（二战中）盟军也犯了战争罪吗？
Did the Allies commit war crimes too?
译文简介
现代战争是一场野蛮的浩劫。它要求战斗人员展现出野蛮的一面，而这往往会激发出人性中最恶劣的部分。战争罪是战争中一个令人悲哀的现实，无论过去还是现在都是如此。即便战斗的起因是高尚的，参战者终究是被剥离了文明外衣的普通人。尽管拥有先进的技术、教育和悠久的历史，人类依然是地球上最危险的物种——尤其是对彼此而言。
正文翻译
Yael Diringer
MBA in Finance & Management Information Systems, Tel Aviv University (Graduated 2010)
耶尔·迪林格
特拉维夫大学金融与管理信息系统硕士（2010年毕业）
I would start by pointing out that a war crime is a war crime only if it was illegal at the time. (That is part of the criticism of the Nuremberg trials, that some of the offenses - such as launching a war of conquest weren't specifically illegal under international law . In some cases , the judges accepted that claim, in others they didn't )
首先我想指出，只有在行为发生时属于非法行为，才能被认定为战争罪。（这也是对纽伦堡审判的批评之声的一部分——某些罪行，如发动征服战争，在当时的国际法中并未被明确界定为非法。在某些案件中，法官认可了这一主张，但在另一些案件中则未予认可。）
So all those talking about the Dresden bombings are talking nonsense. It wasn't illegal at the time nor were ethnic cleansing/forcible displacement / seizing enemy territory etc,all of which the Allies committed, and were very open about committing. See German states like Prussia , which has been German for centuries being handed over with the population expelled. It wasn't just ethnic Germans who were targeted - ethnic Ukrainians were expelled from Poland , parts of Poland were handed over to Russia etc.
因此，所有谈论德累斯顿轰炸事件的人都是在胡说八道。德累斯顿轰炸在当时并不违法，种族清洗、强制迁移、占领敌方领土等行为同样不违法，而这些行为盟军都曾实施过，且实施时毫不遮掩。以普鲁士这样的德意志邦国为例，几个世纪以来它一直属于德意志，却被割让出去，当地居民也遭到驱逐。成为目标的不仅仅是德意志族人——乌克兰族人被从波兰驱逐，波兰的部分地区则被割让给了俄罗斯等。
Aside from that - over 14,000 US soldiers in the European campaign were convicted of rape.
That was a war crime.
However , those rapes were committed by individuals , not planned by the allies as nations, and the soldiers were punished. The other answers include cases that weren't punished. Yet in all those cases, the countries didn't commit them , individuals did.
除此之外，在欧洲战场的美军中，有超过1.4万人被判犯有强奸罪，而强奸是一种战争罪。
然而，这些强奸行为是由个人实施的，并非盟军各国作为国家层面有计划地策划，而且实施这些行为的士兵也受到了惩罚。其他回答中提到了一些未受到惩罚的案例，但即便在那些案例中，犯下罪行的也不是国家，而是个人。
For comparison - both Germany and Japan set up official brothels for their soldiers were women were forced to service the soldiers. That is the nation responsible for the rape.
作为对比，德国和日本都曾为其士兵设立官方妓院，迫使女性为士兵提供性服务。这种情况才属于国家对强奸行为负有责任。
World War I
The Entente Powers didn’t have as much opportunity to commit war crimes since most of the battles took place on Entente or friendly territory (Northern France, Belgium, Russia, etc.) They did use deadly chemical weapons (after the Germans) which wasn’t officially a war crime yet.
协约国犯下战争罪的机会并不多，因为大部分战役都发生在协约国或友好国家的领土上（如法国北部、比利时、俄罗斯等）。不过，协约国确实使用了致命的化学武器（在德国之后），而当时这种行为尚未被正式界定为战争罪。
The Germans considered the British blockade of German sea commerce a war crime, which is pretty rich.
During their brief time on the offensive in Prussia before being routed at the beginning of the war, the Russian army abducted German civilians and sent them to Siberia, where thousands of them died.
德国将英国对其海上贸易的封锁视为战争罪，这一说法实在有些可笑。
战争初期，俄军在普鲁士曾短暂发起进攻，随后便被击溃。在此期间，俄军绑架了德国平民并将他们送往西伯利亚，数千人最终在那里丧生。
I wasn’t aware of this until now but the Surafend massacre was committed by British and Commonwealth forces against a Beduin village in Palestine in 1918.
In WWII, the bombing German and Japanese cities to rubble was an imitation and massive escalation of German, Italian, and Japanese bombing of Spanish, Polish, Chinese, British and other cities. It was recognized as criminal when Hitler, Tojo and Mussolini did it.
我此前并不知晓这一事件，但1918年英国及英联邦军队在巴勒斯坦的一个贝都因人村庄制造了苏拉芬德大屠杀。
二战中，盟军将德国和日本的城市炸为废墟，这是对德国、意大利和日本轰炸西班牙、波兰、中国、英国等国城市行为的效仿，且规模大幅升级。当希特勒、东条英机和墨索里尼实施轰炸时，这种行为被认定为犯罪。
If the USSR is considered an Ally after switching sides in 1941, then the Russian rape of Berlin and treatment of POWs certainly count as Allied war crimes.
如果将1941年倒戈后的苏联视为盟军，那么苏联军队在柏林的强奸行为以及对战俘的待遇，无疑应算作盟军的战争罪。
Jean-Marie Valheur lover of history
让-马里·瓦尔厄 史爱好者
Absolutely they did.
The French colonial forces included a regiment of native Moroccan soldiers known as the “Moroccan Goumiers”. When these men joined the war effort in Italy and Germany, the Moroccan troops were an absolute menace — they traveled through Italy and Germany raping and murdering any civilian in sight.
One British soldier who witnessed the Goumiers in action had this to say:
他们当然犯了战争罪。
法国殖民军队中有一支由摩洛哥本地人组成的团，被称为“摩洛哥古米耶尔部队”。当这些士兵前往意大利和德国参战之际，他们成了十足的祸害——他们在意大利和德国境内穿行，强奸并杀害所有映入眼帘的平民。
一位目睹了古米耶尔部队行径的英国士兵这样说道：
"The French colonial troops are on the rampage again. Whenever they take a town or a village, a wholesale rape of the population takes place. Recently all females in the villages of Patricia, Pofi, Isoletta, Supino, and Morolo were violated. In Lenola, which fell to the Allies on 21 May, fifty women were raped, but – as these were not enough to go round – children and even old men were violated. It is reported to be normal for two Moroccans to assault a woman simultaneously, one having normal intercourse while the other commits sodomy. In many cases severe damage to the genitals, rectum and uterus has been caused. In Castro di Volsci doctors treated 300 victims of rape, and at Ceccano the British have been forced to build a guarded camp to protect the Italian women".
