明朝击败蒙古人的军事策略是什么？
What was the military strategy of Mings for defeating Mongols?
译文简介
明朝常发动惩罚性远征以威慑蒙古人的突袭，双方都试图迫使对方成为自己的朝贡国。
明朝在这一目标上更为顺利，因为蒙古各部并非始终团结一致，而是分裂为多个汗国——察哈尔部、土默特部、喀尔喀部、乌梁海部、瓦剌部等。
正文翻译
What was the military strategy of Mings for defeating Mongols?
明朝击败蒙古人的军事策略是什么？
History Lover
历史爱好者
There were Three Phases of War Between Ming China and Mongol.
明蒙战争分为三个阶段。
First: 1350s to 1424 Ming Charged to Mongol (and Later North Yuan). Through 1350s, Zhu yuanzhang Succeeded to Unify Han Chinese Powers in South China, and started to Attack North Mongol, Captured Whole North China with Beijing in 1368, and raided the Old Capital of Mongol Empire: Karakorum 1388 Through Ming Large Army (200000 More).
第一阶段：14世纪50年代至1424年，明朝主动进攻蒙古（以及后来的北元）。14世纪50年代，朱元璋成功统一华南的汉族势力，开始北伐蒙古，1368年攻占包括北京在内的整个华北地区，并在1388年派遣超过20万人的大军突袭蒙古帝国旧都哈剌和林。
and 3rd Emperor of Ming (Yongle Emperor) Led The 5 times Campaigns to North Yuan Where was remnant of Mongol Empire, After Retreated to North, was called like North Yuan by Historians; than Battle with Large Ming Army, Mongol- They were Nomad- escaped; The Ming Army through Campaigns haven’t had Special Booties and Territories.
明朝第三位皇帝（永乐帝）曾五次率军征讨北元——蒙古帝国退居北方后的残余势力，历史学家称之为北元；面对明朝大军，以游牧为生的蒙古人选择溃逃，明朝军队虽经多次征战，却未获得大量战利品和领土。
Second: 1440s, Mongol Tribes were Unified Again By Oirat’s Esen, He pushed the North Border of Ming China. 6th Ming Emperor led an Army to repel of Mongol New Army. Esen shew Fake Retreat When Faced The Ming Loyal Army Under Ming Emperor, Ming Emperor moved His Army North of Great Wall; It was Trick of Mongol Army; As soon Mongol Army Circled the Ming camps Which Dispatched in the Desert, faced the Shortage of Supply, Especially Water. Finally Ming Emperor became Prisoner of Mongol Army: 1449 Tumu Crisis.
第二阶段：15世纪40年代，瓦剌部首领也先重新统一蒙古各部，不断向南逼近明朝北部边境。明朝第六位皇帝亲率大军抵御蒙古新军，也先在遭遇明军主力时佯装撤退，诱使明皇率军追击至长城以北——这是蒙古军的诱敌之计。蒙古军迅速包围了部署在沙漠中的明军营地，明军陷入补给短缺困境，尤其是缺水问题严重，最终在1449年的土木堡之变中，明皇被俘。
Esen after Capturing Ming Main Army with Ming Emperor Tried to Siege of Capital Beijing; Disputation as Capital Move From Beijing to Nanjing in Ming Court, then Finally Ming Court Chose The Keeping of Capital: Beijing. then Ming Court Crowned New emperor and Reinforced their Army from Whole Ming China without Any Negotiation with Esen’s Mongol. then Without further Invasion- Beijing was Very Well Defending with Thick Walls and Fire Arms (With Large Army), Continually, New Reinforce Armies from the South Arrived near of Beijing- Esen retreated.
也先俘获明军主力和明皇后，企图围攻明朝都城北京。明朝廷内部就是否迁都南京展开争论，最终决定坚守北京，并拥立了新皇帝，从全国调集兵力增援，拒绝与也先的蒙古军进行任何谈判。北京凭借坚固的城墙、火器装备和重兵防守，防御极为稳固，加之南方援军源源不断抵达北京近郊，也先未敢继续进攻，最终撤军。
After This Invasion, Ming China Started to Fortify the Border Cities, to Rebuild a Great Wall.
此次入侵后，明朝开始加固边境城池，重修长城。
Third: Early 1500, Whole Mongol was unified again by Kublai Khan Clan-Daiyan Khan. He Proclaimed Again ‘Great Khan’ pushed to North Border of Ming China, Ming China lost Several Important Castles and Cities in Shanxi Province and Finally Daiyan Khan’s Grand Sun: Altan Khan Who was Sub Lord of Great Khan of North Yuan tried to Siege of Beijing Again 1550 (Gengxu Incident).
第三阶段：16世纪初，忽必烈后裔达延汗再次统一全蒙古，自立为“大汗”，并向南侵扰明朝北部边境，明朝在山西省丢失了多座重要城堡和城池。最终，达延汗的孙子、北元大汗麾下的副汗俺答汗于1550年（庚戌之变）再次试图围攻北京。
Ming Court was Astonished by Mongol Kind of Invasion; After This Invasion, Ming (more)Fortified Border Cities(Built Second Wall Round Beijing), and Great Wall; Fortunately, by Invasion of Sub Lord of New Mongol Power (not by Great Khan) led a New Power Game under Mongol Court, Finally Disunified North Yuan through End of 16th Century.
明朝廷对蒙古此次入侵大为震惊，事后进一步加固了边境城池（在北京周边修建了第二道城墙）和长城。幸运的是，此次入侵由新蒙古势力的副汗发起而非大汗，这引发了蒙古宫廷内部新的权力斗争，北元最终在16世纪末走向分裂。
I am writing down Answer that is Summary of History After Retreat of Mongol Into Mongolia and Ming China Further Attack, and Courter Attack By New Mongol. This isn’t cover Whole History under Wars Between Ming and Mongol as Exchanging Deplomats and Trades by Negotiations After Wars, But I wish It will be One of Answer to Your Question:
What was the military strategy of Mings for defeating Mongols?
