波兰现在几乎和英国一样富有了。它是怎么这么快就赶上来的？
Poland is nearly as rich as the UK. How has it caught up so fast?
译文简介
“如果把金融行业从英国剔除，波兰就领先。”——《泰晤士报》报道。
正文翻译
Poland is nearly as rich as the UK. How has it caught up so fast?
-When it comes to investment, particularly in its regions, perhaps Britain is the country that needs to keep up
波兰现在几乎和英国一样富有了。它是怎么这么快就赶上来的？
——谈到投资，尤其是在首都圈之外的地区，也许英国才是需要跟上来的国家
新闻：
In 2015 Nigel Farage admitted a preference for migrants from “India and Australia” over those from “countries that haven’t fully recovered from being behind the Iron Curtain”. It is not a view shared today: the British are more welcoming of Polish immigrants than almost any other nationality. According to YouGov, more of us today think they make a positive impact (53 per cent) on life here than we do of Indians (35 per cent), Germans (50 per cent) and Americans (40 per cent).
2015年，奈杰尔·法拉奇承认，比起那些“尚未完全从铁幕后恢复过来的国家”，英国更青睐来自“印度和澳大利亚”的移民。这种观点在今天并不被认同：英国人比几乎任何其他国籍的人都更欢迎波兰移民。舆观调查公司的数据显示，如今认为他们对英国生活产生积极影响的人（53%）比认为印度人（35%）、德国人（50%）和美国人（40%）的人都要多。
Yet Poles are becoming increasingly scarce. At the time of the Brexit vote in 2016 a million were living in Britain, lured under free movement by substantially higher UK wages. By 2021 a third had left.
然而，波兰人正变得越来越少。2016年英国脱欧公投时，有100万生活在英国，他们被英国高得多的工资所吸引，自由流动。到2021年，三分之一的人离开了。
For most young Polish people, staying put has become a much more attractive offer — something not lost on Kemi Badenoch. “We are competing with economic success stories like Poland,” she told the Tory conference last week. “Fifteen years ago Polish workers came here to find opportunity. Now Poland is growing twice as fast as we are.”
对大多数波兰年轻人来说，呆在国内变得更有吸引力——卡米·巴德诺克也注意到了这一点。“我们正在与波兰这样的经济成功故事竞争，”她上周在保守党会议上表示。“15年前，波兰工人来到这里寻找机会。今天波兰的增长速度是我们的两倍。”
Twice does not quite cover it. In 1995 Poland’s GDP per capita was $13,600 in today’s money — about 36 per cent of Britain’s and roughly the same as Brazil’s. Today Poland’s figure is $44,500, or 81 per cent of ours. It may soon pull level. Since the end of 2019 Britain’s GDP per capita has grown by less than 1 per cent in real US dollars. Poland’s has grown almost 18 per cent, nearly twice as much as that of the US.
两倍还不够。1995年，波兰的人均GDP为13600美元（按今天的货币计算），约为英国的36%，与巴西大致相当。今天波兰的数字是44500美元，占我们的81%。它可能很快就会拉平。自2019年底以来，按实际美元计算，英国人均GDP增长不到1%。波兰的GDP增长了近18%，几乎是美国的两倍。
How has Poland done it? Since the fall of Communism, it has looked westwards: instead of selling off state-owned assets to a small number of rich individuals, Poland held public offerings and encouraged foreign ownership. More recently it has enjoyed the sweet spot of being in the EU but maintaining its own currency.
波兰是如何做到的呢？自东欧剧变以来，波兰将目光投向西方：波兰没有将国有资产出售给少数富人，而是公开发行股票，鼓励外资持有。最近，它享受着加入欧盟但保持自己货币的甜蜜时刻。
The brain drain of young talent to countries like Britain and Germany was a problem throughout the 2010s but several factors have turned things around. Since 2019 Poland has had a lower income tax for workers under 26; a recent study found it to be the third-best European country for young adults to live in. Manufacturing, led by car production, remains important, but its tech sector is thriving, with many workers who have returned from abroad. Wages, adjusted for prices, are now neck and neck with those in Italy.
在整个2010年代，年轻人才外流到英国和德国等国家是一个问题，但几个因素已经扭转了局面。自2019年以来，波兰对26岁以下工人的所得税较低；最近的一项研究发现，它是欧洲第三大最适合年轻人生活的国家。以汽车生产为首的制造业仍然很重要，但它的科技行业正在蓬勃发展，许多工人从国外回国。经物价调整后的工资现在与意大利并驾齐驱。
And while it will take Britain a decade to raise defence spending to 3.5 per cent of GDP, Poland did it almost overnight: this year it is expected to spend the equivalent of 4.5 per cent of its economy on its military, up from 2.2 per cent in 2022. It has been funded by borrowing, which until recently was modest: debt has hovered around 50 per cent, compared with 96 per cent or more in Britain, America and elsewhere.
尽管英国需要10年时间才能将国防开支提高到GDP的3.5%，但波兰几乎是在一夜之间做到了这一点：预计今年波兰的军事开支将相当于其经济的4.5%，高于2022年的2.2%。它的资金来自借款（直到最近还很温和）：债务一直徘徊在50%左右，而英国、美国和其他地方的债务比例为96%或更高。
So the Polish economy is growing fast. Isn’t that what we would expect? Economists often talk about “catch-up growth” — the theory that poorer countries grow faster. They have lots of easy ways to boost productivity, like buying better equipment and investing in better training for staff. Richer countries like Britain have (supposedly) done all of that stuff already. The only way we can boost our economy, the catch-up theory goes, is by new technological discoveries.
