在二战中，如果日本士兵俘获了日裔的美国士兵，他们会怎么对待他
What did Japanese soldiers do in WW2 if they captured a Japanese-American soldier?
译文简介
二战期间，被日本帝国军队俘虏的日裔美国士兵的待遇因具体情境、所属部队及俘获者个人情况而异，相关处置决策取决于士兵的外貌、语言能力、部队条令以及战略形势，以下为主要模式及案例。
正文翻译
What did Japanese soldiers do in WW2 if they captured a Japanese-American soldier?
AssistantBotSep 7
Treatment of Japanese-American soldiers captured by Imperial Japanese forces in World War II varied with context, unit, and individual captors. Decisions hinged on appearance, language ability, unit doctrine, and the strategic situation. Key patterns and examples:
Immediate classification and interrogation
Captors initially tried to determine whether the POW was ethnically Japanese or an American of Japanese ancestry. Language, accent, documents, and unit insignia were used. If the soldier spoke Japanese, had Japanese documents, or looked Japanese, interrogators often pressed for identification and loyalty. Refusal to cooperate frequently led to harsher treatment.
二战期间，被日本帝国军队俘虏的日裔美国士兵的待遇因具体情境、所属部队及俘获者个人情况而异，相关处置决策取决于士兵的外貌、语言能力、部队条令以及战略形势，以下为主要模式及案例。
立即分类与审讯
俘获方首先会通过语言、口音、相关证件及部队徽章，判定战俘是日本本族裔还是日裔美国人；若士兵会说日语、持有日本相关证件或外貌具有日本人特征，审讯人员往往会逼其表明身份和效忠立场，拒绝配合的战俘则常会遭受更严苛的对待。
Common outcomes
Treated as American POWs under general Japanese policy
- Many Japanese-American soldiers captured in the Philippines, Guam, or Pacific islands were processed as Allied POWs and subjected to the same harsh conditions that many Allied prisoners faced: overcrowding, forced labor, insufficient food, disease, beatings, and summary executions in some circumstances. - Examples: Members of US Army units captured in early 1942 (Philippines) were held in prison camps or used for labor; treatment matched that of other American POWs.-
Segregated, pressured to renounce U.S. allegiance and collaborate
常见处置结果
按日本常规政策被当作美国战俘对待
在菲律宾、关岛或太平洋诸岛被俘的许多日裔美国士兵，均被当作盟军战俘处理，并遭受了与其他盟军战俘相同的恶劣待遇：关押环境拥挤不堪、被迫服劳役、食物供给不足、疫病横行、时常遭受殴打，部分情况下还会被草率处决。-案例：1942年初在菲律宾被俘的美军部队士兵，被关押在战俘营或被强征服劳役，其所受待遇与其他美国战俘一致。
被单独隔离、被迫放弃对美国的效忠并配合日方
- In some cases captors singled out Nisei (U.S.-born Japanese) for propaganda or recruitment into collaborationist units (e.g., “Japanese-controlled” labor or interpreter roles) or coerced them to denounce the U.S. Psychological pressure, threats to family in occupied territory (real or implied), and offers of better food/shelter were used to induce cooperation
Harsh treatment, violence, or execution when perceived as “traitors” or for propaganda
.-在部分案例中，俘获方会单独挑出第二代日裔美国人（在美国出生的日本人），将其用于宣传活动、招募进伪军部队（例如承担日方管控的劳役或翻译工作），或胁迫他们公开谴责美国；日方会通过施加心理压力、威胁其在占领区的家人（真实威胁或隐晦暗示），以及承诺提供更充足的食物和更好的住所等手段，诱迫这些战俘配合。
因被视为“叛徒”或用于宣传而遭受严苛对待、暴力侵害或处决
- Soldiers who openly declared U.S. allegiance or resisted were sometimes treated more brutally than other POWs, including torture, humiliation, or execution—especially where battlefield rage, racial ideology, or unit commanders’ directives influenced behavior. Notable incidents include summary executions of captured U.S. personnel in chaotic surrender situations and isolated atrocities against those identified as American despite Japanese appearance.
-那些公开宣称效忠美国或进行反抗的士兵，有时会遭受比其他战俘更为残忍的对待，包括酷刑折磨、人格羞辱乃至处决，这种情况在战场怒气、种族主义意识形态或部队指挥官指令产生影响时尤为多发；值得注意的相关事件包括，在混乱的投降场景中被俘的美方人员遭草率处决，以及部分外貌虽为日本人但被认定为美国人的战俘遭受的个别暴行。
Release, repatriation or transfer when identity accepted as Japanese national
- A small number of captives who possessed Japanese citizenship papers or were believed to be Japanese nationals were sometimes treated differently: interned for questioning, repatriated to Japanese authorities, or in rare cases assimilated into Japanese civil/military roles. This was uncommon because most U.S. military personnel carried U.S. identification and were known to be enemy service members.
因身份被认定为日本国民而获释、遣返或转移
-少数持有日本公民证件或被认定为日本国民的战俘，有时会受到不同对待：遭到扣押审问、被遣返至日本当局手中，极少数情况下还会被吸纳进入日本的民事或军事体系；但这种情况并不常见，因为大多数美国军事人员都持有美方身份证明，且其敌方服役人员的身份是明确的。
Factors that shaped treatment
Unit location and timing: Early-war captures in the Philippines/Java and late-war chaotic surrenders produced different behaviors.
影响待遇的各类因素
部队驻防地点与被俘时间：战争初期在菲律宾、爪哇被俘的士兵，与战争末期在混乱投降场景下被俘的士兵，所面临的处置方式有所不同。
Command policy and discipline: Some Japanese commanders enforced Geneva-like procedures inconsistently; others authorized brutality.
Visibility of U.S. military affiliation: Uniforms, dog tags, unit patches, captured documents, and testimony from other prisoners made masquerade difficult.
Language and cultural cues: Fluency in Japanese or possession of Japanese-language items could change interrogators’ expectations and tactics.
Documented examples and research
指挥官的政策与部队纪律：部分日军指挥官会断断续续地执行类《日内瓦公约》相关程序，另一些指挥官则直接默许施暴行为。
美军身份辨识度：军装、身份识别牌、部队臂章、被俘时携带的文件以及其他战俘的证词，让被俘日裔美军难以隐瞒自身身份。
语言与文化线索：日语流利程度或持有日语相关物品，均有可能改变审讯人员的预判和审讯策略。
文献记载的案例与相关研究
Studies of POWs from the Bataan Death March and subsequent camps note that Japanese-American POWs were generally treated as American prisoners, suffering the same privations and abuses. Individual cases (reported in memoirs and military records) show diversity: some Nisei were singled out for harsher interrogation or forced collaboration; others endured the same fate as fellow GIs. Postwar interviews and records (U.S. Army, Veterans Affairs, survivor memoirs) provide the primary base for these conclusions.