以上回答总结了蒙古退回蒙古高原后，明朝的进一步进攻与新蒙古势力的反击这段历史，并未涵盖明蒙战争的全部内容，比如战后的外交往来和通过谈判达成的贸易等，但希望能为你解答“明朝击败蒙古人的军事策略是什么”这一问题提供参考。
Haocheng Lin Former Senior Programming Tutor at University College London (UCL) (2022–2023)
林浩诚 伦敦大学学院前高级编程导师（2022-2023年）
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, employed a strategy of building high walls, stockpiling grain, and biding their time until the right moment to strike during the late Yuan rebellion. His tactics allowed the Ming dynasty to wait until the Red Turban rebels and the Yuan dynasty had exhausted each other, at which point the Ming Army could take advantage of the situation.
While the Yuan dynasty was fighting the other rebels, Zhu Yuanzhang used this time to strengthen his power and consolidate his control over Southern China, which was the wealthiest region in the country and provided a strong foundation for him to reconquer all of China.
明朝开国皇帝朱元璋在元末农民起义期间，采取了“高筑墙、广积粮、缓称王”的策略，等待红巾军与元朝相互消耗殆尽后，再伺机而动，让明军坐收渔翁之利。
在元朝与其他起义军作战之际，朱元璋借此机会壮大自身势力，巩固对华南地区的控制——华南是当时中国最富庶的地区，为他日后统一全国奠定了坚实基础。
When the opportunity arose, the Ming forces launched a surprise attack on the Yuan army in Shandong and captured the province after a swift campaign. With the Yuan forces distracted and unable to defend the capital, the Ming soldiers were able to capture it without a battle; after the last emperor of Yuan fled Beijing with his concubines.
Over time, the Ming army became experienced and skilled in warfare, while the Yuan army became weaker and less prepared due to complacency from a long period of peace.
时机成熟后，明军突袭山东的元军，迅速攻占该省。元军分身乏术，无力守卫都城，末代元顺帝携嫔妃逃离北京后，明军兵不血刃占领了都城。
随着时间推移，明军作战经验日益丰富、战斗力不断提升，而元军因长期和平滋生自满情绪，战斗力逐渐衰退，战备也愈发松懈。
The Ming army also had access to advanced weapons, such as firearms, new siege engines, and better-armoured units, which gave them an advantage in battle.
Additionally, the Ming army had the people's support, which further strengthened their position. The Yuan dynasty faced several natural disasters in the late 1340s, which led to the loss of the "mandate of heaven".
明军还配备了先进武器，如火器、新型攻城器械和防护更精良的部队，这使其在战斗中占据优势。
此外，明军得到了民众的支持，进一步巩固了自身地位。14世纪40年代末，元朝遭遇多次自然灾害，导致其失去了“天命”。
The "mandate of heaven" is a Chinese philosophical concept that the rulers of a dynasty held their power due to the gods' favour. These factors contributed to the Ming army's eventual victory over the Yuan forces.
“天命”是中国的一个哲学概念，指一个王朝的统治者凭借神的眷顾获得统治权。这些因素共同促成了明军最终击败元军。
According to Stories about Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang maintained a low profile until he unified Southern China under the Ming Banner. After unifying Southern China, he declared war against the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang’s tactics misled the Yuan Dynasty into believing he posed no threat.
据《明朝那些事儿》记载，朱元璋在竖起明旗统一华南前一直保持低调，统一华南后才正式向元朝宣战，他的这一策略让元朝误以为他毫无威胁。
CaiLei Familiar with Chinese history
蔡磊 熟悉中国历史
After some insurgents occupy the county seat, they will study the countermeasures by capturing the Fire lance of the Mongolian Yuan Army, but few people are willing to study this weapon.
一些起义军占领县城后，会缴获蒙元军队的火铳并研究应对之策，但愿意深入钻研这种武器的人寥寥无几。
Zhu Yuanzhang, a small warlord at that time, saw the superiority of this weapon. Although the combat effectiveness of Fire lance is not as good as that of bow and arrow, Fire lance's salvo bursts with intensive lethality, but it can successfully resist the enemy's attack.
Zhu Yuanzhang purchased and captured the Fire lance of the Mongolian Yuan Army in various ways, and then asked his subordinates to improve this Fire lance. Zhu Yuanzhang used Fire lance tactics to the extreme.
当时还是小军阀的朱元璋看到了这种武器的优越性，尽管火铳的战斗力不及弓箭，但它齐射时能产生密集杀伤力，可有效抵御敌军进攻。
朱元璋通过各种方式收购和缴获蒙元军队的火铳，随后命下属对其进行改良，并将火铳战术运用到了极致。
When the two armies faced each other, after the soldiers in the first round of the Mongolian Yuan Army fired a salvo with Fire lance, the soldiers behind them slowly came up and fired a second round of salvo with Fire lance.
And Zhu Yuanzhang directly ordered two platoons of soldiers to shoot together. A row of soldiers crouched, a row of soldiers stood, and two rows of soldiers fired salvos. After this set is completed, the next set comes up again.
两军对峙时，蒙元军队通常是第一轮士兵用火铳齐射后，后续士兵才缓慢上前进行第二轮齐射。
而朱元璋则直接下令两个排的士兵同时射击，一排士兵蹲下、一排士兵站立，两排交替齐射，一组完成后下一组立即接上。
Zhu Yuanzhang's Fire lance not only has a long range and sufficient firepower, but also changes ammunition very quickly. After the Mongolian Yuan Army had fired one round, Zhu Yuanzhang had already fired two rounds. Under such intensive firepower, Zhu Yuanzhang felt that Fire lance would become the leader of future wars.
朱元璋的火铳不仅射程远、火力足，换弹速度也极快，蒙元军队发射一轮的时间，朱元璋的军队已能发射两轮。在如此密集的火力下，朱元璋认为火铳将成为未来战争的主导武器。
Zhu Yuanzhang not only improved the Fire lance, he also used some large caliber Fire cannon similar to the Fire lance, but the Fire cannon power at that time could not be compared with the later cannon, but at least this cannon was amazingly powerful and could give the Mongol Yuan cavalry a great strategic deterrent.
朱元璋不仅改良了火铳，还使用了一些类似火铳的大口径火炮，尽管当时的火炮威力无法与后来的大炮相提并论，但已具备惊人杀伤力，能对蒙元骑兵形成强大的战略威慑。
And this weapon can be used to defend the city, the opponent use siege machine and crashing car, with this Fire cannon can destroy the opponent's siege weapon.
