Two months after the September 3 military parade in Beijing, more information has been declassified about the weapons displayed.
Two newly unveiled cruise missiles are particularly note worthy – the CJ-1000 anti-aircraft and YJ-19 anti-ship hypersonic cruise missiles.
Missiles fall into two broad categories – ballistic and cruise. Ballistic missiles travel faster (often supersonic and even hypersonic) outside of atmosphere, but it follows a predictable arc and therefore prone to interception.
Cruise missiles travel slower (most are subsonic) but fly low inside the atmosphere and harder to detect and intercept.
 
北京9月3日阅兵式两个月后，更多关于阅兵式上展示武器的信息被解密。
其中两款新近亮相的巡航导弹尤为引人注目——CJ-1000防空巡航导弹和YJ-19反舰高超音速巡航导弹。
导弹大致可分为两类：弹道导弹和巡航导弹。弹道导弹在大气层外飞行速度更快（通常是超音速甚至高超音速），但其飞行轨迹较为固定，因此更容易被拦截。
巡航导弹飞行速度较慢（大多数为亚音速），但在大气层内低空飞行，更难被探测和拦截。
 
Tomahawk, the best-known US cruise missile, travels at Mach 0.7, around 880-890 km/h (550 mph), and has a range of approximately 1,600 to 2,400 km (1,000 to 1,500 miles).
Of course, there are variants that defy the typical characterization. For example, China’s DF-17 carries a hypersonic glide vehicle (HGV) and is capable of traveling at Mach 5 to 10 while performing extreme maneuvers during flight instead of a predictable arc.
China’s YJ-15 is a ramjet-powered supersonic anti-ship cruise missile with speed between Mach 3 and 4.
The CJ-1000 and YJ-19 are completely different animals that combine the advantages of ballistic missiles (speed) and cruise missiles (maneuverability) with breakthrough technologies – the scramjet engine.
 
战斧导弹是美国最著名的巡航导弹，飞行速度为0.7马赫，约合880-890公里/小时（550英里/小时），射程约为1600至2400公里（1000至1500英里）。
当然，也有一些变型导弹突破了这种典型的分类。例如，中国的东风-17导弹携带高超音速滑翔飞行器（HGV），飞行速度可达5至10马赫，并且在飞行过程中可以进行极端机动，而非沿预定的弧线飞行。
 
中国的鹰击-15导弹是一种冲压式发动机驱动的超音速反舰巡航导弹，速度在3至4马赫之间。
长征-1000和鹰击-19导弹则完全不同，它们结合了弹道导弹（速度）和巡航导弹（机动性）的优势，并采用了突破性技术——超燃冲压发动机。
 
The DJ or Dongfeng (East Wind in Chinese) family is a land-based (silo and mobile launcher), ballistic strategic deterrence and theater strike missile, with nuclear or conventional payloads. The family covers short, medium, intermediate, and intercontinental ranges.
The CJ or Changjian (Long Sword) family is long-range precision attack cruise missile, with range between 1,500 to 6,000 kilometers. It can be launched from land, air or ships.
The YJ or Yingji (Eagle Strike) family is designed for anti-ship and precision strikes within short ranges (50 to 1,000+ km) with conventional payload.
CJ-1000 is a hypersonic cruise missile designed for long-range precision strikes. It travels at Mach 6 and above throughout its flight.
 
东风导弹（DJ）系列是陆基（井基和机动发射）弹道战略威慑和战区打击导弹，可携带核弹头或常规弹头。该系列涵盖短程、中程、中远距离和洲际射程。
长剑导弹（CJ）系列是远程精确打击巡航导弹，射程在1500至6000公里之间。它可从陆地、空中或舰艇发射。
 
鹰击导弹（YJ）系列是设计用于近程（50至1000公里以上）反舰和精确打击的导弹，可携带常规弹头。
CJ-1000是高超音速巡航导弹，设计用于远程精确打击。它在整个飞行过程中速度均达到6马赫及以上。
 
It is fitted with an air-breathing scramjet engine, allowing maneuverable, sustained hypersonic flight within the atmosphere.
In its official release, China Aerospace Science & Industry Co. (CASIC), the manufacturer of CJ-1000, states the missile is designed to engage “system-node targets on the ground, at sea or in the air”.
Launched from a transporter-erector-launcher (TEL), CJ-1000 is uniquely capable of targeting aircraft from ultra long distance, particularly slow-moving, high-altitude, large aircraft such as refuelers, AEW&C and surveillance planes.
The system has an estimated range of 6,000 kilometers, enabling it to threaten critical military targets deep within an adversary’s territory. For reference, Guam is about 3,000 km from Chinese east coast.
 
