Italian-Americans were numerous, widely dispersed, often multi-generational and integrated into civic life, making any mass roundup impractical and likely politically costly.

人口与地理因素
- 聚居特征：二战前，大部分日裔美国人聚居在美国西海岸的小型社区和农场中。这种聚居特点让相关部门在身份识别、迁移安置以及集中关押等环节的行政执行更为简便。
- 德裔与意裔美国人数量庞大、分布分散，且多已世代定居、融入当地公民生活，对其进行大规模围捕既不现实，还可能付出高昂的政治代价。

Political power and public perception
- Integration and representation: German-Americans were politically and socially more integrated; many were U.S.-born, of mixed ancestry, intermarried, and visible in public life (business, media, politics). There was less political appetite to treat them as a foreign, monolithic enemy.

政治影响力与公众认知因素
- 融入程度与代表性：德裔美国人在政治和社会层面的融入度更高；其中多数为土生土长的美国人，血统混杂，与异族通婚现象普遍，且在商业、媒体、政界等公共领域十分活跃。社会舆论并不倾向于将他们视为单一的外来敌对群体。

- Racism and xenophobia: Anti-Japanese sentiment had stronger popular support on the West Coast and among agricultural interests who saw Japanese-American farmers as competitors.
Military and strategic considerations
- West Coast vulnerability narrative: Military and civilian officials argued the West Coast was vulnerable to invasion or sabotage; that narrative was used to justify removing people of Japanese ancestry from military-sensitive areas.

- 种族主义与排外情绪：西海岸的反日情绪拥有广泛的民意基础，当地农业利益群体也将日裔农民视为竞争对手，进一步加剧了这种排斥倾向。
军事与战略考量因素
- 西海岸脆弱性论调：军方与政府官员宣称西海岸易遭入侵或破坏，以此为借口将日裔从军事敏感区域驱逐。

- Intelligence assessments: Many wartime military and FBI reports contained exaggerated or unreliable claims about Japanese-American disloyalty. Government decisions weighted these claims more than comparable suspicions about Germans.
Administrative momentum and legal authority

- 情报评估偏差：大量战时军事报告与联邦调查局文件对日裔美国人的“不忠”行为存在夸大或不实描述。相较于对德裔群体的类似怀疑，政府在决策时更倾向于采信这些针对日裔的报告。
行政推动与法律授权因素

- Executive Order 9066 (Feb 1942) authorized military exclusion zones; though not race-specific on its face, its implementation focused on Japanese Americans. The War Department and Western military commanders executed mass removal rapidly.

- 第9066号行政令（1942年2月）授权军方划定禁区；该法令表面上未明确针对特定种族，但在执行过程中却将日裔美国人列为主要目标。陆军部与西海岸军方指挥官迅速推进了大规模迁移行动。

- sextive enforcement: The FBI and Justice Department detained some German and Italian nationals—especially recent immigrants or known fascist sympathizers—and prosecuted actual saboteurs/spies. But there was no blanket policy for citizens of German or Italian descent.

- 选择性执法：联邦调查局与司法部拘留了部分德国、意大利侨民——尤其是近期入境者或已知的法西斯同情者，并起诉了真正从事破坏活动或间谍行为的人员。但针对德裔、意裔美国公民，政府并未出台一刀切的关押政策。

Judicial response and civil liberties
- Korematsu and related cases: The Supreme Court (e.g., Korematsu v. United States, Hirabayashi) upheld or deferred to military judgments at the time, lending judicial cover. Courts later and more recent scholarship recognize the grave civil-rights failure and racial motivation.