Zhu Yuanzhang was able to win the late Yuan victory, the help of Fire lance is indispensable.
这种武器还可用于守城，当敌军使用攻城器械和撞车时，火炮能有效摧毁这些装备。
朱元璋之所以能在元末战争中取胜，火铳的助力不可或缺。
The development of fire cannon to the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang attaches great importance to the development of this type of weapons, on the increased research on Fire lance, the invention of the Hongwu series of Fire lance, these three types of Fire lance is very easy to distinguish.
Ordinary single Fire lance, a person can operate. Fire lance mounted on ships and citadels, also commonly known as small Fire cannon. Giant Fire cannon, even the ammunition was invented into a ball shape, this Fire cannon became the largest killing weapon of the Ming Dynasty.
火炮发展到明朝时，朱元璋高度重视这类武器的研发，加大了对火铳的研究力度，发明了洪武系列火铳，这三种火铳极易区分。
第一种是普通单发火铳，一人即可操作；第二种是安装在舰船和城堡上的火铳，也常被称为小火炮；第三种是巨型火炮，其弹药被制成球形，成为明朝威力最大的杀伤性武器。
This is the first time that China has achieved in hot weapons. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang can also be regarded as an "emperor and inventor".
Only later Confucianism began to flourish again, and many Confucian masters appeared in the Ming Dynasty. Confucian scholars are similar to social justice Warrior (SJW). and they dare to publicly scold the emperor, who can do nothing about them.
这是中国在热兵器领域取得的首次重大突破，因此朱元璋也可被视为“皇帝发明家”。
但后来儒家思想再度兴起，明朝出现了许多儒家大师，这些儒士类似“社会正义斗士”，敢于公开斥责皇帝，而皇帝对此却无可奈何。
Confucian students hold the power of speech. If the emperor executes the Confucian students will only leave the emperor cursed, while the dead Confucian students will leave a beautiful name.
Qin Shi Huang is a tragic example, because the execution of a few Confucian students, the result was Chinese history called him a tyrant scolded for thousands of years ....Although the emperor is the most honorable person, he is afraid of the pen and mouth of Confucian scholars!
儒士掌握着话语权，皇帝若处死儒士，只会落下千古骂名，而死去的儒士则会留下美名。
秦始皇就是一个悲惨的例子，因处死了几名儒士，结果被中国历史冠以“暴君”之名，遭千古唾骂……尽管皇帝是天下最尊贵的人，却也惧怕儒士的笔墨和口舌！
Therefore, the emperor could do nothing about the Confucian group. The social trend began to "value Confucianism and despise generals", and the study of firearms came to a standstill.
The emperor wanted to use eunuchs to restrain Confucianism, but led to eunuchs dictatorship. For example: Ming Hizong Zhu Youxiao was the 16th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and like his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang, he liked to do research, and he was a highly skilled carpenter. He was afraid of being scolded by Confucians and later missed court meetings for a long time, leaving them entirely to eunuch Wei Zhongxian.
因此，皇帝对儒家群体毫无办法，社会风气开始趋向“重文轻武”，火器研究陷入停滞。
皇帝试图利用宦官牵制儒家势力，却导致了宦官专权。例如，明朝第十六位皇帝明熹宗朱由校，像其先祖朱元璋一样喜欢钻研，是一名技艺高超的木匠，他因惧怕被儒士指责，长期不上朝，将朝政完全交由宦官魏忠贤打理。
Later, the Confucianists and eunuchs party fights (Donglin Party / Eunuch Party), resulting in a major decline in national power.
后来，儒士集团与宦官集团爆发党争（东林党/阉党），导致明朝国力大幅衰退。
Yu-Hsing Chen history enthusiast, relatively wide knowledge of world history
陈宇星 历史爱好者，拥有较广博的世界历史知识
It’s more about the Mongol Yuan defeating themself than the other way around.
与其说是明朝击败了蒙古帝国，不如说是蒙元王朝自取灭亡。
The Yuan’s setup was drastically different from proceeding Chinese dynasties (or the Manchu Qing. ) it was ran more like a Persian state than a Chinese one, where the individual governors had a lot of power and autonomy, and the country was carved up in a complicated mess of jurisdictions with many different types of government.
元朝的体制与此前的中国王朝（或后来的满清）截然不同，它更像一个波斯式的国家而非中国式王朝，地方总督拥有极大的权力和自治权，全国被分割成错综复杂的管辖区域，存在多种不同类型的治理模式。
Meanwhile, another major feature of the Yuan was a messy succession process, almost NONE of the Emperors (including Kubla Khan himself) manage to succeed the throne and pass it on without some sort of crisis and challenge (unless they died young / quickly. ) this obviously destabilized the dynasty easily.
同时，元朝的另一个主要特征是皇位继承混乱，几乎没有哪位皇帝（包括忽必烈本人）能在没有危机和挑战的情况下顺利继位并传位（除非英年早逝），这显然极易导致王朝动荡。
As the Yuan was a far more feudal system than a centralized one, the authority of the Emperor is highly relevant to how effectively they can mobilize their forces, but obviously by the time of the last emperor that authority was in doubt, and further complicated by his own inability to stick to a plan or just holding his own court together.
由于元朝是一个封建割据程度远高于中央集权的国家，皇帝的权威直接影响其动员兵力的效率，但到末代皇帝时，其权威已岌岌可危，加之他自身无法坚持既定计划、难以维系朝廷团结，局势更是雪上加霜。
While the rebellion raged across China, he spent most of his time fighting with…. his own son and heir … and in the process, he had his most important administrator and general Toqto'a exiled under the influence of said son (where he was soon assassinated by the court rival that instigated this exile.) meanwhile, the crown prince Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara after instigating this event, attempted a coup and was exiled (but eventually forgiven.)