“法国殖民军队又在胡作非为了。每当他们攻占一个城镇或村庄，就会发生大规模的集体强奸事件。最近，帕特里夏、波菲、伊索莱塔、苏皮诺和莫罗洛等村庄的所有女性都遭到了侵犯。5月21日被盟军攻占的莱诺拉，有50名女性被强奸，但由于人数不够分配，儿童甚至老年男性也未能幸免。据报道，两名摩洛哥士兵同时袭击一名女性的情况屡见不鲜，一人进行正常性交，另一人则实施鸡奸。在许多案例中，受害者的生殖器、直肠和子宫都受到了严重损伤。在沃尔西 Castro，医生救治了300名强奸受害者，而在切卡诺，英军不得不搭建一座有守卫的营地来保护意大利女性。”
The Goumiers were essentially a regiment of rapists. Everyone always writes about Oskar Dirlewanger, the rapist, murderer and sex pest turned SS commander. Horrible guy, and the Nazis had no shortage of absolute goons. In one instance, a local priest tried to defend a woman — so the Goumiers raped him, too. When one French soldier complained of the atrocities, he was tackled, held down and sodomized by seven burly Moroccan fellows just to prove a point.
古米耶尔部队本质上就是一支强奸犯军团。人们总是会提到奥斯卡·迪勒万格——这个从强奸犯、杀人犯、性骚扰者摇身一变成为党卫军指挥官的人。他是个极其可怕的家伙，而纳粹阵营里从不缺这类十足的恶棍。有一次，一位当地神父试图保护一名女性，结果也遭到了古米耶尔部队的强奸。当一名法国士兵对这些暴行提出抗议时，七名身材魁梧的摩洛哥士兵将他扑倒按住并实施了鸡奸，只为杀一儆百。
The Moroccan Goumiers were basically a regiment of French colonial Dirlewangers. They raped whoever they encounter, men, women, children. Those women and girls who survived the assault were often left so badly damaged that they became barren or incontinent for life.
摩洛哥古米耶尔部队基本上就是法国殖民版的迪勒万格军团。他们无论遇到谁都会实施强奸，无论男女老幼。那些在袭击中幸存下来的女性和女孩，往往因身体遭受重创而终身不孕或大小便失禁。
HaroldP
Software Inventor, Designer and Engineer.
哈罗德·P 件发明家、设计师及工程师
The Allies (Britain, US, USSR, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, India, apologies if I missed a few) had over 50 Million Soldiers, Sailors, and Air Crew fighting on a large scale, in 3 Continents and connecting Ocean’s.
It is certain that some crimes were committed.
The difference, and it is not trivial, is that those crimes would have been individual or small group misbehavior, and subject to discipline if caught.
盟军（英国、美国、苏联、加拿大、法国、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度，若有遗漏敬请谅解）拥有超过5000万名士兵、水手和机组人员，在三大洲及相连海域开展大规模作战。
可以肯定的是，确实发生过一些犯罪行为。
但关键且重要的区别在于，这些犯罪行为多为个人或小团体的不当行为，一旦被发现就会受到纪律处分。
Axis (German, Japanese, Hungarian, Rumanian etc.) crimes were organized, ordered, and condoned at the highest levels of their governments as a part of their policy. And were thus on an orders of magnitude larger scale.
而轴心国（德国、日本、匈牙利、罗马尼亚等）的罪行则是由其政府最高层组织、下令并纵容的，属于国家政策的一部分，因此规模要大得多。
Jose Bustamante
Studied at University of Houston8y
何塞·布斯塔曼特 就读于休斯顿大学，距今8年
Originally Answered: Did the Allies commit any large scale war crimes in WWII?
原问题：盟军在二战中是否犯下过大规模战争罪？
That depends on how you define your terms. In the strictly pragmatic sense, since war crime trials are only held by the victors, and the Allies won, they would therefore exempt themselves from being held accountable. Differences also exist in how you define “Allies” with a capital “A”. Some would say that would only include the Western Allies but not the Soviet unx or China. Others would include all nations which fought against the Axis, regardless of their level of cooperation. I will try to speak, at least briefly, about each context in turn.
这取决于你对相关术语的定义。从纯粹实用主义的角度来看，由于战争罪审判通常由胜利者主导，而盟军是二战的胜利者，因此他们得以豁免相关责任。对于首字母大写的“Allies（盟军）”的定义也存在分歧：有人认为仅包括西方盟军，不涵盖苏联或中国；也有人认为应包括所有对抗轴心国的国家，无论其合作程度如何。我将尝试逐一简要说明这些不同语境下的情况。
In the strictly legal sense, there were a few incidents by the Western (not Soviet) Allies that did rise to the level of war crimes, though none were anywhere near serious enough to be mentioned in the same breath as the concentration camps of the Holocaust. Some in fact were in direct reprisal for the Holocaust, specifically the Dachau liberation reprisals[1] by certain US military personnel. But there were other incidents alleged, some minor, some which were found to have been accidental and so on. None were what could be realistically labeled “large scale”, however.
从严格的法律角度来看，西方盟军（不含苏联）确实发生过一些达到战争罪级别的事件，但这些事件的严重程度远不足以与大屠杀中的集中营相提并论。事实上，部分事件是对大屠杀的直接报复，例如部分美国军人实施的“达豪解放报复行动”。此外，还有一些被指控的事件，其中部分情节轻微，部分被证实是意外事件等，但没有任何一起能被合理地称为“大规模”战争罪。
Now the moral sense, that is a much more touchy and grey area, as standards differ and do not always apply in a legal sense. The fire-bombing of Dresden would make one such example. Though strong legal arguments would almost certainly prevail in defending it as an attack on a legitimate military target, it was considered by many to be an example of mere terror bombing, with no real military justification. By that same rationale, the two nuclear bombs dropped on Japan have drawn similar criticisms, though again strong legal arguments could be made to justify them, at least in a legal sense, as attacks on military targets.
而从道德角度来看，这是一个更为敏感且模糊的领域，因为道德标准因人而异，且并非总能在法律层面适用。德累斯顿大轰炸就是一个典型例子：尽管从法律角度有充分理由为其辩护，称其攻击的是合法军事目标，但许多人认为这只是一场没有真正军事正当性的恐怖轰炸。基于同样的逻辑，美国向日本投放两颗原子弹也遭到了类似批评，尽管从法律层面同样有强有力的论据证明其针对军事目标的合法性。
But those cases aside, there is one nation considered in a certain context to be one of the “Allies” that did engage in large scale war crimes, though nobody was in a position to prosecute them for it: the Soviet unx. Their treatment of the civilian population of Poland[2] was a particularly nasty exercise in systematic brutality against non-military personnel. They also fell very far short of the Geneva Convention standards for treatment of prisoners of war, especially when it came to German prisoners, though to be fair the Germans treated Soviet POWs as bad or worse. Also, they seized a great many civilians of German descent or ethnic appearance all across Eastern Europe and used them as virtual slave labor[3]. So the Soviets definitely did engage in some large scale war crimes, though their status as arguably the single most militarily powerful of the victors gave them de facto immunity from prosecution for them.