司法回应与公民自由因素
- 是松诉合众国案及相关判例：最高法院在相关案件（如是松诉合众国案、平林诉合众国案）中，当时均支持或遵从军方的判断，为关押政策提供了司法层面的背书。后世法院与学术研究则普遍认定，这是一起严重侵犯公民权利的事件，且存在明显的种族主义动机。

- Later redress: In the 1980s the U.S. government acknowledged the injustice (Civil Liberties Act of 1988), citing race, wartime hysteria, and failure of political leadership.
Illustrative contrasts (typical patterns)

- 后续赔偿举措：20世纪80年代，美国政府通过《1988年民权法案》承认了这一历史不公，明确指出事件的诱因包括种族主义、战时恐慌以及政治领导层的决策失误。
典型群体对比

Japanese-Americans: Approximately 120,000 removed from West Coast; about two-thirds U.S. citizens; housed in assembly centers then inland camps; losses of property and livelihoods were extensive.
German-Americans: Roughly 11,000-12,000 noncitizen Germans were interned during the war, mostly single men or recent immigrants considered security risks; prominent German-American institutions and individuals largely remained free and integrated.

日裔美国人：约12万人被驱逐出西海岸，其中约三分之二为美国公民；他们先被安置在集合中心，后转移至内陆拘留营，财产与生计遭受惨重损失。
德裔美国人：二战期间，约1.1万至1.2万名非美国籍德国人被关押，其中多为单身男性或被认定存在安全风险的近期移民；知名德裔美国机构与人士基本未受冲击，仍正常生活并融入社会。

Why the difference matters
The internment of Japanese-Americans is widely viewed as a racially motivated violation of civil liberties rather than a narrowly tailored national-security measure. The different treatment highlights how race, local politics, demographic patterns, and administrative choices can shape civil-rights outcomes during crises.

差异背后的意义
日裔美国人关押事件被广泛认定为基于种族动机的公民权利侵犯行为，而非为维护国家安全采取的精准措施。这两种截然不同的处置方式，凸显了危机时期种族因素、地方政治、人口分布特征以及行政决策对公民权利的深远影响。

Friedrich Griessel Studied Biology & Criminal Justice at Rochester Institute of Technology (Graduated 2018)

弗里德里希·格里塞尔 曾就读于罗切斯特理工学院，主修生物学与刑事司法（2018年毕业）

In part, it was racism against those Americans who looked different. It is not listed as an official reason because the language of the executive order that authorized the internment camps never specified anyone other than “alien enemies”. Add to that that you could easily identify a person of Japanese ancestry, and their numbers were manageable enough to round up. But put German Americans into the equation, and you would have had to arrest about a quarter of the United States population, and purge the military of a number of ranking officers such as Dwight Eisenhower, who by dint of German ancestry, regardless of how long ago, or how recent could be argued to have a German loyalty on the basis of ancestry alone.

这在一定程度上源于对那些外貌异于常人的美国公民的种族歧视。官方从未将种族歧视列为关押日裔的理由，因为授权设立拘留营的行政令文本中，仅提及“敌国侨民”，并未明确指向特定族群。此外，日裔的外貌特征易于识别，且人口规模可控，便于集中围捕。但若是将德裔美国人纳入关押范围，意味着要逮捕约占美国总人口四分之一的群体，还要从军队中清除大量高级军官——比如德怀特·艾森豪威尔，仅因其拥有德裔血统，无论这种血统渊源是远是近，都可能被无端扣上“效忠德国”的帽子。

It is no accident that wherever in the world people of German ancestry have settled, they tend to retain the German language and its dialects, and even if they lose the language, they never lose their ancestral memories and ties to the land of their ancestors and its associated culture. Consider the Baltic Germans, the Volga Germans, the Amish, the Pennsylvania Dutch, the German populations of Romania and Transylvania, the Danube Swabians, and the Germans of South Tyrol to name some of the more well-known groups. Even now, those of German ancestry are considered to be part of the broader German diaspora, even if all that remains of their heritage is a name, and the retention of several traditions and customs.
The reason I bring up the German speaking groups is because their ancestry and heritage made them deeply suspect in post world war eastern Europe leading to mass expulsions and resettlement efforts.