当起义席卷全国时，末代元顺帝大部分时间都在与自己的儿子兼继承人争斗，期间还在儿子的影响下流放了自己最重要的大臣兼将领脱脱（脱脱不久后被煽动此次流放的朝廷对手暗杀）；与此同时，太子爱猷识理达腊在挑起这一事件后企图发动政变，也被流放（但最终得到赦免）。
The prince sought refuge during that time with Köke Temür, who was basically the last Mongol Yuan general worth a damn, but he was also a good reflection of the whole problem, as he was effectively an independent Duke who not only acted (or fail to act) according to his own initiative, but was also at various points even attacked by the Emperor himself and other Mongol forces.
太子流亡期间投靠了扩廓帖木儿，扩廓帖木儿堪称蒙元最后一位有实力的将领，但他也恰好反映了元朝的核心问题——他实际上是一位独立的诸侯，不仅行事（或不作为）全凭一己之意，还曾多次遭到皇帝本人及其他蒙古势力的攻击。
Also, one of the major reason that the Mongol failed to contain the rebellion was the emperor’s totally irrational approach, he accepted most of the rebel leader if they surrender, but still let them command their own troops and effectively become another Yuan feudal lord that’s only very loosely under Beijing’s command, as such, they were effectively sunk by a bunch of dudes who just keep surrendering whenever the Mongol army pulls up, then accept gifts from the court for their “submission” then go right back to rebelling again as soon as the Mongol army leave now with extra donations from Beijing!
此外，蒙古人未能遏制起义的一个主要原因是皇帝的做法完全不合常理：他接纳了大多数投降的起义军首领，却仍允许他们指挥自己的部队，使他们实际上成为仅在名义上受北京管辖的元廷封建领主。结果就是，这些人每当蒙古军逼近时就投降，接受朝廷的“归顺”赏赐，待蒙古军撤离后便再次叛乱，还带着朝廷给予的额外物资卷土重来，元朝也因此被这些人拖垮！
The rebels on top of figuring out that the court was dumb, also figured out that because of the feudal nature of the Yuan realm, if they just say.. sack city A then move on to city B, the Mongol lord ruling city A wouldn’t give chase because.. well City B wasn’t his fief!
起义军不仅发现朝廷昏庸无能，还看透了元朝的封建本质：如果洗劫城市A后转而进攻城市B，统治A城市的蒙古领主不会追击，因为B城市并非他的封地！
several rebel leaders utilized this to amazing effect, going all over northern China and one group even went from Shangdong to Inner Mongolia and finally met their end in…….The border of today’s North and South Korea!!!![1] Although these rebels largely end up killed in the end, it’s clear that the combination of Yuan's systematic flaw and the Emperor’s incredible weakness and inaction already sunk most of the Yuan dynasty’s ruling base.
多位起义军首领巧妙利用这一点，在华北地区四处转战，其中一支队伍甚至从山东打到内蒙古，最终在今天的朝鲜半岛南北边境一带覆灭！ 尽管这些起义军最终大多被剿灭，但显然，元朝的制度缺陷加上皇帝的极度软弱和不作为，已经摧毁了元朝的大部分统治基础。
Another perfect example of how the Mongols defeated themselves was the implosion of Quanzhou, which was the largest trading port in the world by a mile during that time (as noted by the Venetian Marco Polo and the famed Islamic traveler Ibn Battuta )
泉州的崩溃是蒙古人自取灭亡的又一个绝佳例证——泉州在当时是世界上最大的贸易港口（威尼斯旅行家马可·波罗和著名伊斯兰旅行家伊本·白图泰都曾提及）。
Quanzhou had a huge Persian/Arab community, and they were largely given charge of running the city in return for massive revenue to the Yuan court (hence why I call the Yuan a very Persian state.)，however, this setup ended not because Zhu Yuan Zhang or other Red Turban rebels rolled down their arse, but because they… killed each other in a civil war primarily caused by….. wait for it….. Sunni-Shiite Tensions… definitely never seen that before!
泉州有庞大的波斯/阿拉伯社群，元廷将城市治理权主要交给他们，以换取巨额财政收入（这也是我称元朝为“非常波斯化的国家”的原因）。然而，这一体制的终结并非因为朱元璋或其他红巾军的进攻，而是因为这些社群陷入了内战，自相残杀——而内战的主要原因竟然是逊尼派与什叶派的教派冲突，这真是前所未闻！
So when Zhu Yuan Zhang finally marched north in 1368, it was not some sort of epic struggle of Han Chinese against the mighty Mongol Cavalry…. but more or less just pushing down a crumbling wall, the Mongol lords were either spent from years of infighting or were more concerned about protecting their own fiefs that they were divided bands versus a unified army, while the various rebel turned feudal lords under the Yuan that they now had to rely on to fight off this invader…. predictably switched sides the moment their army came into contact. Thus Beijing was taken literally without a fight.
因此，当朱元璋在1368年最终北伐时，这并非汉族与强大蒙古骑兵之间的史诗级对抗，而更像是推倒一堵摇摇欲坠的墙。蒙古领主们要么因多年内斗精疲力竭，要么更关心保护自己的封地，各自为战而非团结一致；而元廷如今不得不依靠的、由前起义军首领转变而来的封建领主们，在与明军接触的那一刻便不出所料地倒戈相向。就这样，北京被兵不血刃地攻占了。
Oyawale Dmitry Works at Tzu Chi (2010–present)
奥亚瓦莱·德米特里 慈济基金会工作人员（2010年至今）
The Ming often launched punitive expeditions to deter Mongol raids. Both sides tried to turn the other into a tributary.
The Chinese had it easier in this goal, because the Mongols were not always on the same side as each other; they were divided between many khanates - Chahars, Tumeds, Khalkhas, Uriankhais, Oirats, etc.
明朝常发动惩罚性远征以威慑蒙古人的突袭，双方都试图迫使对方成为自己的朝贡国。
明朝在这一目标上更为顺利，因为蒙古各部并非始终团结一致，而是分裂为多个汗国——察哈尔部、土默特部、喀尔喀部、乌梁海部、瓦剌部等。
China could ally with some against others, then swap sides when appropriate.
Lastly, China benefited from an advanced logistics system and legions of musketeers - these operated with mixed success. Except for the Tumu crisis, the Chinese were usually careful not to commit too many forces in order to ease the logistical strain. 20–50,000 were usually enough.