它配备了吸气式超燃冲压发动机，使其能够在大气层内进行机动性强、持续的高超音速飞行。
中国航天科工集团（CASIC）是CJ-1000导弹的制造商，该公司在其官方声明中表示，该导弹旨在打击“地面、海上或空中的系统节点目标”。
 
CJ-1000导弹由运输-起竖-发射车（TEL）发射，具有独特的超远距离打击能力，尤其擅长打击低速、高空的大型飞机，例如加油机、预警机和侦察机。
该系统的射程估计为6000公里，使其能够威胁敌方纵深的关键军事目标。作为参考，关岛距离中国东海岸约3000公里。
 
CJ-1000’s cruising speed is Mach 6 and can cover 3,000 km in less than 25 minutes.
Unlike a traditional ballistic missile that follows a largely predictable trajectory, a hypersonic cruise missile travels at extreme speeds within the atmosphere and can change course during flight.
This combination of speed and maneuverability presents an exceptional challenge for radar tracking and defensive systems.
CJ-1000 is a major addition to China’s A2AD kill web that can threaten military assets of its adversaries across the Asia Pacific region, including bases, high value land and aerial targets.
The YJ-19 is a new hypersonic anti-ship cruise missile powered also by a scramjet engine. Its mission target is enemy warships.
The missile’s scramjet engine can propel it to speeds of Mach 10 or higher. It is also maneuverable, capable of altering its course mid-flight, making it extremely difficult to detect, track, and intercept with current missile defense systems.
 
CJ-1000的巡航速度为6马赫，可在不到25分钟内飞行3000公里。
与飞行轨迹基本可预测的传统弹道导弹不同，高超音速巡航导弹在大气层内以极高的速度飞行，并可在飞行过程中改变航向。
 
这种速度和机动性的结合对雷达跟踪和防御系统构成了巨大的挑战。
CJ-1000是中国反介入/区域拒止（A2AD）打击网的重要补充，能够威胁亚太地区对手的军事资产，包括基地、高价值陆地和空中目标。
 
YJ-19是一种新型高超音速反舰巡航导弹，同样采用超燃冲压发动机。其作战目标是敌方军舰。
该导弹的超燃冲压发动机可使其速度达到10马赫或更高。它还具有机动性，能够在飞行途中改变航向，这使得目前的导弹防御系统极难探测、跟踪和拦截它。
 
The YJ-19 is specifically designed to strike warships, including aircraft carriers, with a range of 1500 km.
It can be launched through multiple platforms – air, ship or submarine. One of the most notable features is its ability to be launched from submarines, including China’s Type 093 and Type 039 classes.
The potential for a submarine-launched hypersonic weapon presents an operational challenge never encountered by the world’s navies.
YJ-19 joins YJ-17 and YJ-20 in the current air- and ship- based and the DF-17, DF-21D and DF-26 land-based hypersonic anti-ship missile arsenal.
Unlike hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) that are launched by a rocket and then glide to their target, the CJ-1000 and YJ-19 are hypersonic cruise missiles, powered by scramjet engine throughout the flight.
 
YJ-19导弹专为打击包括航空母舰在内的军舰而设计，射程达1500公里。
它可以通过多种平台发射——空中、舰载或水下。其最显著的特点之一是能够从潜艇发射，包括中国的093型和039型潜艇。
 
潜射高超音速武器的潜力对世界各国海军来说都是前所未有的作战挑战。
YJ-19导弹与YJ-17和YJ-20导弹一起，构成了中国现有的空基和舰基高超音速反舰导弹库，此外还有DF-17、DF-21D和DF-26陆基高超音速反舰导弹。
 
与由火箭发射后滑翔至目标的超音速滑翔飞行器（HGV）不同，CJ-1000和YJ-19导弹是高超音速巡航导弹，在整个飞行过程中都由超燃冲压发动机提供动力。
 
The airbreathing scramjet technology enables sustained, powered flight within the atmosphere, giving it a longer range and more flexible flight path than ballistic missiles.
Scramjet engine technology represents the pinnacle of cutting-edge aerospace technology and is a crown jewel in engineering.
There are two primary approaches to achieving reliable hypersonic flight, with both methods needing to overcome extreme technical challenges under the most severe conditions.
Missiles like the hypersonic ballistic missile DF-17 are equipped with rocket boosters that accelerate the warhead to a sufficient speed and altitude for it to continue in a glide phase, maneuvering unpowered via aerodynamic forces.
 