德裔族群无论定居世界何处，往往都会保留德语及其方言；即便最终遗失了语言，他们也绝不会淡忘祖先的记忆，以及与故土和文化的联结。波罗的海德裔、伏尔加德意志人、阿米什人、宾夕法尼亚荷兰人、罗马尼亚与特兰西瓦尼亚的德裔群体、多瑙河施瓦本人、南蒂罗尔德裔等，都是其中较为知名的代表。时至今日，只要姓氏中仍保留德裔痕迹，或是传承着某些德国传统习俗，这类人群就会被视为广义上的德意志海外族群。
我之所以提及这些德语族群，是因为在二战后的东欧，他们的血统与文化背景让他们遭到严重猜忌，最终沦为大规模驱逐与重新安置政策的受害者。

Here in America, the Japanese-Americans were arrested, solely because they looked Japanese, and they looked different, and therefore must be a potential enemy spy, despite many having lived in America for two or three generations. The japanese-americans were easy to target. They looked different. The german americans? Too many to keep track of, and they looked just like everyone else. Thats the gist of it. They look different, so they must be enemies.

而在美国，日裔美国人遭到逮捕的原因仅仅是他们长着一张日本人的面孔，仅仅是因为外貌与众不同，就被认定为潜在的敌国间谍——尽管其中许多人已经在美国生活了两三代之久。日裔美国人是极易被盯上的目标，只因他们外貌异于常人。反观德裔美国人？人数太多难以全面监控，而且他们的长相与其他美国人并无二致。归根结底就是一句话：他们长得不一样，所以一定是敌人。

Erin Nakano O'Quinn Father was interned, and fought for redress.

艾琳·中野·奥奎因 父亲曾被关押，并曾为争取赔偿奔走

I would claim this is a mix of racism, financial gain, and logistics.

我认为，这一事件是种族主义、经济利益与后勤便利性三大因素共同作用的结果。

To understand the why of this, you need to go back to the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, which banned the immigration of Chinese nationals for 10 years, and was renewed in 1892, and put into law in 1902. Is was the case until 1943, which is why you may see a significant and distinct difference in Chinese Americans who had family come prior to this time, and after this time. China went through a lot in 60 years!

要探究其深层原因，就必须回溯到1882年的《排华法案》。该法案禁止中国公民移民美国，有效期为10年，1892年得以延期，并于1902年正式成为永久法案。这一状况一直持续到1943年，这也是为什么你会发现，赴美时间早于法案生效期的华裔群体，与法案废除后移民美国的华裔群体之间，存在显著的差异。毕竟，在这60年间，中国社会经历了翻天覆地的变化。

Japan didn’t want the same stigma, but the caucasian Californian nativists were a strong and vocal constituency, so the Gentleman’s agreement of 1907 unofficially put into action, without law that Americans would not restrict immigration, but the Japanese government would not allow it, thus reducing the flow of immigrants into the US from Japan.

日本不愿重蹈中国的覆辙，背负同样的污名。但加利福尼亚州的本土白人主义者势力强大、呼声高涨，因此1907年的《君子协定》以非正式方式出台。美国政府虽未通过立法限制日本移民，但日本政府主动收紧了移民政策，从而减少了进入美国的日本移民数量。

The Immigration Act of 1924 tightened up the laws around Asians coming to the US, barring immigration from Asia and the Middle East, limiting Jewish and Southern European immigration as well. Note, German immigration was not a part of this. Along with the immigration being barred, naturalization of non white or black immigrants was also enforced. Thus no one who wasn’t born in the US from Asia, Latin America, or the Middle East could become a citizen. No voting, no land ownership, and it helped concentrate wealth in the hands of the White majority, on the backs of the minorities in the west.
…but back to the point.

1924年《移民法案》进一步收紧了针对亚洲移民的政策，全面禁止亚洲及中东地区的人口迁入美国，同时也限制了犹太人与南欧移民的入境规模。值得注意的是，德国移民并未被纳入限制范围。在禁止移民的同时，美国政府还强制推行政策，限制非白人与非黑人移民的入籍资格。这意味着，所有在亚洲、拉丁美洲和中东地区出生的移民，无论在美国居住多久，都无法获得美国公民身份。他们没有选举权，不能购置土地，而这一政策的本质，就是牺牲西海岸少数族裔的利益，将财富集中到白人多数群体手中。
……言归正传。