明朝可以联合一些部落对抗另一些部落，并在适当时机转换盟友。
最后，明朝还得益于先进的后勤系统和大量火铳手——这些力量的作战效果参差不齐。除土木堡之变外，明朝通常会谨慎行事，不投入过多兵力以减轻后勤压力，一般投入2万至5万人就足够了。
明朝击败蒙古人的军事策略是什么？
History Lover
历史爱好者
There were Three Phases of War Between Ming China and Mongol.
明蒙战争分为三个阶段。
First: 1350s to 1424 Ming Charged to Mongol (and Later North Yuan). Through 1350s, Zhu yuanzhang Succeeded to Unify Han Chinese Powers in South China, and started to Attack North Mongol, Captured Whole North China with Beijing in 1368, and raided the Old Capital of Mongol Empire: Karakorum 1388 Through Ming Large Army (200000 More).
第一阶段：14世纪50年代至1424年，明朝主动进攻蒙古（以及后来的北元）。14世纪50年代，朱元璋成功统一华南的汉族势力，开始北伐蒙古，1368年攻占包括北京在内的整个华北地区，并在1388年派遣超过20万人的大军突袭蒙古帝国旧都哈剌和林。
and 3rd Emperor of Ming (Yongle Emperor) Led The 5 times Campaigns to North Yuan Where was remnant of Mongol Empire, After Retreated to North, was called like North Yuan by Historians; than Battle with Large Ming Army, Mongol- They were Nomad- escaped; The Ming Army through Campaigns haven’t had Special Booties and Territories.
明朝第三位皇帝（永乐帝）曾五次率军征讨北元——蒙古帝国退居北方后的残余势力，历史学家称之为北元；面对明朝大军，以游牧为生的蒙古人选择溃逃，明朝军队虽经多次征战，却未获得大量战利品和领土。
Second: 1440s, Mongol Tribes were Unified Again By Oirat’s Esen, He pushed the North Border of Ming China. 6th Ming Emperor led an Army to repel of Mongol New Army. Esen shew Fake Retreat When Faced The Ming Loyal Army Under Ming Emperor, Ming Emperor moved His Army North of Great Wall; It was Trick of Mongol Army; As soon Mongol Army Circled the Ming camps Which Dispatched in the Desert, faced the Shortage of Supply, Especially Water. Finally Ming Emperor became Prisoner of Mongol Army: 1449 Tumu Crisis.
第二阶段：15世纪40年代，瓦剌部首领也先重新统一蒙古各部，不断向南逼近明朝北部边境。明朝第六位皇帝亲率大军抵御蒙古新军，也先在遭遇明军主力时佯装撤退，诱使明皇率军追击至长城以北——这是蒙古军的诱敌之计。蒙古军迅速包围了部署在沙漠中的明军营地，明军陷入补给短缺困境，尤其是缺水问题严重，最终在1449年的土木堡之变中，明皇被俘。
Esen after Capturing Ming Main Army with Ming Emperor Tried to Siege of Capital Beijing; Disputation as Capital Move From Beijing to Nanjing in Ming Court, then Finally Ming Court Chose The Keeping of Capital: Beijing. then Ming Court Crowned New emperor and Reinforced their Army from Whole Ming China without Any Negotiation with Esen’s Mongol. then Without further Invasion- Beijing was Very Well Defending with Thick Walls and Fire Arms (With Large Army), Continually, New Reinforce Armies from the South Arrived near of Beijing- Esen retreated.
也先俘获明军主力和明皇后，企图围攻明朝都城北京。明朝廷内部就是否迁都南京展开争论，最终决定坚守北京，并拥立了新皇帝，从全国调集兵力增援，拒绝与也先的蒙古军进行任何谈判。北京凭借坚固的城墙、火器装备和重兵防守，防御极为稳固，加之南方援军源源不断抵达北京近郊，也先未敢继续进攻，最终撤军。
After This Invasion, Ming China Started to Fortify the Border Cities, to Rebuild a Great Wall.
此次入侵后，明朝开始加固边境城池，重修长城。
Third: Early 1500, Whole Mongol was unified again by Kublai Khan Clan-Daiyan Khan. He Proclaimed Again ‘Great Khan’ pushed to North Border of Ming China, Ming China lost Several Important Castles and Cities in Shanxi Province and Finally Daiyan Khan’s Grand Sun: Altan Khan Who was Sub Lord of Great Khan of North Yuan tried to Siege of Beijing Again 1550 (Gengxu Incident).
第三阶段：16世纪初，忽必烈后裔达延汗再次统一全蒙古，自立为“大汗”，并向南侵扰明朝北部边境，明朝在山西省丢失了多座重要城堡和城池。最终，达延汗的孙子、北元大汗麾下的副汗俺答汗于1550年（庚戌之变）再次试图围攻北京。
Ming Court was Astonished by Mongol Kind of Invasion; After This Invasion, Ming (more)Fortified Border Cities(Built Second Wall Round Beijing), and Great Wall; Fortunately, by Invasion of Sub Lord of New Mongol Power (not by Great Khan) led a New Power Game under Mongol Court, Finally Disunified North Yuan through End of 16th Century.
明朝廷对蒙古此次入侵大为震惊，事后进一步加固了边境城池（在北京周边修建了第二道城墙）和长城。幸运的是，此次入侵由新蒙古势力的副汗发起而非大汗，这引发了蒙古宫廷内部新的权力斗争，北元最终在16世纪末走向分裂。
I am writing down Answer that is Summary of History After Retreat of Mongol Into Mongolia and Ming China Further Attack, and Courter Attack By New Mongol. This isn’t cover Whole History under Wars Between Ming and Mongol as Exchanging Deplomats and Trades by Negotiations After Wars, But I wish It will be One of Answer to Your Question:
What was the military strategy of Mings for defeating Mongols?
以上回答总结了蒙古退回蒙古高原后，明朝的进一步进攻与新蒙古势力的反击这段历史，并未涵盖明蒙战争的全部内容，比如战后的外交往来和通过谈判达成的贸易等，但希望能为你解答“明朝击败蒙古人的军事策略是什么”这一问题提供参考。
Haocheng Lin Former Senior Programming Tutor at University College London (UCL) (2022–2023)
林浩诚 伦敦大学学院前高级编程导师（2022-2023年）
Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming dynasty, employed a strategy of building high walls, stockpiling grain, and biding their time until the right moment to strike during the late Yuan rebellion. His tactics allowed the Ming dynasty to wait until the Red Turban rebels and the Yuan dynasty had exhausted each other, at which point the Ming Army could take advantage of the situation.