但除了上述案例外，在某种语境下被视为“盟军”之一的苏联，确实犯下了大规模战争罪，只是无人有能力对其提起诉讼。苏联对波兰平民的对待[2]是对非军事人员实施系统性暴行的典型恶劣案例；他们对待战俘的方式也远未达到《日内瓦公约》的标准，尤其是针对德国战俘——不过公平地说，德国对待苏联战俘的行为同样恶劣，甚至有过之而无不及。此外，苏联在整个东欧抓捕了大量德裔或外貌符合日耳曼民族特征的平民，并将他们当作事实上的奴隶劳工。因此，苏联无疑犯下了一些大规模战争罪，但作为公认的军事力量最强大的胜利者，他们获得了事实上的诉讼豁免权。
Steve Ko
70’s, Novice Historian, WWII, Vietnam
史蒂夫·科 0年代生人，历史学新手，研究二战、越南战争
Yes. This was TOTAL WAR. That means everything is fair game. We know there were no Nazi angels. We now know what animals the SS were and their attempt to exterminate a race of people. With that aside, I can say with certainty, the Allies hated the SS with vengeance. They certainly executed many. There were way too many atrocities being committed, with the name SS attached to them. After the invasion of Normandy and the battles near the German border, GI’s kept hearing stories from liberated French towns about these monsters called the SS. General Patton publicly announced he would kill “everyone of those son of a bitches”. Then in December 44, the Battle of the Bulge. Around the Belgium town of Malmady, Americans came across a slaughter of 84 dead American soldiers. It was the SS. It would not be the only ones either. 1. Below in 2024 Malmady, Belgium. 2. That is the actual place, somebody’s farm now.
是的。那是一场全面战争，意味着一切都可以成为攻击目标。我们知道纳粹绝非善类，如今也清楚党卫军（SS）是何等残暴的畜生，以及他们试图灭绝某个种族的行径。抛开这一点，我可以肯定地说，盟军对於党卫军恨之入骨，处决了许多党卫军成员。太多暴行都与党卫军脱不了干系。诺曼底登陆后，在德国边境附近的战役中，美国大兵不断从解放的法国城镇听到关于这些被称为党卫军的怪物的故事。巴顿将军曾公开宣称，他要杀掉“每一个狗娘养的党卫军”。之后在1944年12月的阿登反击战中，在美国军队行至比利时马尔梅迪镇附近时，发现84名美国士兵惨遭屠杀，凶手正是党卫军，而这并非孤例。1. 下图为2024年的比利时马尔梅迪。2. 这就是当年的事发地，如今已成为某个人的农场。
The German attack during the Battle of the Bulge was behind its timeline, so they were in a rush and could not take prisoners with them. At war crimes trials after war’s end, that was basically their excuse for the executions.
阿登反击战中，德军的进攻进度落后于计划，因此他们行动仓促，无法带走战俘。战后的战争罪审判中，这基本上成了他们为处决行为辩护的借口。
1. Below are two more places of unneeded slaughter. The first picture below-Americans and Canadians were executed. The second, the Wereth 11, a troop of Black soldiers were all mercilessly killed, one at a time.
Afterwards, they rarely came back with any SS prisoners. “A course brutality took hold in Allied ranks, increasingly more common throughout Europe.”
1. 以下是另外两个无端屠杀的发生地。第一张图片中，美国士兵和加拿大士兵遭到处决；第二张图片对应的是“韦雷斯11人案”，一支由黑人士兵组成的部队全部遭到残忍杀害，一人接着一人。
此后，盟军几乎不再带回任何党卫军战俘。“一种粗暴的残忍行径在盟军队伍中蔓延开来，在整个欧洲变得越来越普遍。”
Pictures of the Ardennes forest and Hitler’s Dragons Teeth. Caesar called it “a place of terror.” A great deal of suffering took place in this area of Belgium.
下图为阿登森林和希特勒的“龙牙防御工事”。凯撒曾称这里为“恐怖之地”，比利时的这片区域见证了无数苦难。
Carl Hamilton
M.S. in Geography & History, Roskilde University (Graduated 2021)
卡尔·汉密尔顿
罗斯基勒大学地理与历史学硕士（2021年毕业）
Consider a city of 1 million people. Do they commit crimes? Of course, generally speaking crimes rates are measured in incidents per 100,000 people. And there is no group of 100,000 people who doesn’t commit crimes. Some groups commit more crimes than others. Now consider what an army is. It’s not just groups of 100,000 average people, it’s a group of people experiencing extreme stress and trauma and predominantly male. Any group of soldiers commits on average more crimes than the general population, and any general population commits crimes. As such all groups of allied soldiers committed war crimes without a doubt.
试想一个拥有100万人口的城市，这里的人会犯罪吗？当然会。通常来说，犯罪率以每10万人中的案件数量来衡量，而没有任何一个10万人的群体是完全不会犯罪的，只是不同群体的犯罪率有所差异。再想想军队是什么：它不仅仅是由一个个10万人规模的普通民众组成，更是一群承受着极端压力与创伤、且以男性为主的群体。任何一支军队的平均犯罪率都高于普通民众，而普通民众本身也会犯罪。因此，盟军的所有部队无疑都犯下过战争罪。
Now it would take a rather disgusting person to know this fact, and try to position it all as if only some groups of some allies committed war crimes, like pretending the Soviets committed them all, or trying to highlight a single colonial unit, such a narrative is the tool of the truly deluded racist.
Individual war crimes committed in small groups or by persons acting alone, are not really a surprise, but simply have to be handled. How war crimes are handled are the true measure of an army’s honourability.
但如果有人明知这一事实，却故意将其歪曲为“只有部分盟军群体犯下了战争罪”——比如谎称所有战争罪都是苏联人犯下的，或是刻意渲染某一支殖民部队的行为——那这种人实在令人不齿。这种说法不过是被蒙蔽的种族主义者的借口。
小群体或个人单独实施的战争罪并不令人意外，关键在于如何处理这些罪行。对战争罪的处理方式，才是衡量一支军队是否光荣的真正标准。
For example, the Nazis not only allowed war crimes, for example the Germany high command essentially waived all war crimes committed against slavs by German soldiers during operation Barbarossa, but they also encouraged it. The Wehrmacht was different from allied armies, not because they committed war crimes, but because they practically all committed war crimes, and condoned it too. If we say maybe 1–2% of allied soldiers were war criminals, it was more in the kin of 70–90% of Wehrmacht soldiers. In secret recordings of Wehrmacht officers in British POWs camps, it was revealed practically 100% of officers had seen and not acted on war crimes, and the vast majority had directly participated or ordered crimes themselves.
例如，纳粹不仅允许战争罪的发生——比如在巴巴罗萨行动期间，德国最高统帅部实际上默许了德国士兵对斯拉夫人犯下的所有战争罪——还对此加以鼓励。德国国防军与盟军的区别，不在于是否犯下战争罪，而在于他们几乎全员都参与了战争罪，且高层对此予以纵容。如果说盟军士兵中可能有1%到2%是战争罪犯，那么德国国防军士兵的这一比例则高达70%到90%。对英国战俘营中德国国防军军官的秘密录音显示，几乎100%的军官都目睹过战争罪却未采取任何行动，而绝大多数军官甚至直接参与或下令实施了犯罪行为。
While the allied general militaries, had their fair share of cover ups and simply ignoring crimes committed, they never condoned or encouraged them.
As for systematic war crimes such as the genocidal acts of the holocaust or the systematic destruction of the civilian population in Belarus by the Nazis, no such thing was carried out by the allied forces. There massacres and even cruel policies, but they pale in comparison to the ideological terror and genocidal goals of the Nazis.