The majority of the Americans of Japanese Ancestry in the lower 48 were on the west coast. The community was centered around Japan Town areas (3 still stand, all on the west coast), or in more rural spots, as many were farmers. Only citizens of the United States were able to purchase land and property, due to the Immigration Act of 1924, so families were purchasing land that they had worked for decades in the names of their children, who were citizens, because they were born in the US. Many of the share croppers on the west coast were Japanese, and were taking land which hadn’t been particularly productive and through hard work, were making it some of the most fertile soil in the states(proof of this can be seen in how fertile the areas where the internment camps were being some of the best growing areas for onions, potatoes and more in the US today). As they were able to set aside money from good harvests, they purchased some of the properties with the hopes of creating a life for themselves here in the US. Others didn’t have those resources, and were working the land as share croppers still. With the strong Nativist movement, people were eager to remove the AJA community from the land, whether owned or not by those people. Families lost their land and property if they did own it many times, because taxes weren’t paid while they were in camp, and valuable land was sold for pennies on the dollar to others who weren’t interned. That would be a mix of racial and financial reasons.

当时，美国本土48个州的日裔美国人，绝大多数聚居在西海岸。他们的社区多围绕“日本城”形成（如今美国仍有3座日本城，全部位于西海岸），或是定居在乡村地区，其中不少人以务农为生。1924年《移民法案》规定，只有美国公民有权购置土地与房产，因此许多日裔家庭将自己耕耘数十年的土地，登记在子女名下——因为这些孩子出生在美国，是合法公民。西海岸的许多日裔以佃农身份为生，他们凭借辛勤劳作，将原本贫瘠的土地开垦成美国最肥沃的农田之一（如今，当年部分拘留营所在地已成为美国洋葱、土豆等作物的核心产区，这便是最好的佐证）。靠着丰收带来的积蓄，一些日裔家庭买下土地，希望能在美国扎根立足。另一些人则因财力有限，依旧以佃农身份耕种。在本土主义运动的推波助澜下，社会舆论迫切希望将日裔群体从土地上驱逐出去，无论这些土地是否归他们所有。许多日裔家庭在关押期间因无力缴纳税款，被迫失去了自己的土地和财产；这些价值不菲的土地最终被贱卖给未被关押的群体。这其中，既掺杂着种族主义的动机，也隐藏着赤裸裸的经济利益诉求。

Logistically, as the Japanese American community was consolidated mostly into specific areas of the western states, they were easier to round up. They were also easier to round up in that their non Japanese American nativist neighbors seemed eager to have them go. It wasn’t easy for someone that was Japanese America to just “blend in”, and a few that did (see Korematsu, Yasui and Hirabayashi) were imprisoned. Japanese American families often worried that their older, parents and grand parents who were Japanese Nationals would be deported back to Japan if they did not comply with the internment orders, and these lead to a high “success rate” of interning the Japanese American community of the Western states.

从后勤角度来看，日裔美国人社区高度集中在西部各州的特定区域，这让围捕行动变得轻而易举。与此同时，那些持本土主义立场的非日裔邻居，似乎也十分乐见日裔被驱逐。日裔美国人很难通过“融入人群”的方式躲避围捕，少数尝试这样做的人（如是松丰三郎、水谷修、平林澄男）最终都被送进了监狱。日裔家庭还常常忧心忡忡：如果不遵守拘留令，家中年长的父辈与祖辈——那些日本侨民——可能会被遣返回日本。种种因素叠加，导致美国西部各州的日裔群体被大规模关押，“成功率”高得惊人。

Many people note that Americans of Japanese Ancestry(AJA) were not interned in Hawaii. This is true. At the time, 1/3 of the population of the islands was AJA, and the logistics to remove 1/3 of the workforce, especially as much of the workforce which was middle management and had some level of prestige were AJA would have been nigh impossible. It would have pulled 50% of the population of Hawaii out of the fields, fishing industries and the like to have done this. Instead, they removed key members of society, and made them prisoners of war. Teachers community leaders, reverends and priests were imprisoned instead, and removed from the islands. In a place so many were from somewhere else, it would be too hard to intern that much of the population… also, where would you put them? The infrastructure was not there to support the action.