While the Yuan dynasty was fighting the other rebels, Zhu Yuanzhang used this time to strengthen his power and consolidate his control over Southern China, which was the wealthiest region in the country and provided a strong foundation for him to reconquer all of China.
明朝开国皇帝朱元璋在元末农民起义期间，采取了“高筑墙、广积粮、缓称王”的策略，等待红巾军与元朝相互消耗殆尽后，再伺机而动，让明军坐收渔翁之利。
在元朝与其他起义军作战之际，朱元璋借此机会壮大自身势力，巩固对华南地区的控制——华南是当时中国最富庶的地区，为他日后统一全国奠定了坚实基础。
When the opportunity arose, the Ming forces launched a surprise attack on the Yuan army in Shandong and captured the province after a swift campaign. With the Yuan forces distracted and unable to defend the capital, the Ming soldiers were able to capture it without a battle; after the last emperor of Yuan fled Beijing with his concubines.
Over time, the Ming army became experienced and skilled in warfare, while the Yuan army became weaker and less prepared due to complacency from a long period of peace.
时机成熟后，明军突袭山东的元军，迅速攻占该省。元军分身乏术，无力守卫都城，末代元顺帝携嫔妃逃离北京后，明军兵不血刃占领了都城。
随着时间推移，明军作战经验日益丰富、战斗力不断提升，而元军因长期和平滋生自满情绪，战斗力逐渐衰退，战备也愈发松懈。
The Ming army also had access to advanced weapons, such as firearms, new siege engines, and better-armoured units, which gave them an advantage in battle.
Additionally, the Ming army had the people's support, which further strengthened their position. The Yuan dynasty faced several natural disasters in the late 1340s, which led to the loss of the "mandate of heaven".
明军还配备了先进武器，如火器、新型攻城器械和防护更精良的部队，这使其在战斗中占据优势。
此外，明军得到了民众的支持，进一步巩固了自身地位。14世纪40年代末，元朝遭遇多次自然灾害，导致其失去了“天命”。
The "mandate of heaven" is a Chinese philosophical concept that the rulers of a dynasty held their power due to the gods' favour. These factors contributed to the Ming army's eventual victory over the Yuan forces.
“天命”是中国的一个哲学概念，指一个王朝的统治者凭借神的眷顾获得统治权。这些因素共同促成了明军最终击败元军。
According to Stories about Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang maintained a low profile until he unified Southern China under the Ming Banner. After unifying Southern China, he declared war against the Yuan Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang’s tactics misled the Yuan Dynasty into believing he posed no threat.
据《明朝那些事儿》记载，朱元璋在竖起明旗统一华南前一直保持低调，统一华南后才正式向元朝宣战，他的这一策略让元朝误以为他毫无威胁。
CaiLei Familiar with Chinese history
蔡磊 熟悉中国历史
After some insurgents occupy the county seat, they will study the countermeasures by capturing the Fire lance of the Mongolian Yuan Army, but few people are willing to study this weapon.
一些起义军占领县城后，会缴获蒙元军队的火铳并研究应对之策，但愿意深入钻研这种武器的人寥寥无几。
Zhu Yuanzhang, a small warlord at that time, saw the superiority of this weapon. Although the combat effectiveness of Fire lance is not as good as that of bow and arrow, Fire lance's salvo bursts with intensive lethality, but it can successfully resist the enemy's attack.
Zhu Yuanzhang purchased and captured the Fire lance of the Mongolian Yuan Army in various ways, and then asked his subordinates to improve this Fire lance. Zhu Yuanzhang used Fire lance tactics to the extreme.
当时还是小军阀的朱元璋看到了这种武器的优越性，尽管火铳的战斗力不及弓箭，但它齐射时能产生密集杀伤力，可有效抵御敌军进攻。
朱元璋通过各种方式收购和缴获蒙元军队的火铳，随后命下属对其进行改良，并将火铳战术运用到了极致。
When the two armies faced each other, after the soldiers in the first round of the Mongolian Yuan Army fired a salvo with Fire lance, the soldiers behind them slowly came up and fired a second round of salvo with Fire lance.
And Zhu Yuanzhang directly ordered two platoons of soldiers to shoot together. A row of soldiers crouched, a row of soldiers stood, and two rows of soldiers fired salvos. After this set is completed, the next set comes up again.
两军对峙时，蒙元军队通常是第一轮士兵用火铳齐射后，后续士兵才缓慢上前进行第二轮齐射。
而朱元璋则直接下令两个排的士兵同时射击，一排士兵蹲下、一排士兵站立，两排交替齐射，一组完成后下一组立即接上。
Zhu Yuanzhang's Fire lance not only has a long range and sufficient firepower, but also changes ammunition very quickly. After the Mongolian Yuan Army had fired one round, Zhu Yuanzhang had already fired two rounds. Under such intensive firepower, Zhu Yuanzhang felt that Fire lance would become the leader of future wars.
朱元璋的火铳不仅射程远、火力足，换弹速度也极快，蒙元军队发射一轮的时间，朱元璋的军队已能发射两轮。在如此密集的火力下，朱元璋认为火铳将成为未来战争的主导武器。
Zhu Yuanzhang not only improved the Fire lance, he also used some large caliber Fire cannon similar to the Fire lance, but the Fire cannon power at that time could not be compared with the later cannon, but at least this cannon was amazingly powerful and could give the Mongol Yuan cavalry a great strategic deterrent.
朱元璋不仅改良了火铳，还使用了一些类似火铳的大口径火炮，尽管当时的火炮威力无法与后来的大炮相提并论，但已具备惊人杀伤力，能对蒙元骑兵形成强大的战略威慑。
And this weapon can be used to defend the city, the opponent use siege machine and crashing car, with this Fire cannon can destroy the opponent's siege weapon.
Zhu Yuanzhang was able to win the late Yuan victory, the help of Fire lance is indispensable.