尽管盟军各军也存在掩盖罪行、视而不见的情况，但他们从未纵容或鼓励过战争罪。
至于像大屠杀这样的种族灭绝行为，或是纳粹在白俄罗斯对平民实施的系统性屠杀等有组织的战争罪，盟军从未有过此类行径。盟军确实发生过大屠杀事件，甚至推行过一些残酷政策，但与纳粹的意识形态恐怖统治和种族灭绝目标相比，这些都相形见绌。
Walter Kiefer
Studied History at Western Michigan University7y
沃尔特·基弗 就读于西密歇根大学历史学专业，距今7年
Originally Answered: Is it true that Allies nations also committed war crimes during WW2?
原问题：盟军国家在二战期间也犯下过战争罪，这是真的吗？
Let’s start by saying that YES, every major nation that was fighting in WW2 was responsible for war crimes. Part of it was retaliatory and part of it was just because these things happen in war. That being said, at least in the context of war, there are 2 kinds of war crimes. The individual ones that may range from executing a POW to perfidy and those were generally overlooked because, A) they were nearly impossible to prove B) it was happening so often and on both sides that it was pointless to pursue and C) these types of war crimes had very little, if any, impact on the war itself or the populations of the countries they were fighting and were just considered accepted practice in war.
首先可以明确的是：是的，二战中所有主要参战国都对战争罪负有责任。其中一部分是报复性行为，另一部分则纯粹是战争中难免发生的情况。话虽如此，至少在战争语境下，战争罪可分为两类。第一类是个人层面的战争罪，包括处决战俘、背信弃义等行为，这类罪行通常被忽视，原因有三：A）几乎无法举证；B）此类行为频发且双方都有发生，追究起来毫无意义；C）这类战争罪对战争本身或交战双方的民众几乎没有影响，甚至被视为战争中的常规做法。
The other kind of war crime is the mass kind, like the Holocaust and that’s why we had the Nuremberg Trials. Those trials were almost purely symbolic, as the 200 or so executions that resulted from them were in no way comparable to the nearly 80 million dead as a result of the war and Holocaust but placing a name and face on the crimes acted as a bit of a salve for the victims.
第二类是大规模战争罪，比如大屠杀，这也是纽伦堡审判得以举行的原因。这些审判几乎完全是象征性的——审判最终处决了约200人，这与战争及大屠杀造成的近8000万死亡人数相比微不足道，但为这些罪行明确责任人，多少给受害者带来了一丝慰藉。
Dimitris Polemis
MSc in International Security Studies, University College London (UCL) (Graduated 2024)
季米特里斯·波莱米斯
伦敦大学学院（UCL）国际安全研究硕士（2024年毕业）
Yes, they did. War is a disaster and it is very rare that any side of the war comes out clean. The category of war crime is really bizarre in its own right if you think about it.. Anyways.
是的，他们确实犯过。战争是一场灾难，参战双方中几乎没有哪一方能全身而退、毫无污点。仔细想想，“战争罪”这一类别本身就颇为怪异。不过，先不多说这个。
There are several famous examples you have probably heard of. The firebombing of Dresden (the outcome is on the appended picture) and Tokyo are very prominent among popular consciousness so I shan’t labor those points too much here. Yes, justifications have been given for them. The necessity of either of those strategic bombing campaigns does not absolve of the reality that they were aimed at civilian targets. Two things can be true at once. Exercise judgement accordingly. FDR also ordered the internment of Japanese nationals in the US.
有几个著名的例子你可能已经听说过。德累斯顿大轰炸（结果见附图）和东京大轰炸在公众认知中尤为突出，因此我在此不再赘述。诚然，这些轰炸行动都有相关的正当性辩解，但即便这些战略轰炸具有必要性，也无法掩盖其以平民为目标的事实——这两点可以同时成立，你可自行判断。罗斯福总统还曾下令将美国境内的日本侨民关押拘留。
To not absolve the Soviets here, we have the famous Katyn massacre of Polish officers. You may have heard of that incident. More damningly the rape of East Germany by the Soviet Army in their advance to Berlin. Konstantin Rokossovksy, at the time Marshal of the Soviet unx and commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front (Soviet equivalent of an Army Group), issued order No 006, whose text is not extant, but whose goal was to:
“…direct the people's feeling of hatred at the battlefield—to the destruction of the enemy solely on the battlefield,”
这里也不能为苏联开脱——著名的卡廷惨案中，波兰军官惨遭杀害，你或许听说过这一事件。更应受到谴责的是，苏联军队在向柏林推进的过程中，对东德实施了大规模强奸行为。当时的苏联元帅、白俄罗斯第2方面军（相当于集团军群）指挥官康斯坦丁·罗科索夫斯基曾发布第006号命令，该命令的原文已不复存在，但其目的是：
“……将民众的仇恨情绪引导至战场——仅在战场上消灭敌人。”
This shows that the leadership of the Red Army did take steps to prevent what were, in all honesty, inevitable violent reprisals after 3 years of war. Whatever the scale of said atrocities, the existence of such orders does imply that it must have occurred beyond the level of isolated incident. Similar to the Japanese, the Volga Germans were also deported due to fear of fifth column activities. Modern War is hell.
这表明，在历经三年战争后，红军领导层确实采取了措施，试图阻止那些说实话本就难以避免的暴力报复行为。无论这些暴行的规模如何，此类命令的存在本身就意味着，这种行为绝非孤立事件。与日本侨民类似，伏尔加德意志人也因被怀疑从事第五纵队活动而遭到驱逐。现代战争就是人间地狱。
James Coyne reenwriter (2008–present)
Upvoted by Jay Peterson, MS English Translation and Interpretation & History
詹姆斯·科因 剧（2008年至今）
获杰伊·彼得森点赞，其拥有英语笔译与口译及历史学硕士学位
Originally Answered: Is it true that Allies nations also committed war crimes during WW2?
原问题：盟军国家在二战期间也犯下过战争罪，这是真的吗？
Of course it’s true. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers, under stress, in difficult environments, surrounded by death and carnage - human nature is bound to take some ugly turns. I’ve read about US soldiers shooting civilians in North Africa, for fun. Slaughtering POWs was an uncommon thing, but not unheard of. Then there are the mass firebombings of German cities- thousands of civilians were killed as part of national policy.
This doesn’t scratch the surface of the Eastern front, where Soviet troops treated collaborators very harshly, or the thousands of undocumented cases of rape, on all sides of the conflict.
当然是真的。数十万士兵在巨大的压力下，身处恶劣环境，被死亡与屠杀环绕——人性难免会暴露其丑陋的一面。我曾读到过，美国士兵在北非为了取乐而射杀平民。屠杀战俘虽不常见，但也并非闻所未闻。此外，对德国城市的大规模轰炸也是如此——作为国家政策的一部分，数千名平民因此丧生。
这还只是冰山一角。在东线战场，苏联军队对待通敌者极为残酷；而在冲突各方，还有成千上万起未经记录的强奸案。
War in the modern world is a savage affair. It requires a savagery of the combatants that often brings out the worst in people. War crimes are a sad reality of war, both then and now. Noble causes are still fought by human beings, stripped of the garments of civilization. Despite technology, education, history, humans are still the most dangerous species on Earth: especially to one another.