许多人指出，夏威夷的日裔美国人并未遭到关押。事实确实如此。当时，日裔占夏威夷总人口的三分之一，若将这部分劳动力移除，尤其是占当地中层管理岗位、拥有一定社会地位的日裔群体，整个地区的经济将陷入瘫痪。要完成这样的关押行动，甚至需要动用夏威夷50%的人口参与执行，涉及农业、渔业等多个行业。因此，美国政府转而采取了另一种策略：仅将当地社会的关键人物——教师、社区领袖、牧师等——列为战犯逮捕，并将他们驱逐出岛。在这个移民众多、族裔构成复杂的地区，大规模关押既不现实，当地也没有足够的基础设施来支撑这样的行动。

There was a small number (proportionately) of German-born residents that were interned in the US during WWII. It was around 11,000 people in all, but as this was a tiny slice of the total (including American-born German descendants, it was estimated near 5 Million at the time), the proportionate response was quite different.
To round up a population that large, which was also that difficult to identify visually, would have been a logistical nightmare, much like the challenges in Hawaii.

二战期间，美国确实关押了一小部分（从比例上看）德国出生的居民，总人数约为1.1万。但相较于当时美国德裔群体的总规模——据估计，包括土生土长的德裔后代在内，总数接近500万——这样的处置力度与对日裔的大规模关押有着天壤之别。
要围捕如此庞大且外貌难以辨识的群体，在后勤层面无疑是一场噩梦，其难度不亚于在夏威夷实施大规模关押行动。

Harry Stevens Studied at University of Chicago (Graduated 2023)

哈里·史蒂文斯 曾就读于芝加哥大学（2023年毕业）

The internet of Japanese Americans was a disgusting and barbaric act. It represented racism, the idea that even Japanese who were born and raised in America couldn’t be trusted. While some German Americans and Italian Americans were interred, the number was far fewer, and mostly included newer arrivals, while Japanese Americans were imprisoned with no consideration as to if they had any real reason to be disloyal to the US.

美国关押日裔美国人的行径令人不齿、野蛮至极。这一政策根植于种族主义，体现了一种荒谬的逻辑：即便在美国出生长大的日裔，也不值得信任。虽然部分德裔与意裔美国人也遭到了关押，但人数远少于日裔，且关押对象多为新移民；而日裔美国人被关押时，当局完全无视他们是否真的存在危害美国国家安全的理由。

However, it can not compare in intent, effect, of execution of the Holocaust. The Holocaust was a preplanned mission to murder all the Jews of Europe, and anywhere else they could reach. They also intended to murder Romani, communists, Homosexuals, and a large percentage of the Slavic population, and to enslave and subjugate the remainder.

然而，这一事件与大屠杀在动机、影响与实施方式上，均不具备可比性。大屠杀是一项蓄谋已久的计划，其目标是屠杀欧洲乃至所有纳粹势力可及范围内的犹太人。此外，纳粹还企图屠杀罗姆人、gcd人、同性恋者，以及大部分斯拉夫人，并将剩余人口奴役、征服。

Japanese imprisonment was a horrific crime. It is, and should be remembered as a dark, dark, moment for the US. But in no way does it rival the Holocaust for destruction and malice, and it serves neither to compare the two in a contest of “which was worse”
Patrick Edwin Moran I've translated Master Sun's Art of War -- not sure how much rubbed off.

关押日裔美国人是一桩骇人听闻的罪行，理应被铭记为美国历史上一段极为黑暗的篇章。但无论从破坏程度还是恶意程度来看，它都无法与大屠杀相提并论。将两者放在一起比较“孰轻孰重”，本身就毫无意义。
帕特里克·埃德温·莫兰 我曾翻译过《孙子兵法》——不确定自己从中领悟了多少精髓。

Just a side note. The German-Americans often could disguise the national origins of their parents or grandparents. Some people I know of my own age, i.e., people who were children during WW2, were not taught German by their German-speaking parents for fear of arousing antipathy by standing out in this regard. People who were of German descent but whose surname was not stereotypically German would probably not have called attention to the fact. (Who would automatically identify the family name Pfann as likely being German in origin?) In places like my hometown in Nebraska, I think that perhaps 40% were of German ancestry, another 40% were of English ancestry, and the remainder had come from other places. The Germans had been there for as much as a century and did not arrive any later than most of the rest of us. So they were very well integrated into the local community.