这种武器还可用于守城，当敌军使用攻城器械和撞车时，火炮能有效摧毁这些装备。
朱元璋之所以能在元末战争中取胜，火铳的助力不可或缺。
The development of fire cannon to the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang attaches great importance to the development of this type of weapons, on the increased research on Fire lance, the invention of the Hongwu series of Fire lance, these three types of Fire lance is very easy to distinguish.
Ordinary single Fire lance, a person can operate. Fire lance mounted on ships and citadels, also commonly known as small Fire cannon. Giant Fire cannon, even the ammunition was invented into a ball shape, this Fire cannon became the largest killing weapon of the Ming Dynasty.
火炮发展到明朝时，朱元璋高度重视这类武器的研发，加大了对火铳的研究力度，发明了洪武系列火铳，这三种火铳极易区分。
第一种是普通单发火铳，一人即可操作；第二种是安装在舰船和城堡上的火铳，也常被称为小火炮；第三种是巨型火炮，其弹药被制成球形，成为明朝威力最大的杀伤性武器。
This is the first time that China has achieved in hot weapons. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang can also be regarded as an "emperor and inventor".
Only later Confucianism began to flourish again, and many Confucian masters appeared in the Ming Dynasty. Confucian scholars are similar to social justice Warrior (SJW). and they dare to publicly scold the emperor, who can do nothing about them.
这是中国在热兵器领域取得的首次重大突破，因此朱元璋也可被视为“皇帝发明家”。
但后来儒家思想再度兴起，明朝出现了许多儒家大师，这些儒士类似“社会正义斗士”，敢于公开斥责皇帝，而皇帝对此却无可奈何。
Confucian students hold the power of speech. If the emperor executes the Confucian students will only leave the emperor cursed, while the dead Confucian students will leave a beautiful name.
Qin Shi Huang is a tragic example, because the execution of a few Confucian students, the result was Chinese history called him a tyrant scolded for thousands of years ....Although the emperor is the most honorable person, he is afraid of the pen and mouth of Confucian scholars!
儒士掌握着话语权，皇帝若处死儒士，只会落下千古骂名，而死去的儒士则会留下美名。
秦始皇就是一个悲惨的例子，因处死了几名儒士，结果被中国历史冠以“暴君”之名，遭千古唾骂……尽管皇帝是天下最尊贵的人，却也惧怕儒士的笔墨和口舌！
Therefore, the emperor could do nothing about the Confucian group. The social trend began to "value Confucianism and despise generals", and the study of firearms came to a standstill.
The emperor wanted to use eunuchs to restrain Confucianism, but led to eunuchs dictatorship. For example: Ming Hizong Zhu Youxiao was the 16th emperor of the Ming Dynasty, and like his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang, he liked to do research, and he was a highly skilled carpenter. He was afraid of being scolded by Confucians and later missed court meetings for a long time, leaving them entirely to eunuch Wei Zhongxian.
因此，皇帝对儒家群体毫无办法，社会风气开始趋向“重文轻武”，火器研究陷入停滞。
皇帝试图利用宦官牵制儒家势力，却导致了宦官专权。例如，明朝第十六位皇帝明熹宗朱由校，像其先祖朱元璋一样喜欢钻研，是一名技艺高超的木匠，他因惧怕被儒士指责，长期不上朝，将朝政完全交由宦官魏忠贤打理。
Later, the Confucianists and eunuchs party fights (Donglin Party / Eunuch Party), resulting in a major decline in national power.
后来，儒士集团与宦官集团爆发党争（东林党/阉党），导致明朝国力大幅衰退。
Yu-Hsing Chen history enthusiast, relatively wide knowledge of world history
陈宇星 历史爱好者，拥有较广博的世界历史知识
It’s more about the Mongol Yuan defeating themself than the other way around.
与其说是明朝击败了蒙古帝国，不如说是蒙元王朝自取灭亡。
The Yuan’s setup was drastically different from proceeding Chinese dynasties (or the Manchu Qing. ) it was ran more like a Persian state than a Chinese one, where the individual governors had a lot of power and autonomy, and the country was carved up in a complicated mess of jurisdictions with many different types of government.
元朝的体制与此前的中国王朝（或后来的满清）截然不同，它更像一个波斯式的国家而非中国式王朝，地方总督拥有极大的权力和自治权，全国被分割成错综复杂的管辖区域，存在多种不同类型的治理模式。
Meanwhile, another major feature of the Yuan was a messy succession process, almost NONE of the Emperors (including Kubla Khan himself) manage to succeed the throne and pass it on without some sort of crisis and challenge (unless they died young / quickly. ) this obviously destabilized the dynasty easily.
同时，元朝的另一个主要特征是皇位继承混乱，几乎没有哪位皇帝（包括忽必烈本人）能在没有危机和挑战的情况下顺利继位并传位（除非英年早逝），这显然极易导致王朝动荡。
As the Yuan was a far more feudal system than a centralized one, the authority of the Emperor is highly relevant to how effectively they can mobilize their forces, but obviously by the time of the last emperor that authority was in doubt, and further complicated by his own inability to stick to a plan or just holding his own court together.
由于元朝是一个封建割据程度远高于中央集权的国家，皇帝的权威直接影响其动员兵力的效率，但到末代皇帝时，其权威已岌岌可危，加之他自身无法坚持既定计划、难以维系朝廷团结，局势更是雪上加霜。
While the rebellion raged across China, he spent most of his time fighting with…. his own son and heir … and in the process, he had his most important administrator and general Toqto'a exiled under the influence of said son (where he was soon assassinated by the court rival that instigated this exile.) meanwhile, the crown prince Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara after instigating this event, attempted a coup and was exiled (but eventually forgiven.)
当起义席卷全国时，末代元顺帝大部分时间都在与自己的儿子兼继承人争斗，期间还在儿子的影响下流放了自己最重要的大臣兼将领脱脱（脱脱不久后被煽动此次流放的朝廷对手暗杀）；与此同时，太子爱猷识理达腊在挑起这一事件后企图发动政变，也被流放（但最终得到赦免）。
The prince sought refuge during that time with Köke Temür, who was basically the last Mongol Yuan general worth a damn, but he was also a good reflection of the whole problem, as he was effectively an independent Duke who not only acted (or fail to act) according to his own initiative, but was also at various points even attacked by the Emperor himself and other Mongol forces.