Practical summary
There was no single standardized policy: outcomes ranged from ordinary POW treatment to coercion or execution, determined by captors’ assessment of identity and loyalty, local command decisions, and battlefield conditions. Overall, many Japanese-American captives suffered the same severe mistreatment as other American POWs, with additional risks when their ethnicity provoked special suspicion or exploitation.
针对巴丹死亡行军及后续战俘营战俘的相关研究指出，日裔美国战俘基本都被当作美国战俘对待，遭受着与其他美国战俘相同的匮乏处境与虐待；回忆录和军事档案中记载的个案则呈现出多样性：部分第二代日裔美国人被单独挑出来接受更严苛的审讯或被迫配合日方，另一些则与其他美国士兵有着相同的遭遇；战后访谈及档案资料（美军档案、退伍军人事务部记录、幸存者回忆录）是得出这些结论的主要依据。
实务总结
日方对此并无统一的标准化政策：战俘的最终境遇从普通战俘待遇到遭受胁迫乃至处决不等，具体取决于俘获方对其身份和忠诚度的判定、当地指挥官的决策以及战场实际状况；总体而言，许多日裔美国战俘遭受了与其他美国战俘同等的严重虐待，且当其种族身份引发日方额外猜忌或被日方利用时，他们还会面临更多风险。
Edgar D. McDonald II
Former Corrections, Parole Probation, Investigations at California (state) (1973–2001)
埃德加·D·麦克唐纳二世 任加利福尼亚州惩教、假释缓刑及调查部门工作人员（1973至2001年）
One Japanese American soldier was captured in early 1942, in Java. He was with National Guard artillery unit, that was activated and in transit to the Philippines when Pearl Harbor was attacked. They ended up in the Dutch East Indies helping the Anglo/Dutch/ Army repel the Japanese invasion.
His own words say it far better than I can:
1942年初，一名日裔美国士兵在爪哇被俘。他隶属于国民警卫队炮兵部队，珍珠港事件爆发时，这支部队已被征召并正在调往菲律宾的途中，最终他们辗转至荷属东印度群岛，协助英荷联军抵御日军入侵。
他的亲身自述远比我转述得更为真切：
On June 1, 1943, almost one year and three months after we were captured in Java, a Japanese guard realized that my name was Japanese, here in Nagasaki, Japan. This guard, like so many people in Japan, could read something printed in English, but they could not understand when it was read back to them.…
As room chief my name was at the top of the roster and when he saw it, his eyes liked to have popped out and he pointed to my name and said: ‘Fujita Fujita Nippon no namai!’ (Fujita is a Japanese name!’) And then he asked me where Fujita was, and I told him that he had gone to the benjo [toilet]. He said that he would wait and I moved towards the back of the room with my heart in my mouth and shaking like a leaf. I was as close to being scared to death as I will ever come. The guard remained at the front of the room and asked everyone that came into the room, where Fujita was.
Almost everyone in the room was as keyed up as I was, for they had sweated my being found out, too, and now that the time had come they all stood around with bated breath to see what would happen next.
1943年6月1日，我们在爪哇被俘已过去近一年零三个月，彼时身处日本长崎的我，被一名日军守卫发现了名字里的日本渊源。这名守卫和许多日本人一样，能看懂印刷体的英文，却听不懂念出来的英文内容……
我是宿舍长，名字排在名册首位。守卫看到我的名字时，眼珠子都快瞪出来了，他指着我的名字大喊：“藤田！藤田！日本的名字！”接着他问我藤田在哪里，我谎称藤田去厕所了。他说要等藤田回来，我则心惊胆战、浑身发抖地挪到宿舍角落，那是我这辈子离吓破胆最近的一次。守卫守在宿舍门口，逢人就问藤田的下落。
宿舍里几乎所有人都和我一样紧张，他们一直都在担心我的身份会暴露，此刻大难临头，所有人都屏息凝神地站在一旁，等着看接下来会发生什么。
Another man came into the room and the guard asked him where Fujita was and he looked around and saw me, and before anyone could caution him, he pointed to me and said ‘There he is!’
The guard looked surprised and also a little put out with me for having told him that Fujita had gone to the benjo. Any other time I would have been beaten up on the spot, but this time he was much too excited over his discovery to think of bashing me about.
又有一个人走进宿舍，守卫立刻上前追问藤田的去向。那人环顾四周后看到了我，还没等其他人制止，他就指着我喊道：“他就是！”
守卫露出错愕的神情，还因为我谎称藤田去厕所而有些恼怒。换作平时，我早就被当场毒打一顿了，但这次他因为发现了我的身份而兴奋不已，根本没心思动手。
He called me back up to the front of the room and looked me up and down, sucking his teeth and muttering something incredulously about Fujita being a POW. He tried to carry on a conversation with me, about me, and finally decided that I really could not speak the language. He would feel of my skin and then put his arm next to mine and compare them, and like the guard at the wash rack, he said ‘Somma, Somma! He would turn to the other guys in the room and then point to me and then to himself and tell them that we were somma, somma.
Finally he could not stand it any longer, that he was the only Japanese to know this so he took off for the guard house.
他把我叫到宿舍门口，上上下下打量着我，一边咂嘴，一边难以置信地嘟囔着“藤田竟是战俘”。他试着和我交谈，聊关于我的事，最后认定我确实不会说日语。他摸了摸我的皮肤，又把自己的胳膊凑过来和我的比对，还像之前洗衣台旁的那个守卫一样，嘴里念叨着“一样的，一样的！”他转头对着宿舍里的其他人，一会儿指着我，一会儿指着自己，告诉他们我俩是同一类人。
他实在按捺不住，不想成为唯一一个知道这件事的日本人，于是立刻冲向了警卫室。
I really became frightened then and felt very strongly that my untimely demise could be forthcoming posthaste! Even though I felt like this, I still felt hope way down deep that I would survive the war in one piece.
In a little while he brought another guard with him to look me over, only to have the lights go out, for it was bedtime and all room lights were turned out at 10:00 PM.