现代战争是一场野蛮的浩劫。它要求战斗人员展现出野蛮的一面，而这往往会激发出人性中最恶劣的部分。战争罪是战争中一个令人悲哀的现实，无论过去还是现在都是如此。即便战斗的起因是高尚的，参战者终究是被剥离了文明外衣的普通人。尽管拥有先进的技术、教育和悠久的历史，人类依然是地球上最危险的物种——尤其是对彼此而言。
MBA in Finance & Management Information Systems, Tel Aviv University (Graduated 2010)
耶尔·迪林格
特拉维夫大学金融与管理信息系统硕士（2010年毕业）
I would start by pointing out that a war crime is a war crime only if it was illegal at the time. (That is part of the criticism of the Nuremberg trials, that some of the offenses - such as launching a war of conquest weren't specifically illegal under international law . In some cases , the judges accepted that claim, in others they didn't )
首先我想指出，只有在行为发生时属于非法行为，才能被认定为战争罪。（这也是对纽伦堡审判的批评之声的一部分——某些罪行，如发动征服战争，在当时的国际法中并未被明确界定为非法。在某些案件中，法官认可了这一主张，但在另一些案件中则未予认可。）
So all those talking about the Dresden bombings are talking nonsense. It wasn't illegal at the time nor were ethnic cleansing/forcible displacement / seizing enemy territory etc,all of which the Allies committed, and were very open about committing. See German states like Prussia , which has been German for centuries being handed over with the population expelled. It wasn't just ethnic Germans who were targeted - ethnic Ukrainians were expelled from Poland , parts of Poland were handed over to Russia etc.
因此，所有谈论德累斯顿轰炸事件的人都是在胡说八道。德累斯顿轰炸在当时并不违法，种族清洗、强制迁移、占领敌方领土等行为同样不违法，而这些行为盟军都曾实施过，且实施时毫不遮掩。以普鲁士这样的德意志邦国为例，几个世纪以来它一直属于德意志，却被割让出去，当地居民也遭到驱逐。成为目标的不仅仅是德意志族人——乌克兰族人被从波兰驱逐，波兰的部分地区则被割让给了俄罗斯等。
Aside from that - over 14,000 US soldiers in the European campaign were convicted of rape.
That was a war crime.
However , those rapes were committed by individuals , not planned by the allies as nations, and the soldiers were punished. The other answers include cases that weren't punished. Yet in all those cases, the countries didn't commit them , individuals did.
除此之外，在欧洲战场的美军中，有超过1.4万人被判犯有强奸罪，而强奸是一种战争罪。
然而，这些强奸行为是由个人实施的，并非盟军各国作为国家层面有计划地策划，而且实施这些行为的士兵也受到了惩罚。其他回答中提到了一些未受到惩罚的案例，但即便在那些案例中，犯下罪行的也不是国家，而是个人。
For comparison - both Germany and Japan set up official brothels for their soldiers were women were forced to service the soldiers. That is the nation responsible for the rape.
作为对比，德国和日本都曾为其士兵设立官方妓院，迫使女性为士兵提供性服务。这种情况才属于国家对强奸行为负有责任。
World War I
The Entente Powers didn’t have as much opportunity to commit war crimes since most of the battles took place on Entente or friendly territory (Northern France, Belgium, Russia, etc.) They did use deadly chemical weapons (after the Germans) which wasn’t officially a war crime yet.
协约国犯下战争罪的机会并不多，因为大部分战役都发生在协约国或友好国家的领土上（如法国北部、比利时、俄罗斯等）。不过，协约国确实使用了致命的化学武器（在德国之后），而当时这种行为尚未被正式界定为战争罪。
The Germans considered the British blockade of German sea commerce a war crime, which is pretty rich.
During their brief time on the offensive in Prussia before being routed at the beginning of the war, the Russian army abducted German civilians and sent them to Siberia, where thousands of them died.
德国将英国对其海上贸易的封锁视为战争罪，这一说法实在有些可笑。
战争初期，俄军在普鲁士曾短暂发起进攻，随后便被击溃。在此期间，俄军绑架了德国平民并将他们送往西伯利亚，数千人最终在那里丧生。
I wasn’t aware of this until now but the Surafend massacre was committed by British and Commonwealth forces against a Beduin village in Palestine in 1918.
In WWII, the bombing German and Japanese cities to rubble was an imitation and massive escalation of German, Italian, and Japanese bombing of Spanish, Polish, Chinese, British and other cities. It was recognized as criminal when Hitler, Tojo and Mussolini did it.
我此前并不知晓这一事件，但1918年英国及英联邦军队在巴勒斯坦的一个贝都因人村庄制造了苏拉芬德大屠杀。
二战中，盟军将德国和日本的城市炸为废墟，这是对德国、意大利和日本轰炸西班牙、波兰、中国、英国等国城市行为的效仿，且规模大幅升级。当希特勒、东条英机和墨索里尼实施轰炸时，这种行为被认定为犯罪。
If the USSR is considered an Ally after switching sides in 1941, then the Russian rape of Berlin and treatment of POWs certainly count as Allied war crimes.
如果将1941年倒戈后的苏联视为盟军，那么苏联军队在柏林的强奸行为以及对战俘的待遇，无疑应算作盟军的战争罪。
Jean-Marie Valheur lover of history
让-马里·瓦尔厄 史爱好者
Absolutely they did.
The French colonial forces included a regiment of native Moroccan soldiers known as the “Moroccan Goumiers”. When these men joined the war effort in Italy and Germany, the Moroccan troops were an absolute menace — they traveled through Italy and Germany raping and murdering any civilian in sight.
One British soldier who witnessed the Goumiers in action had this to say:
他们当然犯了战争罪。
法国殖民军队中有一支由摩洛哥本地人组成的团，被称为“摩洛哥古米耶尔部队”。当这些士兵前往意大利和德国参战之际，他们成了十足的祸害——他们在意大利和德国境内穿行，强奸并杀害所有映入眼帘的平民。
一位目睹了古米耶尔部队行径的英国士兵这样说道：
"The French colonial troops are on the rampage again. Whenever they take a town or a village, a wholesale rape of the population takes place. Recently all females in the villages of Patricia, Pofi, Isoletta, Supino, and Morolo were violated. In Lenola, which fell to the Allies on 21 May, fifty women were raped, but – as these were not enough to go round – children and even old men were violated. It is reported to be normal for two Moroccans to assault a woman simultaneously, one having normal intercourse while the other commits sodomy. In many cases severe damage to the genitals, rectum and uterus has been caused. In Castro di Volsci doctors treated 300 victims of rape, and at Ceccano the British have been forced to build a guarded camp to protect the Italian women".
“法国殖民军队又在胡作非为了。每当他们攻占一个城镇或村庄，就会发生大规模的集体强奸事件。最近，帕特里夏、波菲、伊索莱塔、苏皮诺和莫罗洛等村庄的所有女性都遭到了侵犯。5月21日被盟军攻占的莱诺拉，有50名女性被强奸，但由于人数不够分配，儿童甚至老年男性也未能幸免。据报道，两名摩洛哥士兵同时袭击一名女性的情况屡见不鲜，一人进行正常性交，另一人则实施鸡奸。在许多案例中，受害者的生殖器、直肠和子宫都受到了严重损伤。在沃尔西 Castro，医生救治了300名强奸受害者，而在切卡诺，英军不得不搭建一座有守卫的营地来保护意大利女性。”
The Goumiers were essentially a regiment of rapists. Everyone always writes about Oskar Dirlewanger, the rapist, murderer and sex pest turned SS commander. Horrible guy, and the Nazis had no shortage of absolute goons. In one instance, a local priest tried to defend a woman — so the Goumiers raped him, too. When one French soldier complained of the atrocities, he was tackled, held down and sodomized by seven burly Moroccan fellows just to prove a point.