太子流亡期间投靠了扩廓帖木儿，扩廓帖木儿堪称蒙元最后一位有实力的将领，但他也恰好反映了元朝的核心问题——他实际上是一位独立的诸侯，不仅行事（或不作为）全凭一己之意，还曾多次遭到皇帝本人及其他蒙古势力的攻击。
Also, one of the major reason that the Mongol failed to contain the rebellion was the emperor’s totally irrational approach, he accepted most of the rebel leader if they surrender, but still let them command their own troops and effectively become another Yuan feudal lord that’s only very loosely under Beijing’s command, as such, they were effectively sunk by a bunch of dudes who just keep surrendering whenever the Mongol army pulls up, then accept gifts from the court for their “submission” then go right back to rebelling again as soon as the Mongol army leave now with extra donations from Beijing!
此外，蒙古人未能遏制起义的一个主要原因是皇帝的做法完全不合常理：他接纳了大多数投降的起义军首领，却仍允许他们指挥自己的部队，使他们实际上成为仅在名义上受北京管辖的元廷封建领主。结果就是，这些人每当蒙古军逼近时就投降，接受朝廷的“归顺”赏赐，待蒙古军撤离后便再次叛乱，还带着朝廷给予的额外物资卷土重来，元朝也因此被这些人拖垮！
The rebels on top of figuring out that the court was dumb, also figured out that because of the feudal nature of the Yuan realm, if they just say.. sack city A then move on to city B, the Mongol lord ruling city A wouldn’t give chase because.. well City B wasn’t his fief!
起义军不仅发现朝廷昏庸无能，还看透了元朝的封建本质：如果洗劫城市A后转而进攻城市B，统治A城市的蒙古领主不会追击，因为B城市并非他的封地！
several rebel leaders utilized this to amazing effect, going all over northern China and one group even went from Shangdong to Inner Mongolia and finally met their end in…….The border of today’s North and South Korea!!!![1] Although these rebels largely end up killed in the end, it’s clear that the combination of Yuan's systematic flaw and the Emperor’s incredible weakness and inaction already sunk most of the Yuan dynasty’s ruling base.
多位起义军首领巧妙利用这一点，在华北地区四处转战，其中一支队伍甚至从山东打到内蒙古，最终在今天的朝鲜半岛南北边境一带覆灭！ 尽管这些起义军最终大多被剿灭，但显然，元朝的制度缺陷加上皇帝的极度软弱和不作为，已经摧毁了元朝的大部分统治基础。
Another perfect example of how the Mongols defeated themselves was the implosion of Quanzhou, which was the largest trading port in the world by a mile during that time (as noted by the Venetian Marco Polo and the famed Islamic traveler Ibn Battuta )
泉州的崩溃是蒙古人自取灭亡的又一个绝佳例证——泉州在当时是世界上最大的贸易港口（威尼斯旅行家马可·波罗和著名伊斯兰旅行家伊本·白图泰都曾提及）。
Quanzhou had a huge Persian/Arab community, and they were largely given charge of running the city in return for massive revenue to the Yuan court (hence why I call the Yuan a very Persian state.)，however, this setup ended not because Zhu Yuan Zhang or other Red Turban rebels rolled down their arse, but because they… killed each other in a civil war primarily caused by….. wait for it….. Sunni-Shiite Tensions… definitely never seen that before!
泉州有庞大的波斯/阿拉伯社群，元廷将城市治理权主要交给他们，以换取巨额财政收入（这也是我称元朝为“非常波斯化的国家”的原因）。然而，这一体制的终结并非因为朱元璋或其他红巾军的进攻，而是因为这些社群陷入了内战，自相残杀——而内战的主要原因竟然是逊尼派与什叶派的教派冲突，这真是前所未闻！
So when Zhu Yuan Zhang finally marched north in 1368, it was not some sort of epic struggle of Han Chinese against the mighty Mongol Cavalry…. but more or less just pushing down a crumbling wall, the Mongol lords were either spent from years of infighting or were more concerned about protecting their own fiefs that they were divided bands versus a unified army, while the various rebel turned feudal lords under the Yuan that they now had to rely on to fight off this invader…. predictably switched sides the moment their army came into contact. Thus Beijing was taken literally without a fight.
因此，当朱元璋在1368年最终北伐时，这并非汉族与强大蒙古骑兵之间的史诗级对抗，而更像是推倒一堵摇摇欲坠的墙。蒙古领主们要么因多年内斗精疲力竭，要么更关心保护自己的封地，各自为战而非团结一致；而元廷如今不得不依靠的、由前起义军首领转变而来的封建领主们，在与明军接触的那一刻便不出所料地倒戈相向。就这样，北京被兵不血刃地攻占了。
Oyawale Dmitry Works at Tzu Chi (2010–present)
奥亚瓦莱·德米特里 慈济基金会工作人员（2010年至今）
The Ming often launched punitive expeditions to deter Mongol raids. Both sides tried to turn the other into a tributary.
The Chinese had it easier in this goal, because the Mongols were not always on the same side as each other; they were divided between many khanates - Chahars, Tumeds, Khalkhas, Uriankhais, Oirats, etc.
明朝常发动惩罚性远征以威慑蒙古人的突袭，双方都试图迫使对方成为自己的朝贡国。
明朝在这一目标上更为顺利，因为蒙古各部并非始终团结一致，而是分裂为多个汗国——察哈尔部、土默特部、喀尔喀部、乌梁海部、瓦剌部等。
China could ally with some against others, then swap sides when appropriate.
Lastly, China benefited from an advanced logistics system and legions of musketeers - these operated with mixed success. Except for the Tumu crisis, the Chinese were usually careful not to commit too many forces in order to ease the logistical strain. 20–50,000 were usually enough.
明朝可以联合一些部落对抗另一些部落，并在适当时机转换盟友。
最后，明朝还得益于先进的后勤系统和大量火铳手——这些力量的作战效果参差不齐。除土木堡之变外，明朝通常会谨慎行事，不投入过多兵力以减轻后勤压力，一般投入2万至5万人就足够了。
评论翻译
很赞 ( 8 )
收藏