顺带提一句，德裔美国人往往可以隐瞒自己父辈或祖辈的祖籍来源。我认识一些和我同龄的人，也就是那些在二战期间还是孩童的人，他们的父母明明会说德语，却没有教他们这门语言，因为担心会因此引人注目，招致他人的反感。那些有德裔血统但姓氏并非典型德国姓氏的人，很可能也不会主动提及自己的血统背景。（有谁会一眼就看出“普凡”这个姓氏大概率源自德国呢？）在我的家乡内布拉斯加州的一些地方，我估计大约40%的人口有德裔血统，另外40%是英裔血统，剩下的则来自其他地区。德裔族群在当地定居的时间长达一个世纪，并不比我们大多数其他族群的到来时间晚。因此，他们已经很好地融入了当地社区。

Another factor was that if all people of German descent had been interned the building of concentration camps would have become an immense industry and would have taken up resources needed to fight the Germans we were really fighting with.
Come to think of it, the great rarity, the “alien invasion” to our little town, was a very nice dentist with an obviously Spanish first name and family name. As a ten year old kid I was a little disappointed that he looked and acted just like the rest of us.

另一个原因是，如果所有德裔美国人都遭到关押，那么修建集中营就会变成一项规模庞大的工程，而且还会占用我们对抗真正敌人——德国纳粹——所需的资源。
回想起来，我们小镇当年迎来的一位“稀客”，算得上是一场小小的“异国入侵”，他是一位非常友善的牙医，姓氏和名字都是明显的西班牙风格。我当时还是个十岁的孩子，看到他的言行举止和我们其他人没什么两样，心里还有点小小的失望。

One major factor, aside from the obvious contrasts to the characteristics mentioned above, that made the Japanese more likely to be interned was simply that hardly anybody knew anything about their history or their culture. What people did know about them came from probably rather stereotypical ideas regarding a kind of “new Japanese” ideology that was a sort of imitation of the Western culture that Japan had long been trying to come to terms with, and to prepare against. So people generally say the militaristic and highly nationalistic veneer to which people in Japan were forced to comply or had already complied with for their own reasons.

除了上述与德裔美国人形成鲜明对比的种种特质之外，导致日裔美国人更易遭到关押的一个重要因素，就是几乎没人了解他们的历史和文化。人们对日本人的认知，很可能都源于一些刻板印象，认为他们信奉一种“新式日本”意识形态，这种意识形态是对西方文化的模仿，而日本长期以来一直在努力适应并防范西方文化。因此，在人们的普遍印象里，日本人都带着一层军国主义和极端民族主义的外衣，无论是被迫遵从，还是出于自身原因选择接受。

Unfortunately for the Japanese, hardly anybody seems to have been in a position to be sympathetic to them.
Once again, ignorance and fear produced tragic results.

对日本人而言，不幸的是，当时似乎几乎没有人能够对他们抱有同情之心。
无知与恐惧，再次酿成了悲剧性的后果。

Daniel Driscoll Former Infantry Squad Leaderupxed

丹尼尔·德里斯科尔 前步兵班长

German and Italian citizens in the US when war was declared were classified as “enemy aliens” and most were interned. Many people born in Germany or Italy but who were either American citizens or very long term residents were not interned, but if they lived near a coastal region or any kind of a sensitive area (munitions plant, military base, etc.) they were forced to move away from those areas. If they were known supporters of Germany or Italy they were interned.

战争爆发时，身处美国的德国和意大利公民被划为“敌国侨民”，其中大部分人遭到了关押。许多在德国或意大利出生、但已取得美国公民身份或是长期定居美国的人，并未被关押；但如果他们居住在沿海地区或各类敏感地带（如军工厂、军事基地周边等），就会被强制迁离。而那些被认定为德国或意大利支持者的人，则会遭到关押。

WRT German-Americans and Italian-Americans (i.e., American citizens of German and/or Italian descent) there were several issues. One of the major ones was that unlike Japanese-Americans, there were a huge number of German and Italian Americans. In 1940 Italians were the largest immigrant population in the US and Germans were not far behind. Approximately 11 million Americans had at least 1 parent who had been born in Germany and there were even more from Italy. There were millions more who were born in Germany or Italy, but had been granted US citizenship.
In short it would have been impossible to intern all German and Italian Americans, there were simply too many of them.

