二战后，德国民众是否因为支持纳粹政府和纳粹军队而遭到了报复？

David Lipman Former 1st Cavalry Division (1983–1987)

戴维·利普曼 原第一骑兵师成员（1983-1987）

The Four powers that Occupied Germany prosecuted most surviving war Criminals. A few escaped, for a while. The West German Chancellor Adenaur instituted a “de-nazification” policy in 1953 with his allies support. Adenaur did complain that if ALL involved in the Nazis government were prosecuted, he couldn't run the Bundesrepublik.

占领德国的四个大国起诉了大多数幸存的战犯。有少数人曾一度逃脱。1953年，西德总理阿登纳在盟国的支持下推行了一项“非纳粹化”政策。阿登纳曾抱怨称，若所有参与纳粹政府的人员都被起诉，他将无法管理德意志联邦共和国。

So the low level functionaries were covered. And the German population was not punished by the Allied Occupiers. On the contrary, huge efforts were made to provide relief for a shattered Germany. The Germans were a conquered people, but their treatment by the victors was quite good. Food and supplies were rushed to Germany as well as the rest of Western Europe. The Marshall plan helped Germany, as well as the West Europeans rebuild their war damaged nations. Prosperity and the NATO treaty followed.

因此，低级官员得以免责。德国民众并未受到盟军占领者的惩罚。相反，各方付出了巨大努力，为满目疮痍的德国提供援助。德国人虽是战败国人民，但战胜国对他们的待遇相当优厚。食品和物资被紧急运往德国及西欧其他地区。马歇尔计划帮助德国和西欧国家重建了饱受战争蹂躏的国土，随后而来的是经济繁荣与《北大西洋公约》的签署。

Germany was quickly re-integrated into the Western European Economy and later, became an important member of the Atlantic Alliance. The German “economic miracle” of the ‘60’s cemented Germany to the West.

德国迅速重新融入西欧经济体系，后来还成为了大西洋联盟的重要成员国。20世纪60年代的德国“经济奇迹”巩固了其与西方国家的关系。

East Germany was looted after its initial occupation by the Soviets. This policy of retribution quickly became one of reconciliation. Soviet sid renut the East. The pitical situation stabilised after 1953. East Germany was touted by the Soviets as a model communist nation. The East Germans had the highest standard of living among the Warsaw Pact nations. Clearly the Soviets treated their East German clients with a light touch.

东德在最初被苏联占领后遭到了洗劫。这种报复性政策很快转变为和解政策。苏联对东德进行了重新管控。1953年后，东德的政治局势趋于稳定。苏联将东德吹捧为共产主义模范国家，东德人的生活水平在华沙条约组织成员国中也是最高的。显然，苏联对其东德附庸国采取了温和的管控方式。

In summary, the occupation of both Germanies was humane and uplifting. When compared to the nightmare of Nazi occupation, the Allies can take pride in their wise policies that brought peace, prosperity and a precarious stability that has spared Germany and Europe any further war.

总而言之，对两个德国的占领是人道且具有积极意义的。相较于纳粹占领时期的噩梦，盟国完全有理由为其明智的政策感到自豪——这些政策为德国和欧洲带来了和平、繁荣与脆弱的稳定，让这片土地不再遭受战火侵袭。

Grant Mackay Worked at Shipping Companies (1981–2016)

格兰特·麦凯 曾就职于航运公司（1981-2016）

They most certainly did…one form of retribution was their towns villages and cities being overrun by Russian Front line Troops…every one of them itching to pay Germany back for the hideous atrocities the Wermacht had perpetrated on Russian civilians.

他们无疑是受到了惩罚的……其中一种报复形式就是他们的城镇与村庄被苏联前线部队攻占——每一名苏军士兵都渴望报复德军对苏联平民犯下的骇人暴行。

The incidents of Rape.. Robbery.. Outright Grand theft committed by Russian troops…although understandable after being occupied by Germany so long.. it was an ongoing nightmare for any female between 14 and 60…rape was endemic…this is a Matter of record…and not even denied very stringently by Russia…their hatred of all things German knew no bounds…. Plus.. A front line Russian Soldier lived on a minute by minute basis…his life worth less than a loaf of bread…any pity or sensitivity he may have had prior to enlisting was long gone.. Leaving in the main an almost feral person.. With little hope of ever seeing his home and family again.

苏军士兵实施的强奸、抢劫以及公然盗窃事件屡见不鲜——尽管在被德国长期占领后，这种行为情有可原，但这对所有14至60岁的德国女性而言，无疑是一场持续的噩梦……强奸事件泛滥成灾，这是有据可查的事实，连俄罗斯方面也并未对此进行强硬否认……他们对所有与德国相关的事物的憎恨达到了无以复加的地步。此外，苏联前线士兵过着朝不保夕的生活，他们的生命价值甚至低于一条面包。入伍前尚存的怜悯与共情早已消磨殆尽，最终大多变成了近乎野蛮的人，几乎没有机会再见到自己的故土与家人。

Although much more oppressive in the Russian occupation zone hunger and destitution was endemic in all sectors of the occupied zones.. The American zone being the best…with the enormous need for German speaking admin staff.. Those who could type etc could get work in the vast beaurocratic monolith needed to get a completely devastated country running again.