那一刻我才是真的怕了，强烈的预感告诉我，自己恐怕很快就要死于非命！尽管满心绝望，我心底深处还是怀着一丝希望，盼着能平安熬过这场战争。
没过多久，他就带了另一名守卫回来打量我，可偏偏就在这时，宿舍的灯灭了——按照规定，晚上十点是熄灯就寝时间，所有宿舍都要关灯。
Well, there was no sleep for me this night and Sgts. Heleman and Lucas were trying to comfort me and convince me that maybe they would not kill me after all. I was in such mental anguish that even the bedbugs, fleas, and mosquitos were not bothering me.
During the night, each time the guard shift changed, the guards would take turns coming to my room and looking at me, even those who normally patrolled the other side of the camp
那一晚我彻底失眠了，赫勒曼中士和卢卡斯中士一直安慰我，劝我相信自己或许不会被处决。我沉浸在巨大的精神痛苦中，就连臭虫、跳蚤和蚊子的叮咬，都丝毫感觉不到了。
那一整晚，每当守卫换班时，就会有人轮流到我宿舍来看我，甚至连那些平时负责看守营地另一侧的守卫也来了。
Fujita became an obxt of curiosity for the Japanese but he survived several interrogations by pretending to be stupid. He was given a book, Learn Japanese in 30 Hours, because they were so frustrated with him – but he made little progress with it. He upset them by refusing to join the Japanese Army and in the end they let him return to the ranks of the other U.S. POWs.
See Foo, A Japanese-American Prisoner of the Rising Sun by Frank “Foo” Fujita, with Stanley L. Falk. Subtitled: The Secret Prison Diary of Frank “Foo" Fujita. University of North Texas Press, 1993.
I am very grateful for your praise.
Thanks Again!
藤田成了日军眼中的稀罕人物，但他靠着装傻充愣，熬过了数次审讯。日军因为对他束手无策，还给他一本《30小时日语速成》，可他几乎没学到什么东西。他拒绝加入日军，惹得日军恼羞成怒，但最终他们还是让他回到了其他美国战俘的队伍中。
详见弗兰克·“福”·藤田与斯坦利·L·福尔克合著的《福：一名日裔美国士兵的旭日旗战俘生涯》，副标题为《弗兰克·“福”·藤田的秘密战俘日记》，北得克萨斯大学出版社1993年出版
感谢大家的赞誉。
再次致谢！
Michael Lorton
I regularly interview candidates for technical jobs.
迈克尔·洛顿 常年负责技术岗位的候选人面试工作。
Only two Japanese-American servicemen were captured in the Pacific theater.
Frank Fujita, an Army sergeant from Lawton, Oklahoma, was captured along 550 other Americans after the Battle of the Java Sea in early 1942. He spent the rest of the war in custody, mostly on an island in Tokyo Bay, forced to produce propaganda broadcasts.
太平洋战区被俘的日裔美国军人仅有两人。
弗兰克·藤田是俄克拉荷马州劳顿市的一名陆军中士，1942年初爪哇海战役结束后，他与其他550名美国人一同被俘。战争余下的时光里他均处于羁押状态，主要被关押在东京湾的一座岛屿上，还被迫参与制作敌方的宣传广播。
Hawaiian-born Richard Sakakida was also an Army sergeant, an intelligence agent, who volunteered to serve as General Jonathan Wainwright's interpreter during the negotiations leading to the capitulation of Corregidor. The Kempeitai, Japanese military police, tortured him for two months, but eventually accepted his false claim that he was a civilian who had only worked for the Americans under duress. A senior Japanese officer eventually put him to work, as a translator and servant. Sakakida used the opportunity to filch Japanese military secrets and eventually engineered the escape of almost 500 Filipino guerrillas from prison. In December 1944 he fled his post and remained in hiding for the remainder of the war. He retired a lieutenant-colonel and died in 1996.
出生于夏威夷的理查德·坂木田同样是一名陆军中士，同时身兼情报特工一职。在科雷吉多尔岛投降谈判期间，他主动请缨担任乔纳森·温赖特将军的翻译。日本宪兵队对他施以长达两个月的酷刑，但最终采信了他编造的谎言——称自己只是平民，是迫于压力才为美方效力。一名日军高级军官随后安排他从事翻译和勤务工作。坂木田借机窃取日军机密，还策划了近500名菲律宾游击队队员的越狱行动。1944年12月，他逃离岗位，在隐蔽中度过了战争剩余的时日。他最终以中校军衔退役，于1996年逝世。
Henry Kim pdated 7y
亨利·金 新于7年前
There were only two Japanese American soldiers, both from the heartland (one from Texas, the other from Nebraska), who served in the Pacific (in combat capacity, I should add)—mostly because the people back home did not even think that they were Japanese at all since there were so few Asians where they lived. One was Frank Fujita, a member of the Texas National Guards unit sent to the Dutch East Indies and was mostly captured by the Japanese, including Fujita. Apparently, the Japanese did not even realize that he was of Japanese descent at all until something like a year had passed. At that time, they began trying to force him to convert to the Japanese cause, which had largely failed. His secret diary as a POW was published after the war under the title “Foo: A Japanese-American Prisoner of the Rising Sun : The Secret Prison Diary of Frank 'Foo' Fujita.”
太平洋战区中，仅有两名日裔美国士兵是以战斗人员身份服役的（这一点需要补充说明），两人均来自美国腹地，一人来自得克萨斯州，另一人来自内布拉斯加州。这主要是因为他们家乡的亚裔人口极少，当地人甚至都没把他们当作日本人看待。其中一人便是弗兰克·藤田，他隶属于派往荷属东印度群岛的得克萨斯州国民警卫队部队，部队成员大多被日军俘获，藤田也未能幸免。显然，日军在俘获他约一年后才察觉他的日本血统。自那时起，日军便试图逼迫他投靠日方，但这一企图基本以失败告终。他在战俘营中写下的秘密日记于战后出版，书名是《福：一名日裔美国士兵的旭日旗战俘生涯——弗兰克·“福”·藤田的秘密战俘日记》。
PS. In response to some responses that I consider rather ignorant, I want to emphasize the conditional statement “in combat capacity.” Because of Japanese language skills and cultural understanding were rare, Japanese-American soldiers were deployed in Pacific Theater in intelligence capacity, especially in the latter half of the war (this number amounts to about 6,000—but I found no documented evidence that any but the two above was assigned to a combat unit, rather than intelligence/interpreter capacity). But they were also treated with a measure of suspicion: they were kept in special units and were generally restricted from combat (although there were no doubt cases where they were involved in combat, regulations or otherwise). This was an unfortunate necessity, as, on at least one occasion, a Japanese-American intelligence soldier (Sgt Frank Hachiya) was mistaken for a Japanese and was killed by other American soldiers during the Leyte Campaign in 1944. Fujita and Kuroki also stand out, since, as a participant in an early campaign (Java in 1942) and as an airman, they stood a rather high likelihood of being captured by the Japanese than most Japanese-American servicemen in the Pacific Theater. (In fact, as per the case of Sgt Hachiya, one might genuinely wonder about how things might have panned out if a Japanese-American soldier or marine (or even Navajo code talker) were captured by other American soldiers or marines on the basis of mistaken identity—which may well have been more common than being captured by Japanese given the period and the roles in which they were serving.) This is not intended as a slight on the service of Japanese-American soldiers, but this is also history, odd and unpleasant it might be.