至于德裔美国人和意裔美国人（即拥有德国和/或意大利血统的美国公民），情况则涉及多个因素。其中最主要的一点是，与日裔美国人不同，德裔和意裔美国人的人口基数十分庞大。1940年，意大利裔是美国最大的移民群体，德裔群体的规模也紧随其后。约有1100万美国人的父母中至少有一方出生在德国，而意大利裔的这一数字还要更高。此外，还有数百万在德国或意大利出生的人，已经获得了美国公民身份。
简而言之，要将所有德裔和意裔美国人都关进拘留营是完全不可能的，因为他们的人数实在太多了。

OK, so while that is all true, in the end what it really boiled down to was prejudice and fear. The bigotry of the 1940’s was already bad, but the war made it far worse, by legitimizing it. Japanese-Americans were interned even if they were citizens, while German & Italian American citizens were only interned if they supported German or Italy. Ironically, the most decorated American military unit of all time is the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, composed almost entirely of Japanese-American soldiers and fully 10% of all US servicemen in WWII were of Italian descent, 14 of whom were awarded the Medal of Honor. Three had US Navy destroyers named after them, while the war was still going on. And while Oppenheimer gets the name recognition, it was the Italian born Enrico Fermi who was probably the most significant contributor to the success of the Manhattan Project.

当然，上述这些情况都是事实，但归根结底，这件事的核心还是偏见与恐惧。20世纪40年代的种族偏见本就十分严重，而战争更是让这种偏见变得合法化，使其愈演愈烈。日裔美国人哪怕是美国公民，也会被关押；而德裔和意裔美国公民，只有在被认定支持德、意两国时才会被关押。颇具讽刺意味的是，美国历史上获得勋章最多的军事单位是第442步兵团战斗队，这支部队几乎全员由日裔美国士兵组成。在二战期间服役的美国军人中，足足有10%是意大利裔，其中14人被授予了荣誉勋章，还有3人在战时就拥有了以自己名字命名的美国海军驱逐舰。另外，虽然奥本海默名声在外，但真正为曼哈顿计划的成功作出最大贡献的，很可能是出生于意大利的恩里科·费米。

Maggie McQuaid Retired legal investigator, old Peace Corps Volunteer

玛吉·麦奎德 退休法务调查员、前和平队志愿者

The country already had millions of Americans of German descent. They looked like everyone else, had names familiar to everyone, and didn't "seem" threatening. I think there were some individuals who bore scrutiny and oversight by the FBI, but most passed. German was still spoken and taught in high school, and especially in the Midwest, strudel, beer, and accordions were part of the culture. But the Japanese-Americans looked different. They had odd last names that few people could pronounce. And after Pearl Harbor, it was very easy for local governments, state governments, and eventually FDR's administration, to make them out as different and scary, and therefore people to be feared and taken away. It proved amazingly easy to fire up the crowd, to promote fear and loathing as part of the political landscape. Some things never change.

美国当时本就有数百万德裔美国人。他们的外貌和其他人没什么两样，姓氏也都是大家耳熟能详的，看起来并不具备“威胁性”。我认为确实有部分人受到了联邦调查局的审查和监视，但大多数人都顺利通过了审查。当时德语仍在日常使用，甚至还被纳入了高中课程；尤其是在美国中西部，苹果卷、啤酒和手风琴都已是当地文化的一部分。但日裔美国人则不同，他们的外貌有着明显的辨识度，姓氏也十分拗口，没几个人能准确发音。珍珠港事件爆发后，地方政府、州政府，乃至最终的罗斯福政府，都轻而易举地将日裔塑造成了异类和威胁，把他们描绘成需要被警惕、被驱逐的群体。事实证明，煽动公众情绪、把制造恐惧和憎恶当作政治手段，竟然是如此容易的一件事。有些东西，从来都没有变过。