古米耶尔部队本质上就是一支强奸犯军团。人们总是会提到奥斯卡·迪勒万格——这个从强奸犯、杀人犯、性骚扰者摇身一变成为党卫军指挥官的人。他是个极其可怕的家伙，而纳粹阵营里从不缺这类十足的恶棍。有一次，一位当地神父试图保护一名女性，结果也遭到了古米耶尔部队的强奸。当一名法国士兵对这些暴行提出抗议时，七名身材魁梧的摩洛哥士兵将他扑倒按住并实施了鸡奸，只为杀一儆百。
The Moroccan Goumiers were basically a regiment of French colonial Dirlewangers. They raped whoever they encounter, men, women, children. Those women and girls who survived the assault were often left so badly damaged that they became barren or incontinent for life.
摩洛哥古米耶尔部队基本上就是法国殖民版的迪勒万格军团。他们无论遇到谁都会实施强奸，无论男女老幼。那些在袭击中幸存下来的女性和女孩，往往因身体遭受重创而终身不孕或大小便失禁。
HaroldP
Software Inventor, Designer and Engineer.
哈罗德·P 件发明家、设计师及工程师
The Allies (Britain, US, USSR, Canada, France, Australia, New Zealand, India, apologies if I missed a few) had over 50 Million Soldiers, Sailors, and Air Crew fighting on a large scale, in 3 Continents and connecting Ocean’s.
It is certain that some crimes were committed.
The difference, and it is not trivial, is that those crimes would have been individual or small group misbehavior, and subject to discipline if caught.
盟军（英国、美国、苏联、加拿大、法国、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度，若有遗漏敬请谅解）拥有超过5000万名士兵、水手和机组人员，在三大洲及相连海域开展大规模作战。
可以肯定的是，确实发生过一些犯罪行为。
但关键且重要的区别在于，这些犯罪行为多为个人或小团体的不当行为，一旦被发现就会受到纪律处分。
Axis (German, Japanese, Hungarian, Rumanian etc.) crimes were organized, ordered, and condoned at the highest levels of their governments as a part of their policy. And were thus on an orders of magnitude larger scale.
而轴心国（德国、日本、匈牙利、罗马尼亚等）的罪行则是由其政府最高层组织、下令并纵容的，属于国家政策的一部分，因此规模要大得多。
Jose Bustamante
Studied at University of Houston8y
何塞·布斯塔曼特 就读于休斯顿大学，距今8年
Originally Answered: Did the Allies commit any large scale war crimes in WWII?
原问题：盟军在二战中是否犯下过大规模战争罪？
That depends on how you define your terms. In the strictly pragmatic sense, since war crime trials are only held by the victors, and the Allies won, they would therefore exempt themselves from being held accountable. Differences also exist in how you define “Allies” with a capital “A”. Some would say that would only include the Western Allies but not the Soviet unx or China. Others would include all nations which fought against the Axis, regardless of their level of cooperation. I will try to speak, at least briefly, about each context in turn.
这取决于你对相关术语的定义。从纯粹实用主义的角度来看，由于战争罪审判通常由胜利者主导，而盟军是二战的胜利者，因此他们得以豁免相关责任。对于首字母大写的“Allies（盟军）”的定义也存在分歧：有人认为仅包括西方盟军，不涵盖苏联或中国；也有人认为应包括所有对抗轴心国的国家，无论其合作程度如何。我将尝试逐一简要说明这些不同语境下的情况。
In the strictly legal sense, there were a few incidents by the Western (not Soviet) Allies that did rise to the level of war crimes, though none were anywhere near serious enough to be mentioned in the same breath as the concentration camps of the Holocaust. Some in fact were in direct reprisal for the Holocaust, specifically the Dachau liberation reprisals[1] by certain US military personnel. But there were other incidents alleged, some minor, some which were found to have been accidental and so on. None were what could be realistically labeled “large scale”, however.
从严格的法律角度来看，西方盟军（不含苏联）确实发生过一些达到战争罪级别的事件，但这些事件的严重程度远不足以与大屠杀中的集中营相提并论。事实上，部分事件是对大屠杀的直接报复，例如部分美国军人实施的“达豪解放报复行动”。此外，还有一些被指控的事件，其中部分情节轻微，部分被证实是意外事件等，但没有任何一起能被合理地称为“大规模”战争罪。
Now the moral sense, that is a much more touchy and grey area, as standards differ and do not always apply in a legal sense. The fire-bombing of Dresden would make one such example. Though strong legal arguments would almost certainly prevail in defending it as an attack on a legitimate military target, it was considered by many to be an example of mere terror bombing, with no real military justification. By that same rationale, the two nuclear bombs dropped on Japan have drawn similar criticisms, though again strong legal arguments could be made to justify them, at least in a legal sense, as attacks on military targets.
而从道德角度来看，这是一个更为敏感且模糊的领域，因为道德标准因人而异，且并非总能在法律层面适用。德累斯顿大轰炸就是一个典型例子：尽管从法律角度有充分理由为其辩护，称其攻击的是合法军事目标，但许多人认为这只是一场没有真正军事正当性的恐怖轰炸。基于同样的逻辑，美国向日本投放两颗原子弹也遭到了类似批评，尽管从法律层面同样有强有力的论据证明其针对军事目标的合法性。
But those cases aside, there is one nation considered in a certain context to be one of the “Allies” that did engage in large scale war crimes, though nobody was in a position to prosecute them for it: the Soviet unx. Their treatment of the civilian population of Poland[2] was a particularly nasty exercise in systematic brutality against non-military personnel. They also fell very far short of the Geneva Convention standards for treatment of prisoners of war, especially when it came to German prisoners, though to be fair the Germans treated Soviet POWs as bad or worse. Also, they seized a great many civilians of German descent or ethnic appearance all across Eastern Europe and used them as virtual slave labor[3]. So the Soviets definitely did engage in some large scale war crimes, though their status as arguably the single most militarily powerful of the victors gave them de facto immunity from prosecution for them.
但除了上述案例外，在某种语境下被视为“盟军”之一的苏联，确实犯下了大规模战争罪，只是无人有能力对其提起诉讼。苏联对波兰平民的对待[2]是对非军事人员实施系统性暴行的典型恶劣案例；他们对待战俘的方式也远未达到《日内瓦公约》的标准，尤其是针对德国战俘——不过公平地说，德国对待苏联战俘的行为同样恶劣，甚至有过之而无不及。此外，苏联在整个东欧抓捕了大量德裔或外貌符合日耳曼民族特征的平民，并将他们当作事实上的奴隶劳工。因此，苏联无疑犯下了一些大规模战争罪，但作为公认的军事力量最强大的胜利者，他们获得了事实上的诉讼豁免权。
Steve Ko
70’s, Novice Historian, WWII, Vietnam
史蒂夫·科 0年代生人，历史学新手，研究二战、越南战争
Yes. This was TOTAL WAR. That means everything is fair game. We know there were no Nazi angels. We now know what animals the SS were and their attempt to exterminate a race of people. With that aside, I can say with certainty, the Allies hated the SS with vengeance. They certainly executed many. There were way too many atrocities being committed, with the name SS attached to them. After the invasion of Normandy and the battles near the German border, GI’s kept hearing stories from liberated French towns about these monsters called the SS. General Patton publicly announced he would kill “everyone of those son of a bitches”. Then in December 44, the Battle of the Bulge. Around the Belgium town of Malmady, Americans came across a slaughter of 84 dead American soldiers. It was the SS. It would not be the only ones either. 1. Below in 2024 Malmady, Belgium. 2. That is the actual place, somebody’s farm now.