附言：针对部分我认为颇为无知的回复，我想强调“战斗人员身份”这一限定条件。由于兼具日语能力和日本文化认知的人才十分稀缺，日裔美国士兵在太平洋战区主要被派往情报岗位，这种情况在战争后半段尤为普遍（这类人员总数约有6000名，但据我查证，除上述两人外，没有任何文献记载表明还有其他日裔士兵被分配至战斗部队，他们大多承担情报或翻译工作）。不过这些日裔士兵也受到一定程度的猜忌：他们被编入特殊部队，通常被禁止参与一线作战（尽管毋庸置疑，即便有相关规定限制，仍存在他们卷入战斗的情况）。这是一种无奈的必要安排，因为曾至少发生过这样一起悲剧：1944年莱特岛战役期间，一名日裔美国情报兵（弗兰克·蜂谷中士）被友军误认为是日本人，惨遭射杀。藤田和黑木的经历之所以尤为突出，是因为藤田参与了早期战役（1942年爪哇战役），黑木则是一名飞行员，与太平洋战区的大多数日裔美国军人相比，他们被日军俘获的概率要高得多。（事实上，从蜂谷中士的案例来看，人们不禁会猜想：倘若一名日裔美国陆军或海军陆战队士兵（甚至是纳瓦霍密码通讯员）因身份误判被友军俘获，结局将会如何？考虑到当时的战争背景和他们所承担的岗位性质，这种情况的发生概率很可能远高于被日军俘获的概率。）我并非要贬低日裔美国士兵的服役贡献，这只是一段历史，即便它听起来离奇又令人不适。
(NB: “non-combat role” simply means not infantry, artillery, armor, etc. (and during WW2, fighter and bomber units of the AAF), the branches of the army whose main job was fighting, not that they didn’t fight. Recall that this distinction has been a big deal with regards whether women could be assigned to “combat roles” and with regards how many “non-combat role” troops were often involved in firefights in Iraq and Afghanistan. No question that many such soldiers in PTO, including Japanese-Americans, did get involved in combat at times.)
注：“非战斗岗位”仅指不属于步兵、炮兵、装甲兵等兵种（二战时期还包括陆军航空军的战斗机和轰炸机部队），这些兵种的核心任务是作战，但这并不意味着身处非战斗岗位的士兵不会参与战斗。要知道，这种岗位区分一直是个重要议题，比如女性是否能被分配至“战斗岗位”，以及在伊拉克和阿富汗战争中有多少“非战斗岗位”的士兵频繁卷入交火。毫无疑问，太平洋战区的许多此类士兵，包括日裔美国人，时常会参与到战斗中。
PPS. The critical factor driving all these was the desire of the Army leadership to minimize Japanese Americans coming in close contact with the Japanese Army as much as possible. It was the policy of the Army to not have Japanese Americans serving in combat units and employ them only in capacities where there were no readily available substitutes, e.g. intelligence roles given the lack of understanding of Japanese language and culture among other Americans. The memoirs of Ben Kuroki, one of the two Japanese Americans who did serve in combat roles in the Pacific illustrates this clearly: he could have his request to be assigned to the Pacific Theater granted only after intervention all the way from the Secretary of War Stimson, and he was no ordinary Japanese American, but someone who had already flown a full tour of duty in Europe and was highly decorated for his service there. His qualifications would have been difficult, if at all possible, to meet for anyone else, so they served where they could. Hardly a cushy or even safe job—they were soldiers and they were in a war zone, after all. As noted above, Sgt Hachiya got himself shot by his fellow US Army soldiers after being mistaken for a Japanese, for example. But not quite in the same situation as other US soldiers.
再附言：促成上述种种安排的关键因素，是美军领导层希望尽可能减少日裔美国人与日军的近距离接触。美军的政策明确规定，不将日裔美国人编入战斗部队，仅在没有合适替代人选的岗位上启用他们，例如情报岗位——因为其他美国人大多缺乏日语能力和日本文化认知。本·黑木的回忆录就很清楚地印证了这一点，他是太平洋战区中少数以战斗人员身份服役的日裔美国人之一。他申请调往太平洋战区的请求，是在战争部长史汀生亲自干预后才获得批准的。而且他并非普通的日裔美国人，此前他已在欧洲战区完成了一轮完整的飞行作战任务，还因战功卓著获得多项嘉奖。他这般资历，旁人即便能达到，也是极为困难的，因此他才得以被派往心仪的岗位服役。但这份工作绝非安逸，甚至谈不上安全——毕竟他们是身处战区的士兵。正如前文所述，蜂谷中士就因被友军误认为是日本人而遭到射杀。不过，他们的处境与其他美国士兵终究有所不同。
Preston Ingalls
World Traveler: 36 countries & Vietnam combat vet '69-'70
普雷斯顿·英格尔斯 球旅行者：游历过36个国家，1969至1970年服役的越南战争参战老兵
The 442nd Infantry Regiment became the most decorated unit in U.S. military history. Other Japanese American units also included the 100th Infantry Battalion, Varsity Victory Volunteers, and the Military Intelligence Service. But all these units served in the European Theatre.
It was rare to use soldiers of Japanese descent in the Pacific Theatre for numerous reasons.