尽管苏联占领区的管控更为严苛，但饥饿与赤贫在所有占领区都十分普遍。美国占领区的情况相对最好，由于急需会说德语的行政人员，那些会打字等技能的人能够在庞大的官僚机构中找到工作，而这些机构正是为了让这个满目疮痍的国家重新运转起来而设立的。

As for punishment as such…in the first throes of the disgust at the scenes that greeted the Allies when they first entered the Death Camps…it took great restraint to not shoot captured camp guards out of hand…in one telling film clip a young American officer is interrogating a camp guard pointed out by inmates who had been trying to hide amongst them…the look of anger and disgust on his face is clear for anyone to see.

至于具体的惩罚措施——当盟军首次踏入死亡集中营，目睹里面的惨状时，他们内心充满了强烈的憎恶，能克制住不立即枪毙被俘的集中营看守，已是极大的隐忍。在一段极具说服力的影像资料中，一名年轻的美国军官正在审问一名试图混在囚犯中、被囚犯指认出来的集中营看守，他脸上愤怒与厌恶的神情显而易见。

The civilians who lived around the camps.. Of course denied they knew anything about them.. Although in their defence any complaints would have seen them joining the inmates.

居住在集中营周边的平民，自然都矢口否认自己对集中营的情况知情。不过平心而论，他们即便有怨言也不敢声张，否则自己也会沦为囚犯。

The Army rounded up the townsfolk and paraded them past the emaciated rotting corpses of inmates…and in several cases forced them to drag the bodies to burial puts…a mere token gesture as there were so many they had to be bulldozed into pits to prevent disease.

军队将镇上的居民集中起来，让他们列队从囚犯们瘦弱腐烂的尸体旁走过。在不少情况下，居民还被强迫将尸体拖到埋葬坑。但这不过是象征性的举措，因为尸体数量实在太多，为了防止疫病传播，只能用推土机将其推入大坑掩埋。

The task of separating ordinary Germans from hard line Nazis was very difficult.. Simply being a member of the Nazi Party was not really a pointer…for example if you were the Post Master of a small town you had to be a party member.. Thus when The Allies were tackling the monumental task of reconstructing the country they needed these people to get things moving.

要将普通德国人与顽固的纳粹分子区分开来，是一项极为艰巨的任务。仅仅拥有纳粹党党员身份，并不能说明什么问题。例如，若你是一个小镇的邮政局长，就必须加入纳粹党。因此，当盟国着手开展重建德国这一艰巨任务时，他们需要依靠这些人来推动各项事务。

To be honest one cannot put a country on trial…Germany shared collective blame but the regime they accepted ensured that should anyone stand up and complain…or even say a detrimental word against the Nazis…an informer would ensure a visit from the Gestapo…at best.. At worst…in the truck you go…so best to keep your head down and make the best of it.

说实话，一个国家是不能被送上审判席的。德国背负着集体罪责，但在他们屈从的那个政权之下，任何人只要敢站出来抱怨，甚至说一句对纳粹不利的话，告密者就会让盖世太保找上门来。最好的结果是遭受迫害，最坏的结果则是被强行带走。因此，对当时的德国人而言，最好的选择就是保持低调，尽力在乱世中求生。

Randy Finley Studied Military History and Wars & Music at Heidelberg University (Graduated 1981)

兰迪·芬利 曾就读于海德堡大学，主修军事历史与战争学、音乐（1981年毕业）

The short answer here is yes. They suffered tremendously at the hands of the Russians, who felt that they were simply indulging in some justified payback for what went on against their own people during the German occupation of Russian soil. To a lesser degree, the French troops also had little sympathy for the German civil populace, and again, for the same reasons. US troops were not as brutal, nor have I heard of any accusations of brutality on the part of UK troops. They may well have been as equally vicious as the Russians. If so though, I have not run across many examples in my studies.

简而言之，答案是肯定的。德国民众在苏联人手中遭受了巨大苦难，苏联人认为，这不过是对德国占领苏联领土期间迫害本国人民的正当报复。出于同样的原因，法国军队对德国平民也没什么同情之心，只是程度相对较轻。美军则没那么残暴，我也从未听闻过针对英军暴行的指控。英军或许也曾像苏军一样凶狠，但在我的研究中，并没有找到太多相关例证。

Ludwig Nijholt Studied at Leiden University

路德维希·尼霍尔特 曾就读于莱顿大学

I think this question deserves an accurate reply: After the Nazis lost WWII did the German citizens who supported Hitler receive punishment in any way?