是的。那是一场全面战争，意味着一切都可以成为攻击目标。我们知道纳粹绝非善类，如今也清楚党卫军（SS）是何等残暴的畜生，以及他们试图灭绝某个种族的行径。抛开这一点，我可以肯定地说，盟军对於党卫军恨之入骨，处决了许多党卫军成员。太多暴行都与党卫军脱不了干系。诺曼底登陆后，在德国边境附近的战役中，美国大兵不断从解放的法国城镇听到关于这些被称为党卫军的怪物的故事。巴顿将军曾公开宣称，他要杀掉“每一个狗娘养的党卫军”。之后在1944年12月的阿登反击战中，在美国军队行至比利时马尔梅迪镇附近时，发现84名美国士兵惨遭屠杀，凶手正是党卫军，而这并非孤例。1. 下图为2024年的比利时马尔梅迪。2. 这就是当年的事发地，如今已成为某个人的农场。
The German attack during the Battle of the Bulge was behind its timeline, so they were in a rush and could not take prisoners with them. At war crimes trials after war’s end, that was basically their excuse for the executions.
阿登反击战中，德军的进攻进度落后于计划，因此他们行动仓促，无法带走战俘。战后的战争罪审判中，这基本上成了他们为处决行为辩护的借口。
1. Below are two more places of unneeded slaughter. The first picture below-Americans and Canadians were executed. The second, the Wereth 11, a troop of Black soldiers were all mercilessly killed, one at a time.
Afterwards, they rarely came back with any SS prisoners. “A course brutality took hold in Allied ranks, increasingly more common throughout Europe.”
1. 以下是另外两个无端屠杀的发生地。第一张图片中，美国士兵和加拿大士兵遭到处决；第二张图片对应的是“韦雷斯11人案”，一支由黑人士兵组成的部队全部遭到残忍杀害，一人接着一人。
此后，盟军几乎不再带回任何党卫军战俘。“一种粗暴的残忍行径在盟军队伍中蔓延开来，在整个欧洲变得越来越普遍。”
Pictures of the Ardennes forest and Hitler’s Dragons Teeth. Caesar called it “a place of terror.” A great deal of suffering took place in this area of Belgium.
下图为阿登森林和希特勒的“龙牙防御工事”。凯撒曾称这里为“恐怖之地”，比利时的这片区域见证了无数苦难。
Carl Hamilton
M.S. in Geography & History, Roskilde University (Graduated 2021)
卡尔·汉密尔顿
罗斯基勒大学地理与历史学硕士（2021年毕业）
Consider a city of 1 million people. Do they commit crimes? Of course, generally speaking crimes rates are measured in incidents per 100,000 people. And there is no group of 100,000 people who doesn’t commit crimes. Some groups commit more crimes than others. Now consider what an army is. It’s not just groups of 100,000 average people, it’s a group of people experiencing extreme stress and trauma and predominantly male. Any group of soldiers commits on average more crimes than the general population, and any general population commits crimes. As such all groups of allied soldiers committed war crimes without a doubt.
试想一个拥有100万人口的城市，这里的人会犯罪吗？当然会。通常来说，犯罪率以每10万人中的案件数量来衡量，而没有任何一个10万人的群体是完全不会犯罪的，只是不同群体的犯罪率有所差异。再想想军队是什么：它不仅仅是由一个个10万人规模的普通民众组成，更是一群承受着极端压力与创伤、且以男性为主的群体。任何一支军队的平均犯罪率都高于普通民众，而普通民众本身也会犯罪。因此，盟军的所有部队无疑都犯下过战争罪。
Now it would take a rather disgusting person to know this fact, and try to position it all as if only some groups of some allies committed war crimes, like pretending the Soviets committed them all, or trying to highlight a single colonial unit, such a narrative is the tool of the truly deluded racist.
Individual war crimes committed in small groups or by persons acting alone, are not really a surprise, but simply have to be handled. How war crimes are handled are the true measure of an army’s honourability.
但如果有人明知这一事实，却故意将其歪曲为“只有部分盟军群体犯下了战争罪”——比如谎称所有战争罪都是苏联人犯下的，或是刻意渲染某一支殖民部队的行为——那这种人实在令人不齿。这种说法不过是被蒙蔽的种族主义者的借口。
小群体或个人单独实施的战争罪并不令人意外，关键在于如何处理这些罪行。对战争罪的处理方式，才是衡量一支军队是否光荣的真正标准。
For example, the Nazis not only allowed war crimes, for example the Germany high command essentially waived all war crimes committed against slavs by German soldiers during operation Barbarossa, but they also encouraged it. The Wehrmacht was different from allied armies, not because they committed war crimes, but because they practically all committed war crimes, and condoned it too. If we say maybe 1–2% of allied soldiers were war criminals, it was more in the kin of 70–90% of Wehrmacht soldiers. In secret recordings of Wehrmacht officers in British POWs camps, it was revealed practically 100% of officers had seen and not acted on war crimes, and the vast majority had directly participated or ordered crimes themselves.
例如，纳粹不仅允许战争罪的发生——比如在巴巴罗萨行动期间，德国最高统帅部实际上默许了德国士兵对斯拉夫人犯下的所有战争罪——还对此加以鼓励。德国国防军与盟军的区别，不在于是否犯下战争罪，而在于他们几乎全员都参与了战争罪，且高层对此予以纵容。如果说盟军士兵中可能有1%到2%是战争罪犯，那么德国国防军士兵的这一比例则高达70%到90%。对英国战俘营中德国国防军军官的秘密录音显示，几乎100%的军官都目睹过战争罪却未采取任何行动，而绝大多数军官甚至直接参与或下令实施了犯罪行为。
While the allied general militaries, had their fair share of cover ups and simply ignoring crimes committed, they never condoned or encouraged them.
As for systematic war crimes such as the genocidal acts of the holocaust or the systematic destruction of the civilian population in Belarus by the Nazis, no such thing was carried out by the allied forces. There massacres and even cruel policies, but they pale in comparison to the ideological terror and genocidal goals of the Nazis.
尽管盟军各军也存在掩盖罪行、视而不见的情况，但他们从未纵容或鼓励过战争罪。
至于像大屠杀这样的种族灭绝行为，或是纳粹在白俄罗斯对平民实施的系统性屠杀等有组织的战争罪，盟军从未有过此类行径。盟军确实发生过大屠杀事件，甚至推行过一些残酷政策，但与纳粹的意识形态恐怖统治和种族灭绝目标相比，这些都相形见绌。
Walter Kiefer
Studied History at Western Michigan University7y
沃尔特·基弗 就读于西密歇根大学历史学专业，距今7年
Originally Answered: Is it true that Allies nations also committed war crimes during WW2?