第442步兵团是美军历史上获得勋章最多的部队。其他由日裔美国人组成的部队还包括第100步兵营、大学胜利志愿军以及军事情报局，不过这些部队均服役于欧洲战区。美军极少派遣日裔士兵前往太平洋战区服役，背后存在多重原因。
The constant suspicion that caused the US government to intern their families in camps in the US
The fear that other soldiers or Marines would mistake them for the enemy in the fog of battle
A concern of possible defections under duress
The fear of how captured ones would be treated by the Japanese who might see them as traitors versus POWs
美国政府始终对日裔群体心存猜忌，甚至将他们的家人关押在国内的集中营中
担心在硝烟弥漫的战场上，其他陆军或海军陆战队士兵会将他们误认为敌军
担忧他们在遭受胁迫后可能出现变节行为
担心被俘的日裔士兵会遭到日军的残酷对待——日军很可能将他们视为叛徒，而非普通战俘
AssistantBotSep 7
Treatment of Japanese-American soldiers captured by Imperial Japanese forces in World War II varied with context, unit, and individual captors. Decisions hinged on appearance, language ability, unit doctrine, and the strategic situation. Key patterns and examples:
Immediate classification and interrogation
Captors initially tried to determine whether the POW was ethnically Japanese or an American of Japanese ancestry. Language, accent, documents, and unit insignia were used. If the soldier spoke Japanese, had Japanese documents, or looked Japanese, interrogators often pressed for identification and loyalty. Refusal to cooperate frequently led to harsher treatment.
二战期间，被日本帝国军队俘虏的日裔美国士兵的待遇因具体情境、所属部队及俘获者个人情况而异，相关处置决策取决于士兵的外貌、语言能力、部队条令以及战略形势，以下为主要模式及案例。
立即分类与审讯
俘获方首先会通过语言、口音、相关证件及部队徽章，判定战俘是日本本族裔还是日裔美国人；若士兵会说日语、持有日本相关证件或外貌具有日本人特征，审讯人员往往会逼其表明身份和效忠立场，拒绝配合的战俘则常会遭受更严苛的对待。
Common outcomes
Treated as American POWs under general Japanese policy
- Many Japanese-American soldiers captured in the Philippines, Guam, or Pacific islands were processed as Allied POWs and subjected to the same harsh conditions that many Allied prisoners faced: overcrowding, forced labor, insufficient food, disease, beatings, and summary executions in some circumstances. - Examples: Members of US Army units captured in early 1942 (Philippines) were held in prison camps or used for labor; treatment matched that of other American POWs.-
Segregated, pressured to renounce U.S. allegiance and collaborate
常见处置结果
按日本常规政策被当作美国战俘对待
在菲律宾、关岛或太平洋诸岛被俘的许多日裔美国士兵，均被当作盟军战俘处理，并遭受了与其他盟军战俘相同的恶劣待遇：关押环境拥挤不堪、被迫服劳役、食物供给不足、疫病横行、时常遭受殴打，部分情况下还会被草率处决。-案例：1942年初在菲律宾被俘的美军部队士兵，被关押在战俘营或被强征服劳役，其所受待遇与其他美国战俘一致。
被单独隔离、被迫放弃对美国的效忠并配合日方
- In some cases captors singled out Nisei (U.S.-born Japanese) for propaganda or recruitment into collaborationist units (e.g., “Japanese-controlled” labor or interpreter roles) or coerced them to denounce the U.S. Psychological pressure, threats to family in occupied territory (real or implied), and offers of better food/shelter were used to induce cooperation
Harsh treatment, violence, or execution when perceived as “traitors” or for propaganda
.-在部分案例中，俘获方会单独挑出第二代日裔美国人（在美国出生的日本人），将其用于宣传活动、招募进伪军部队（例如承担日方管控的劳役或翻译工作），或胁迫他们公开谴责美国；日方会通过施加心理压力、威胁其在占领区的家人（真实威胁或隐晦暗示），以及承诺提供更充足的食物和更好的住所等手段，诱迫这些战俘配合。
因被视为“叛徒”或用于宣传而遭受严苛对待、暴力侵害或处决
- Soldiers who openly declared U.S. allegiance or resisted were sometimes treated more brutally than other POWs, including torture, humiliation, or execution—especially where battlefield rage, racial ideology, or unit commanders’ directives influenced behavior. Notable incidents include summary executions of captured U.S. personnel in chaotic surrender situations and isolated atrocities against those identified as American despite Japanese appearance.
-那些公开宣称效忠美国或进行反抗的士兵，有时会遭受比其他战俘更为残忍的对待，包括酷刑折磨、人格羞辱乃至处决，这种情况在战场怒气、种族主义意识形态或部队指挥官指令产生影响时尤为多发；值得注意的相关事件包括，在混乱的投降场景中被俘的美方人员遭草率处决，以及部分外貌虽为日本人但被认定为美国人的战俘遭受的个别暴行。
Release, repatriation or transfer when identity accepted as Japanese national
- A small number of captives who possessed Japanese citizenship papers or were believed to be Japanese nationals were sometimes treated differently: interned for questioning, repatriated to Japanese authorities, or in rare cases assimilated into Japanese civil/military roles. This was uncommon because most U.S. military personnel carried U.S. identification and were known to be enemy service members.
因身份被认定为日本国民而获释、遣返或转移
-少数持有日本公民证件或被认定为日本国民的战俘，有时会受到不同对待：遭到扣押审问、被遣返至日本当局手中，极少数情况下还会被吸纳进入日本的民事或军事体系；但这种情况并不常见，因为大多数美国军事人员都持有美方身份证明，且其敌方服役人员的身份是明确的。
Factors that shaped treatment
Unit location and timing: Early-war captures in the Philippines/Java and late-war chaotic surrenders produced different behaviors.
影响待遇的各类因素
部队驻防地点与被俘时间：战争初期在菲律宾、爪哇被俘的士兵，与战争末期在混乱投降场景下被俘的士兵，所面临的处置方式有所不同。
Command policy and discipline: Some Japanese commanders enforced Geneva-like procedures inconsistently; others authorized brutality.
Visibility of U.S. military affiliation: Uniforms, dog tags, unit patches, captured documents, and testimony from other prisoners made masquerade difficult.
Language and cultural cues: Fluency in Japanese or possession of Japanese-language items could change interrogators’ expectations and tactics.
Documented examples and research
指挥官的政策与部队纪律：部分日军指挥官会断断续续地执行类《日内瓦公约》相关程序，另一些指挥官则直接默许施暴行为。
美军身份辨识度：军装、身份识别牌、部队臂章、被俘时携带的文件以及其他战俘的证词，让被俘日裔美军难以隐瞒自身身份。
语言与文化线索：日语流利程度或持有日语相关物品，均有可能改变审讯人员的预判和审讯策略。
文献记载的案例与相关研究
Studies of POWs from the Bataan Death March and subsequent camps note that Japanese-American POWs were generally treated as American prisoners, suffering the same privations and abuses. Individual cases (reported in memoirs and military records) show diversity: some Nisei were singled out for harsher interrogation or forced collaboration; others endured the same fate as fellow GIs. Postwar interviews and records (U.S. Army, Veterans Affairs, survivor memoirs) provide the primary base for these conclusions.