吸气式超燃冲压发动机技术能够实现大气层内的持续动力飞行，使其射程更远、飞行路径更灵活，优于弹道导弹。
超燃冲压发动机技术代表了尖端航空航天技术的巅峰，是工程领域的瑰宝。
 
实现可靠的高超音速飞行主要有两种途径，两种途径都需要在极其严苛的条件下克服极端的技术挑战。
例如，高超音速弹道导弹DF-17配备火箭助推器，将弹头加速到足够的速度和高度，使其能够继续滑翔飞行，依靠空气动力进行无动力机动。
 
Scramjet engine, on the other hand, is powerful enough for sustained propulsion. The engine takes in air during high-speed flight and mixes it with fuel to produce thrust.
While the first approach gives the missile a relatively predictable trajectory during its ascent phase, it becomes irregular when gliding.
The second method combines speed and mobility throughout the flight.
Not only can an air-breathing missile alter course mid-flight, posing a greater challenge to defense systems, it can be lighter, faster and have a longer range by using atmospheric oxygen instead of carrying an oxidizer.
However, the difficulties of this approach are immense, starting with the need to maintain stable fuel mixing and combustion in a supersonic airflow – a technical challenge often compared to lighting a match in a hurricane.
 
另一方面，超燃冲压发动机动力强劲，足以提供持续推进。这种发动机在高速飞行过程中吸入空气，并将其与燃料混合以产生推力。
虽然第一种方法使导弹在上升阶段拥有相对可预测的弹道，但在滑翔阶段弹道会变得不规则。
 
第二种方法则在整个飞行过程中兼顾了速度和机动性。
吸气式导弹不仅可以在飞行途中改变航向，对防御系统构成更大的挑战，而且由于使用大气中的氧气而非氧化剂，它还可以更轻、更快、射程更远。
 
然而，这种方法的难度极大，首先需要在超音速气流中保持稳定的燃料混合和燃烧——这项技术挑战常被比作在飓风中点燃火柴。
 
Advanced heat-resistant materials and efficient thermal management systems are crucial if the missile’s nose, edges and engine intake are to survive temperatures greater than 2,000 degrees Celsius (3,632 Fahrenheit) that occur at speeds exceeding Mach 5.
The intense heat also ionizes the surrounding air, creating a plasma sheath that blocks radio signals in a phenomenon known as “blackout” that can interrupt guidance commands.
This suggests that the CJ-1000 and YJ-19 are likely to incorporate advanced guidance technologies, such as inertial and optical systems, to overcome the problem.
Heavy rare earth elements (HREE) such as dysprosium and terbium are critical in building such heat-resistant missiles.
 
如果导弹的弹头、边缘和发动机进气口要承受超过2000摄氏度（3632华氏度）的高温（速度超过5马赫），先进的耐热材料和高效的热管理系统至关重要。
极高的温度还会电离周围的空气，形成等离子体鞘层，这种现象被称为“信号中断”，会阻挡无线电信号，从而干扰制导指令。
 
这表明，CJ-1000和YJ-19导弹很可能采用先进的制导技术，例如惯性制导和光学制导系统，来克服这一问题。
重稀土元素（HREE），例如镝和铽，对于制造此类耐热导弹至关重要。
 
China’s sustained investment in advanced fundamental science infrastructure has played a crucial role in the research and development of hypersonic weapons, which rely on high-performance wind tunnels for testing.
China has built the world’s most powerful wind tunnel, JF-22, that measures 4 meters in diameter and can simulate flight conditions of Mach 25 to 40.
In addition to JF-22, Chinese researchers have access to several other facilities.
The JF-12 shock tunnel was used for ignition and combustion tests of hydrogen-fueled engines under Mach 7 and Mach 10 conditions.
Another wind tunnel, the FD-14A, has been used by the China Aerodynamics Research and Development Centre to carry out model tests of scramjet engines under Mach 10 conditions.
 
中国对先进基础科学基础设施的持续投入，在依赖高性能风洞进行测试的高超音速武器研发中发挥了至关重要的作用。
中国已建成世界最强大的风洞——JF-22，其直径达4米，可模拟25至40马赫的飞行条件。
 
除JF-22外，中国研究人员还拥有其他几项设施。
JF-12激波风洞曾用于在7马赫和10马赫条件下进行氢燃料发动机的点火和燃烧试验。
另一座风洞FD-14A则由中国空气动力研究与发展中心用于在10马赫条件下进行超燃冲压发动机的模型试验。
 
In contrast, Tunnel 9 in the US reaches Mach 14 but has a nozzle diameter of just 1.5 meters (4.9 feet), making it difficult to conduct full-scale tests.
US missile designers have relied primarily on computational simulations, slowing engineering progress on its hypersonic weapons.
Although the US led the way in early hypersonic research, it appears to have made little progress of late in either the engineering application or the practical deployment and mass production of high-speed weapons.
The US Navy cancelled its HALO (hypersonic air-launched offensive) anti-ship missile program in 2024, citing budget overruns and a failure to meet performance expectations.
 