我认为这个问题需要一个准确的答复： 纳粹在二战战败后，支持希特勒的德国公民是否受到了任何形式的惩罚？

Well, for starters, their country was destroyed and wiped off the map. For four years there was no Germany. Then, of course, the ‘German’ economy was in ruins - as was much of their country. The only thing that functioned properly was the black market.

首先，他们的国家遭到了毁灭性打击，甚至在地图上一度消失。在长达四年的时间里，“德国”这个国家不复存在。当然，德国的经济也已满目疮痍，整个国家的大部分地区亦是如此，唯一能正常运转的只有黑市。

So yes, there was ‘punishment’. And when, in 1949, a West German state was instated, that part of Germany accepted a ‘collective guilt’ and started repayments to individual Jews as well as to the state of Israel. So, besides punishment, there was also a public sense of guilt.

所以答案是肯定的，他们确实受到了“惩罚”。1949年，西德政府成立后，西德地区接受了“集体罪责”这一说法，并开始向犹太个人以及以色列国进行赔偿。因此，除了惩罚之外，德国民众还普遍怀有负罪感。

Stephan Schwirzke Lives in Monterey, CA

斯特凡·施维茨克 居住于加利福尼亚州蒙特雷市

I’m sure they suffered some, especially in the Russian occupied areas or where Germans had settled and now getting evicted.

我敢肯定德国民众遭受了一些苦难，尤其是在苏联占领区，或是那些德国人曾定居如今却被驱逐的地方。

On the other hand Polish families helped my German grandmother and mother flee in 1945 Posen and get on the last train out to Germany. My mother's father had been killed the day before by Polish resistance after being given a handgun and sent to the front to stall the Russians.

但另一方面，1945年在波兹南，一些波兰家庭帮助我的德国外祖母和母亲逃了出来，让她们搭上了最后一班开往德国的火车。此前一天，我的外祖父被发了一把手枪派往前线阻击苏军，随后便被波兰抵抗组织击毙。

Her father had been running a factory using Polish labor at the time, he was a mechanical engineer. She remembers him saying how he feels their hatred when walking the floor, he was not a member of the NAZI party. One day the SS came by and told him his daughter should not be playing with Polish children, he told them “Nobody tells me who my daughter plays with.” . So they said “Fine live in the Polish part of town then.” and moved him out of his nice German housing, where in the end the Polish neighbors helped my mother flee.

外祖父当时是一名机械工程师，经营着一家雇佣波兰劳工的工厂。母亲记得，外祖父曾说过，当他在工厂车间巡视时，能真切感受到工人们对他的憎恨。外祖父并非纳粹党成员。有一天，党卫军找上门来，告知他不许女儿和波兰小孩玩耍，外祖父回应道：“谁也没资格规定我女儿该和谁玩。”于是党卫军说：“那好，你们就搬到镇上的波兰人区域住吧。”随后便把他们从舒适的德国人专属住所赶了出去，而最终正是那些波兰邻居帮助母亲逃了出来。

Once in Western Germany things weren’t to bad, Americans soldiers were decent and a lot of them have German heritage anyways.

逃到西德后，情况就没那么糟糕了。美军士兵还算正派，而且他们中的许多人本就有德国血统。

Jan Meyer Studied History & English (language) at University of Münster

扬·迈耶 曾就读于明斯特大学，主修历史学、英语语言文学

There is one aspect that is little talked about, but for every German reading this, there is a good chance that at least one of their grandmothers and grandfathers have been sexually assaulted by Allied or Soviet troops. While the assaults by Soviet troops are well-documented, the cases in the west are less so.

有一个方面很少被人提及，但对于每一个读到这段文字的德国人来说，他们的祖父母辈中，很可能至少有一人曾遭受过盟军或苏军士兵的性侵。苏军的性侵行为有着充分的史料记载，但西方盟军的相关案例则记录较少。

I first stumbled upon the Western dimension of the problem when my circle of acquaintances grew by several people working in care for the elderly who told me about often already demented old people who relived their sexual assaults in the pension home.

我最初接触到西方盟军的这一问题，是在我的社交圈里多了几位从事老年护理工作的人之后。他们告诉我，养老院里一些早已神志不清的老人，仍会反复回忆起自己当年遭受性侵的经历。

I also have a guy in my circle who visits self help groups for victims of child sex abuse. Apparently in the last years there has been a notable uptick of older people talking about American and British soldiers.

我的朋友圈里还有一个人，他会去参加儿童性虐待受害者互助小组。显然，近些年越来越多的老年人开始讲述自己遭受美军和英军士兵侵害的经历，这一现象十分明显。

Then there is the matter of the ‘Veronica Dankeschön’. What is it if you rape a woman and then give her food? What is it if you give her nylons? These things will die with that generation, which is just as well since there will be no justice for that.

此外还有一种被称为“维罗妮卡式感谢”的现象。强奸了一名妇女，然后给她食物，这算什么？给她尼龙丝袜，又算什么？ 这些往事终将随着那一代人的逝去而被尘封，这或许也是件好事，因为这类暴行终究得不到任何正义的伸张。