Practical summary
There was no single standardized policy: outcomes ranged from ordinary POW treatment to coercion or execution, determined by captors’ assessment of identity and loyalty, local command decisions, and battlefield conditions. Overall, many Japanese-American captives suffered the same severe mistreatment as other American POWs, with additional risks when their ethnicity provoked special suspicion or exploitation.
针对巴丹死亡行军及后续战俘营战俘的相关研究指出，日裔美国战俘基本都被当作美国战俘对待，遭受着与其他美国战俘相同的匮乏处境与虐待；回忆录和军事档案中记载的个案则呈现出多样性：部分第二代日裔美国人被单独挑出来接受更严苛的审讯或被迫配合日方，另一些则与其他美国士兵有着相同的遭遇；战后访谈及档案资料（美军档案、退伍军人事务部记录、幸存者回忆录）是得出这些结论的主要依据。
实务总结
日方对此并无统一的标准化政策：战俘的最终境遇从普通战俘待遇到遭受胁迫乃至处决不等，具体取决于俘获方对其身份和忠诚度的判定、当地指挥官的决策以及战场实际状况；总体而言，许多日裔美国战俘遭受了与其他美国战俘同等的严重虐待，且当其种族身份引发日方额外猜忌或被日方利用时，他们还会面临更多风险。
Edgar D. McDonald II
Former Corrections, Parole Probation, Investigations at California (state) (1973–2001)
埃德加·D·麦克唐纳二世 任加利福尼亚州惩教、假释缓刑及调查部门工作人员（1973至2001年）
One Japanese American soldier was captured in early 1942, in Java. He was with National Guard artillery unit, that was activated and in transit to the Philippines when Pearl Harbor was attacked. They ended up in the Dutch East Indies helping the Anglo/Dutch/ Army repel the Japanese invasion.
His own words say it far better than I can:
1942年初，一名日裔美国士兵在爪哇被俘。他隶属于国民警卫队炮兵部队，珍珠港事件爆发时，这支部队已被征召并正在调往菲律宾的途中，最终他们辗转至荷属东印度群岛，协助英荷联军抵御日军入侵。
他的亲身自述远比我转述得更为真切：
On June 1, 1943, almost one year and three months after we were captured in Java, a Japanese guard realized that my name was Japanese, here in Nagasaki, Japan. This guard, like so many people in Japan, could read something printed in English, but they could not understand when it was read back to them.…
As room chief my name was at the top of the roster and when he saw it, his eyes liked to have popped out and he pointed to my name and said: ‘Fujita Fujita Nippon no namai!’ (Fujita is a Japanese name!’) And then he asked me where Fujita was, and I told him that he had gone to the benjo [toilet]. He said that he would wait and I moved towards the back of the room with my heart in my mouth and shaking like a leaf. I was as close to being scared to death as I will ever come. The guard remained at the front of the room and asked everyone that came into the room, where Fujita was.
Almost everyone in the room was as keyed up as I was, for they had sweated my being found out, too, and now that the time had come they all stood around with bated breath to see what would happen next.
1943年6月1日，我们在爪哇被俘已过去近一年零三个月，彼时身处日本长崎的我，被一名日军守卫发现了名字里的日本渊源。这名守卫和许多日本人一样，能看懂印刷体的英文，却听不懂念出来的英文内容……
我是宿舍长，名字排在名册首位。守卫看到我的名字时，眼珠子都快瞪出来了，他指着我的名字大喊：“藤田！藤田！日本的名字！”接着他问我藤田在哪里，我谎称藤田去厕所了。他说要等藤田回来，我则心惊胆战、浑身发抖地挪到宿舍角落，那是我这辈子离吓破胆最近的一次。守卫守在宿舍门口，逢人就问藤田的下落。
宿舍里几乎所有人都和我一样紧张，他们一直都在担心我的身份会暴露，此刻大难临头，所有人都屏息凝神地站在一旁，等着看接下来会发生什么。
Another man came into the room and the guard asked him where Fujita was and he looked around and saw me, and before anyone could caution him, he pointed to me and said ‘There he is!’
The guard looked surprised and also a little put out with me for having told him that Fujita had gone to the benjo. Any other time I would have been beaten up on the spot, but this time he was much too excited over his discovery to think of bashing me about.
又有一个人走进宿舍，守卫立刻上前追问藤田的去向。那人环顾四周后看到了我，还没等其他人制止，他就指着我喊道：“他就是！”
守卫露出错愕的神情，还因为我谎称藤田去厕所而有些恼怒。换作平时，我早就被当场毒打一顿了，但这次他因为发现了我的身份而兴奋不已，根本没心思动手。
He called me back up to the front of the room and looked me up and down, sucking his teeth and muttering something incredulously about Fujita being a POW. He tried to carry on a conversation with me, about me, and finally decided that I really could not speak the language. He would feel of my skin and then put his arm next to mine and compare them, and like the guard at the wash rack, he said ‘Somma, Somma! He would turn to the other guys in the room and then point to me and then to himself and tell them that we were somma, somma.
Finally he could not stand it any longer, that he was the only Japanese to know this so he took off for the guard house.
他把我叫到宿舍门口，上上下下打量着我，一边咂嘴，一边难以置信地嘟囔着“藤田竟是战俘”。他试着和我交谈，聊关于我的事，最后认定我确实不会说日语。他摸了摸我的皮肤，又把自己的胳膊凑过来和我的比对，还像之前洗衣台旁的那个守卫一样，嘴里念叨着“一样的，一样的！”他转头对着宿舍里的其他人，一会儿指着我，一会儿指着自己，告诉他们我俩是同一类人。
他实在按捺不住，不想成为唯一一个知道这件事的日本人，于是立刻冲向了警卫室。
I really became frightened then and felt very strongly that my untimely demise could be forthcoming posthaste! Even though I felt like this, I still felt hope way down deep that I would survive the war in one piece.
In a little while he brought another guard with him to look me over, only to have the lights go out, for it was bedtime and all room lights were turned out at 10:00 PM.
那一刻我才是真的怕了，强烈的预感告诉我，自己恐怕很快就要死于非命！尽管满心绝望，我心底深处还是怀着一丝希望，盼着能平安熬过这场战争。
没过多久，他就带了另一名守卫回来打量我，可偏偏就在这时，宿舍的灯灭了——按照规定，晚上十点是熄灯就寝时间，所有宿舍都要关灯。
Well, there was no sleep for me this night and Sgts. Heleman and Lucas were trying to comfort me and convince me that maybe they would not kill me after all. I was in such mental anguish that even the bedbugs, fleas, and mosquitos were not bothering me.