原问题：盟军国家在二战期间也犯下过战争罪，这是真的吗？
Let’s start by saying that YES, every major nation that was fighting in WW2 was responsible for war crimes. Part of it was retaliatory and part of it was just because these things happen in war. That being said, at least in the context of war, there are 2 kinds of war crimes. The individual ones that may range from executing a POW to perfidy and those were generally overlooked because, A) they were nearly impossible to prove B) it was happening so often and on both sides that it was pointless to pursue and C) these types of war crimes had very little, if any, impact on the war itself or the populations of the countries they were fighting and were just considered accepted practice in war.
首先可以明确的是：是的，二战中所有主要参战国都对战争罪负有责任。其中一部分是报复性行为，另一部分则纯粹是战争中难免发生的情况。话虽如此，至少在战争语境下，战争罪可分为两类。第一类是个人层面的战争罪，包括处决战俘、背信弃义等行为，这类罪行通常被忽视，原因有三：A）几乎无法举证；B）此类行为频发且双方都有发生，追究起来毫无意义；C）这类战争罪对战争本身或交战双方的民众几乎没有影响，甚至被视为战争中的常规做法。
The other kind of war crime is the mass kind, like the Holocaust and that’s why we had the Nuremberg Trials. Those trials were almost purely symbolic, as the 200 or so executions that resulted from them were in no way comparable to the nearly 80 million dead as a result of the war and Holocaust but placing a name and face on the crimes acted as a bit of a salve for the victims.
第二类是大规模战争罪，比如大屠杀，这也是纽伦堡审判得以举行的原因。这些审判几乎完全是象征性的——审判最终处决了约200人，这与战争及大屠杀造成的近8000万死亡人数相比微不足道，但为这些罪行明确责任人，多少给受害者带来了一丝慰藉。
Dimitris Polemis
MSc in International Security Studies, University College London (UCL) (Graduated 2024)
季米特里斯·波莱米斯
伦敦大学学院（UCL）国际安全研究硕士（2024年毕业）
Yes, they did. War is a disaster and it is very rare that any side of the war comes out clean. The category of war crime is really bizarre in its own right if you think about it.. Anyways.
是的，他们确实犯过。战争是一场灾难，参战双方中几乎没有哪一方能全身而退、毫无污点。仔细想想，“战争罪”这一类别本身就颇为怪异。不过，先不多说这个。
There are several famous examples you have probably heard of. The firebombing of Dresden (the outcome is on the appended picture) and Tokyo are very prominent among popular consciousness so I shan’t labor those points too much here. Yes, justifications have been given for them. The necessity of either of those strategic bombing campaigns does not absolve of the reality that they were aimed at civilian targets. Two things can be true at once. Exercise judgement accordingly. FDR also ordered the internment of Japanese nationals in the US.
有几个著名的例子你可能已经听说过。德累斯顿大轰炸（结果见附图）和东京大轰炸在公众认知中尤为突出，因此我在此不再赘述。诚然，这些轰炸行动都有相关的正当性辩解，但即便这些战略轰炸具有必要性，也无法掩盖其以平民为目标的事实——这两点可以同时成立，你可自行判断。罗斯福总统还曾下令将美国境内的日本侨民关押拘留。
To not absolve the Soviets here, we have the famous Katyn massacre of Polish officers. You may have heard of that incident. More damningly the rape of East Germany by the Soviet Army in their advance to Berlin. Konstantin Rokossovksy, at the time Marshal of the Soviet unx and commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front (Soviet equivalent of an Army Group), issued order No 006, whose text is not extant, but whose goal was to:
“…direct the people's feeling of hatred at the battlefield—to the destruction of the enemy solely on the battlefield,”
这里也不能为苏联开脱——著名的卡廷惨案中，波兰军官惨遭杀害，你或许听说过这一事件。更应受到谴责的是，苏联军队在向柏林推进的过程中，对东德实施了大规模强奸行为。当时的苏联元帅、白俄罗斯第2方面军（相当于集团军群）指挥官康斯坦丁·罗科索夫斯基曾发布第006号命令，该命令的原文已不复存在，但其目的是：
“……将民众的仇恨情绪引导至战场——仅在战场上消灭敌人。”
This shows that the leadership of the Red Army did take steps to prevent what were, in all honesty, inevitable violent reprisals after 3 years of war. Whatever the scale of said atrocities, the existence of such orders does imply that it must have occurred beyond the level of isolated incident. Similar to the Japanese, the Volga Germans were also deported due to fear of fifth column activities. Modern War is hell.
这表明，在历经三年战争后，红军领导层确实采取了措施，试图阻止那些说实话本就难以避免的暴力报复行为。无论这些暴行的规模如何，此类命令的存在本身就意味着，这种行为绝非孤立事件。与日本侨民类似，伏尔加德意志人也因被怀疑从事第五纵队活动而遭到驱逐。现代战争就是人间地狱。
James Coyne reenwriter (2008–present)
Upvoted by Jay Peterson, MS English Translation and Interpretation & History
詹姆斯·科因 剧（2008年至今）
获杰伊·彼得森点赞，其拥有英语笔译与口译及历史学硕士学位
Originally Answered: Is it true that Allies nations also committed war crimes during WW2?
原问题：盟军国家在二战期间也犯下过战争罪，这是真的吗？
Of course it’s true. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers, under stress, in difficult environments, surrounded by death and carnage - human nature is bound to take some ugly turns. I’ve read about US soldiers shooting civilians in North Africa, for fun. Slaughtering POWs was an uncommon thing, but not unheard of. Then there are the mass firebombings of German cities- thousands of civilians were killed as part of national policy.
This doesn’t scratch the surface of the Eastern front, where Soviet troops treated collaborators very harshly, or the thousands of undocumented cases of rape, on all sides of the conflict.
当然是真的。数十万士兵在巨大的压力下，身处恶劣环境，被死亡与屠杀环绕——人性难免会暴露其丑陋的一面。我曾读到过，美国士兵在北非为了取乐而射杀平民。屠杀战俘虽不常见，但也并非闻所未闻。此外，对德国城市的大规模轰炸也是如此——作为国家政策的一部分，数千名平民因此丧生。
这还只是冰山一角。在东线战场，苏联军队对待通敌者极为残酷；而在冲突各方，还有成千上万起未经记录的强奸案。
War in the modern world is a savage affair. It requires a savagery of the combatants that often brings out the worst in people. War crimes are a sad reality of war, both then and now. Noble causes are still fought by human beings, stripped of the garments of civilization. Despite technology, education, history, humans are still the most dangerous species on Earth: especially to one another.
现代战争是一场野蛮的浩劫。它要求战斗人员展现出野蛮的一面，而这往往会激发出人性中最恶劣的部分。战争罪是战争中一个令人悲哀的现实，无论过去还是现在都是如此。即便战斗的起因是高尚的，参战者终究是被剥离了文明外衣的普通人。尽管拥有先进的技术、教育和悠久的历史，人类依然是地球上最危险的物种——尤其是对彼此而言。
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