相比之下，美国的9号隧道虽然能达到14马赫的速度，但其喷嘴直径仅为1.5米（4.9英尺），难以进行全尺寸测试。
美国导弹设计师主要依赖计算机模拟，这减缓了其高超音速武器的工程研发进度。
 
尽管美国在早期高超音速研究领域处于领先地位，但近年来在工程应用、实际部署以及高速武器的量产方面似乎进展甚微。
美国海军于2024年取消了其HALO（高超音速空射进攻型）反舰导弹项目，理由是预算超支和未能达到性能预期。
 
The Air Force’s HACM, contracted in 2022, remains the only air-breathing hypersonic cruise missile still under development in the US.
Meanwhile, Russia has leveraged its extensive experience in missile technology to achieve breakthroughs in hypersonic glide vehicles – deploying the Avangard in 2019 – and scramjet-powered missiles, like the air-breathing Mach 9 Zircon, which has been deployed in Ukraine recently.
So far, Russia and China are the only militaries that have operationally deployed scramjet-powered hypersonic missiles.
 
美国空军于2022年签订合同的HACM导弹项目，至今仍是美国唯一在研的吸气式高超音速巡航导弹。
与此同时，俄罗斯凭借其在导弹技术领域的丰富经验，在高超音速滑翔飞行器（例如2019年部署的“先锋”高超音速滑翔飞行器）和超燃冲压发动机导弹（例如最近在乌克兰部署的吸气式9马赫“锆石”高超音速导弹）方面取得了突破性进展。
迄今为止，俄罗斯和中国是仅有的两个已将超燃冲压发动机高超音速导弹投入实战部署的国家。
 

 
While most hypersonic weapons under global development are targeting ground or sea targets, the CJ-1000 represents a paradigm shift – reaching deep into enemy airspace to take out high value critical support air assets. Before they can aid combat operations.
CJ-1000 is designed to engage high-altitude, large, slow-moving aircraft – such as the US E-3 Sentry AWACs (Airborne Warning and Control System), KC-135/KC-46 refuellers, or RC-135 surveillance planes – flying from Guam, Hawaii or even continental US bases.
Modern air warfare relies heavily on “force multipliers” – non-combat aircraft that provide early warning, electronic warfare support, data fusion and mid-air refueling.
 
尽管全球正在研发的大多数高超音速武器都以地面或海上目标为攻击目标，但CJ-1000代表着一种范式转变——它能够深入敌方空域，摧毁高价值的关键支援空中资产，使其无法参与作战行动。
 
CJ-1000的设计目标是打击高空、大型、低速飞行的飞机，例如从关岛、夏威夷甚至美国本土基地起飞的美国E-3“哨兵”预警机、KC-135/KC-46加油机或RC-135侦察机。
现代空战高度依赖“力量倍增器”——即提供预警、电子战支援、数据融合和空中加油等功能的非作战飞机。
 
Destroying or disrupting these platforms can cripple an entire air campaign, even without engaging fighter jets directly.
The CJ-1000, with a range exceeding 6,000km (3,728 miles), could be launched from mainland China or deployed on forward naval bases in the South China Sea.
At hypersonic speeds, these missiles would give adversaries minimal reaction time, rendering traditional evasive maneuvers nearly useless for large, slow-moving aircraft.
Moreover, flying at lower altitudes than ballistic missiles and with high maneuverability, thanks to the air-breathing scramjet engine, the CJ-1000 may evade current missile warning satellites and radar systems tuned to detect high-speed ballistic trajectories.
 
即使不直接与战斗机交战，摧毁或干扰这些平台也能瘫痪整个空中作战行动。
射程超过6000公里（3728英里）的CJ-1000导弹可从中国大陆发射，也可部署在南海前沿海军基地。
 
这些导弹以高超音速飞行，对手的反应时间极短，传统的规避机动对大型低速飞机几乎无效。
此外，由于采用了吸气式超燃冲压发动机，CJ-1000导弹的飞行高度低于弹道导弹，且机动性极高，因此可能躲避目前用于探测高速弹道导弹的导弹预警卫星和雷达系统。
 
The deployment of CJ-1000 hypersonic cruise missile marks the completion of China’s three-layer air denial bubble.
The first layer is point-defense systems – autonomous systems used against drones and close-range threats.
Second layer is mid-to-long-range missiles would prioritize stealth targets or ballistic missiles.
Ultra-long-range systems such as CJ-1000 form the third layer of anti-access area denial.
For decades, the US and its vassals have relied on stand-off support aircraft operating beyond the range of conventional surface-to-air missiles.
 
CJ-1000高超音速巡航导弹的部署标志着中国三层防空体系的完成。
 
第一层是点防御系统——用于对抗无人机和近距离威胁的自主系统。
第二层是中长程导弹，优先拦截隐形目标或弹道导弹。
像CJ-1000这样的超远程系统构成了第三层反介入区域拒止能力。
几十年来，美国及其盟友一直依赖于射程超出常规地对空导弹的防区外支援飞机。
CJ-1000 的到来表明，偏远地区的这种安全庇护所已不再有保障。