During the night, each time the guard shift changed, the guards would take turns coming to my room and looking at me, even those who normally patrolled the other side of the camp
那一晚我彻底失眠了，赫勒曼中士和卢卡斯中士一直安慰我，劝我相信自己或许不会被处决。我沉浸在巨大的精神痛苦中，就连臭虫、跳蚤和蚊子的叮咬，都丝毫感觉不到了。
那一整晚，每当守卫换班时，就会有人轮流到我宿舍来看我，甚至连那些平时负责看守营地另一侧的守卫也来了。
Fujita became an obxt of curiosity for the Japanese but he survived several interrogations by pretending to be stupid. He was given a book, Learn Japanese in 30 Hours, because they were so frustrated with him – but he made little progress with it. He upset them by refusing to join the Japanese Army and in the end they let him return to the ranks of the other U.S. POWs.
See Foo, A Japanese-American Prisoner of the Rising Sun by Frank “Foo” Fujita, with Stanley L. Falk. Subtitled: The Secret Prison Diary of Frank “Foo" Fujita. University of North Texas Press, 1993.
I am very grateful for your praise.
Thanks Again!
藤田成了日军眼中的稀罕人物，但他靠着装傻充愣，熬过了数次审讯。日军因为对他束手无策，还给他一本《30小时日语速成》，可他几乎没学到什么东西。他拒绝加入日军，惹得日军恼羞成怒，但最终他们还是让他回到了其他美国战俘的队伍中。
详见弗兰克·“福”·藤田与斯坦利·L·福尔克合著的《福：一名日裔美国士兵的旭日旗战俘生涯》，副标题为《弗兰克·“福”·藤田的秘密战俘日记》，北得克萨斯大学出版社1993年出版
感谢大家的赞誉。
再次致谢！
Michael Lorton
I regularly interview candidates for technical jobs.
迈克尔·洛顿 常年负责技术岗位的候选人面试工作。
Only two Japanese-American servicemen were captured in the Pacific theater.
Frank Fujita, an Army sergeant from Lawton, Oklahoma, was captured along 550 other Americans after the Battle of the Java Sea in early 1942. He spent the rest of the war in custody, mostly on an island in Tokyo Bay, forced to produce propaganda broadcasts.
太平洋战区被俘的日裔美国军人仅有两人。
弗兰克·藤田是俄克拉荷马州劳顿市的一名陆军中士，1942年初爪哇海战役结束后，他与其他550名美国人一同被俘。战争余下的时光里他均处于羁押状态，主要被关押在东京湾的一座岛屿上，还被迫参与制作敌方的宣传广播。
Hawaiian-born Richard Sakakida was also an Army sergeant, an intelligence agent, who volunteered to serve as General Jonathan Wainwright's interpreter during the negotiations leading to the capitulation of Corregidor. The Kempeitai, Japanese military police, tortured him for two months, but eventually accepted his false claim that he was a civilian who had only worked for the Americans under duress. A senior Japanese officer eventually put him to work, as a translator and servant. Sakakida used the opportunity to filch Japanese military secrets and eventually engineered the escape of almost 500 Filipino guerrillas from prison. In December 1944 he fled his post and remained in hiding for the remainder of the war. He retired a lieutenant-colonel and died in 1996.
出生于夏威夷的理查德·坂木田同样是一名陆军中士，同时身兼情报特工一职。在科雷吉多尔岛投降谈判期间，他主动请缨担任乔纳森·温赖特将军的翻译。日本宪兵队对他施以长达两个月的酷刑，但最终采信了他编造的谎言——称自己只是平民，是迫于压力才为美方效力。一名日军高级军官随后安排他从事翻译和勤务工作。坂木田借机窃取日军机密，还策划了近500名菲律宾游击队队员的越狱行动。1944年12月，他逃离岗位，在隐蔽中度过了战争剩余的时日。他最终以中校军衔退役，于1996年逝世。
Henry Kim pdated 7y
亨利·金 新于7年前
There were only two Japanese American soldiers, both from the heartland (one from Texas, the other from Nebraska), who served in the Pacific (in combat capacity, I should add)—mostly because the people back home did not even think that they were Japanese at all since there were so few Asians where they lived. One was Frank Fujita, a member of the Texas National Guards unit sent to the Dutch East Indies and was mostly captured by the Japanese, including Fujita. Apparently, the Japanese did not even realize that he was of Japanese descent at all until something like a year had passed. At that time, they began trying to force him to convert to the Japanese cause, which had largely failed. His secret diary as a POW was published after the war under the title “Foo: A Japanese-American Prisoner of the Rising Sun : The Secret Prison Diary of Frank 'Foo' Fujita.”
太平洋战区中，仅有两名日裔美国士兵是以战斗人员身份服役的（这一点需要补充说明），两人均来自美国腹地，一人来自得克萨斯州，另一人来自内布拉斯加州。这主要是因为他们家乡的亚裔人口极少，当地人甚至都没把他们当作日本人看待。其中一人便是弗兰克·藤田，他隶属于派往荷属东印度群岛的得克萨斯州国民警卫队部队，部队成员大多被日军俘获，藤田也未能幸免。显然，日军在俘获他约一年后才察觉他的日本血统。自那时起，日军便试图逼迫他投靠日方，但这一企图基本以失败告终。他在战俘营中写下的秘密日记于战后出版，书名是《福：一名日裔美国士兵的旭日旗战俘生涯——弗兰克·“福”·藤田的秘密战俘日记》。
PS. In response to some responses that I consider rather ignorant, I want to emphasize the conditional statement “in combat capacity.” Because of Japanese language skills and cultural understanding were rare, Japanese-American soldiers were deployed in Pacific Theater in intelligence capacity, especially in the latter half of the war (this number amounts to about 6,000—but I found no documented evidence that any but the two above was assigned to a combat unit, rather than intelligence/interpreter capacity). But they were also treated with a measure of suspicion: they were kept in special units and were generally restricted from combat (although there were no doubt cases where they were involved in combat, regulations or otherwise). This was an unfortunate necessity, as, on at least one occasion, a Japanese-American intelligence soldier (Sgt Frank Hachiya) was mistaken for a Japanese and was killed by other American soldiers during the Leyte Campaign in 1944. Fujita and Kuroki also stand out, since, as a participant in an early campaign (Java in 1942) and as an airman, they stood a rather high likelihood of being captured by the Japanese than most Japanese-American servicemen in the Pacific Theater. (In fact, as per the case of Sgt Hachiya, one might genuinely wonder about how things might have panned out if a Japanese-American soldier or marine (or even Navajo code talker) were captured by other American soldiers or marines on the basis of mistaken identity—which may well have been more common than being captured by Japanese given the period and the roles in which they were serving.) This is not intended as a slight on the service of Japanese-American soldiers, but this is also history, odd and unpleasant it might be.
附言：针对部分我认为颇为无知的回复，我想强调“战斗人员身份”这一限定条件。由于兼具日语能力和日本文化认知的人才十分稀缺，日裔美国士兵在太平洋战区主要被派往情报岗位，这种情况在战争后半段尤为普遍（这类人员总数约有6000名，但据我查证，除上述两人外，没有任何文献记载表明还有其他日裔士兵被分配至战斗部队，他们大多承担情报或翻译工作）。不过这些日裔士兵也受到一定程度的猜忌：他们被编入特殊部队，通常被禁止参与一线作战（尽管毋庸置疑，即便有相关规定限制，仍存在他们卷入战斗的情况）。这是一种无奈的必要安排，因为曾至少发生过这样一起悲剧：1944年莱特岛战役期间，一名日裔美国情报兵（弗兰克·蜂谷中士）被友军误认为是日本人，惨遭射杀。藤田和黑木的经历之所以尤为突出，是因为藤田参与了早期战役（1942年爪哇战役），黑木则是一名飞行员，与太平洋战区的大多数日裔美国军人相比，他们被日军俘获的概率要高得多。（事实上，从蜂谷中士的案例来看，人们不禁会猜想：倘若一名日裔美国陆军或海军陆战队士兵（甚至是纳瓦霍密码通讯员）因身份误判被友军俘获，结局将会如何？考虑到当时的战争背景和他们所承担的岗位性质，这种情况的发生概率很可能远高于被日军俘获的概率。）我并非要贬低日裔美国士兵的服役贡献，这只是一段历史，即便它听起来离奇又令人不适。
(NB: “non-combat role” simply means not infantry, artillery, armor, etc. (and during WW2, fighter and bomber units of the AAF), the branches of the army whose main job was fighting, not that they didn’t fight. Recall that this distinction has been a big deal with regards whether women could be assigned to “combat roles” and with regards how many “non-combat role” troops were often involved in firefights in Iraq and Afghanistan. No question that many such soldiers in PTO, including Japanese-Americans, did get involved in combat at times.)
注：“非战斗岗位”仅指不属于步兵、炮兵、装甲兵等兵种（二战时期还包括陆军航空军的战斗机和轰炸机部队），这些兵种的核心任务是作战，但这并不意味着身处非战斗岗位的士兵不会参与战斗。要知道，这种岗位区分一直是个重要议题，比如女性是否能被分配至“战斗岗位”，以及在伊拉克和阿富汗战争中有多少“非战斗岗位”的士兵频繁卷入交火。毫无疑问，太平洋战区的许多此类士兵，包括日裔美国人，时常会参与到战斗中。
PPS. The critical factor driving all these was the desire of the Army leadership to minimize Japanese Americans coming in close contact with the Japanese Army as much as possible. It was the policy of the Army to not have Japanese Americans serving in combat units and employ them only in capacities where there were no readily available substitutes, e.g. intelligence roles given the lack of understanding of Japanese language and culture among other Americans. The memoirs of Ben Kuroki, one of the two Japanese Americans who did serve in combat roles in the Pacific illustrates this clearly: he could have his request to be assigned to the Pacific Theater granted only after intervention all the way from the Secretary of War Stimson, and he was no ordinary Japanese American, but someone who had already flown a full tour of duty in Europe and was highly decorated for his service there. His qualifications would have been difficult, if at all possible, to meet for anyone else, so they served where they could. Hardly a cushy or even safe job—they were soldiers and they were in a war zone, after all. As noted above, Sgt Hachiya got himself shot by his fellow US Army soldiers after being mistaken for a Japanese, for example. But not quite in the same situation as other US soldiers.
再附言：促成上述种种安排的关键因素，是美军领导层希望尽可能减少日裔美国人与日军的近距离接触。美军的政策明确规定，不将日裔美国人编入战斗部队，仅在没有合适替代人选的岗位上启用他们，例如情报岗位——因为其他美国人大多缺乏日语能力和日本文化认知。本·黑木的回忆录就很清楚地印证了这一点，他是太平洋战区中少数以战斗人员身份服役的日裔美国人之一。他申请调往太平洋战区的请求，是在战争部长史汀生亲自干预后才获得批准的。而且他并非普通的日裔美国人，此前他已在欧洲战区完成了一轮完整的飞行作战任务，还因战功卓著获得多项嘉奖。他这般资历，旁人即便能达到，也是极为困难的，因此他才得以被派往心仪的岗位服役。但这份工作绝非安逸，甚至谈不上安全——毕竟他们是身处战区的士兵。正如前文所述，蜂谷中士就因被友军误认为是日本人而遭到射杀。不过，他们的处境与其他美国士兵终究有所不同。
Preston Ingalls
World Traveler: 36 countries & Vietnam combat vet '69-'70
普雷斯顿·英格尔斯 球旅行者：游历过36个国家，1969至1970年服役的越南战争参战老兵
The 442nd Infantry Regiment became the most decorated unit in U.S. military history. Other Japanese American units also included the 100th Infantry Battalion, Varsity Victory Volunteers, and the Military Intelligence Service. But all these units served in the European Theatre.
It was rare to use soldiers of Japanese descent in the Pacific Theatre for numerous reasons.
第442步兵团是美军历史上获得勋章最多的部队。其他由日裔美国人组成的部队还包括第100步兵营、大学胜利志愿军以及军事情报局，不过这些部队均服役于欧洲战区。美军极少派遣日裔士兵前往太平洋战区服役，背后存在多重原因。
The constant suspicion that caused the US government to intern their families in camps in the US
The fear that other soldiers or Marines would mistake them for the enemy in the fog of battle
A concern of possible defections under duress
The fear of how captured ones would be treated by the Japanese who might see them as traitors versus POWs
美国政府始终对日裔群体心存猜忌，甚至将他们的家人关押在国内的集中营中
担心在硝烟弥漫的战场上，其他陆军或海军陆战队士兵会将他们误认为敌军
担忧他们在遭受胁迫后可能出现变节行为
担心被俘的日裔士兵会遭到日军的残酷对待——日军很可能将他们视为叛徒，而非普通战俘
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