所以波兰经济增长很快。这不正是我们所期望的吗？经济学家经常谈论“追赶增长”，即较贫穷国家增长更快的理论。他们有很多简单的方法来提高生产力，比如购买更好的设备，投资更好的员工培训。像英国这样的富裕国家（据说）已经完成了所有这些事情。追赶理论认为，我们提振经济的唯一途径是新技术的发现。
However, a closer look at the growth figures suggests Britain might have more to learn from Poland than we think.
然而，仔细研究一下增长数据就会发现，英国从波兰学习的东西可能比我们想象的要多。
Data from the EU tracks economic activity right down to the regional level. Strikingly, it reveals many parts of Britain have been overtaken by Poland’s more successful areas. The greater Warsaw region has a GDP of €67,000 per capita, adjusted for prices, which is bettered only by central London.
欧盟的数据追踪的是地区层面的经济活动。引人注目的是，它揭示了英国的许多地区已经被波兰更成功的地区所赶超。经物价因素调整后，大华沙地区的人均GDP为6.7万欧元，仅次于伦敦市中心。
Capital cities typically have strong economies. But 12 of Poland’s 17 regions are now richer than west Wales, the poorest part of Britain. Dolnoslaskie — or Lower Silesia — in Poland’s southwest is better off than Greater Manchester. In fact if we were to strip London out, Britain’s output per head would be just 3 per cent ahead of Poland’s.
首都圈城市通常拥有强劲的经济。但是波兰17个地区中有12个地区比英国最贫穷的西威尔士更富裕。波兰西南部的多尔诺斯拉斯基或下西里西亚比大曼彻斯特要好。事实上，如果把伦敦排除在外，英国的人均产出仅比波兰高3%。
Never mind catching up: in some ways Poland is already ahead. The country has faster mobile internet, cheaper electricity and more high-speed rail. Britain has been rich long enough to develop complex planning laws, notes David Lawrence of the Centre for British Progress think tank; developing countries like Poland just build because they see it as essential to prosperity.
别提追赶了：在某些方面波兰已经领先了。这个国家有更快的移动互联网，更便宜的电力和更多的高速铁路。英国进步中心智囊团的大卫·劳伦斯指出，英国已经富裕了足够长的时间来制定复杂的计划法律；像波兰这样的发展中国家只是建设，因为他们认为这是繁荣的必要条件。
Britain has been talking about a third runway at Heathrow for decades: the latest proposals will cost £49 billion be complete in 2040 (although I wouldn’t hold your breath). Poland expects to open a new central transport hub — with two runways and a high-speed rail lix, serving 45 million passengers a year — by the early 2030s for £30 billion. When it comes to investment, particularly in its regions, perhaps Britain is the country that needs to catch up.
英国几十年来一直在谈论希思罗机场的第三条跑道：最新的提议将耗资490亿英镑，于2040年完工（尽管我不抱期待）。波兰计划在21世纪30年代初斥资300亿英镑建成一个新的中央交通枢纽，包括两条跑道和一条高速铁路，每年服务4500万人次。谈到投资，尤其是在首都圈之外的地区，也许英国才是需要跟上来的国家。
-When it comes to investment, particularly in its regions, perhaps Britain is the country that needs to keep up
波兰现在几乎和英国一样富有了。它是怎么这么快就赶上来的？
——谈到投资，尤其是在首都圈之外的地区，也许英国才是需要跟上来的国家
新闻：
In 2015 Nigel Farage admitted a preference for migrants from “India and Australia” over those from “countries that haven’t fully recovered from being behind the Iron Curtain”. It is not a view shared today: the British are more welcoming of Polish immigrants than almost any other nationality. According to YouGov, more of us today think they make a positive impact (53 per cent) on life here than we do of Indians (35 per cent), Germans (50 per cent) and Americans (40 per cent).
2015年，奈杰尔·法拉奇承认，比起那些“尚未完全从铁幕后恢复过来的国家”，英国更青睐来自“印度和澳大利亚”的移民。这种观点在今天并不被认同：英国人比几乎任何其他国籍的人都更欢迎波兰移民。舆观调查公司的数据显示，如今认为他们对英国生活产生积极影响的人（53%）比认为印度人（35%）、德国人（50%）和美国人（40%）的人都要多。
Yet Poles are becoming increasingly scarce. At the time of the Brexit vote in 2016 a million were living in Britain, lured under free movement by substantially higher UK wages. By 2021 a third had left.
然而，波兰人正变得越来越少。2016年英国脱欧公投时，有100万生活在英国，他们被英国高得多的工资所吸引，自由流动。到2021年，三分之一的人离开了。
For most young Polish people, staying put has become a much more attractive offer — something not lost on Kemi Badenoch. “We are competing with economic success stories like Poland,” she told the Tory conference last week. “Fifteen years ago Polish workers came here to find opportunity. Now Poland is growing twice as fast as we are.”
对大多数波兰年轻人来说，呆在国内变得更有吸引力——卡米·巴德诺克也注意到了这一点。“我们正在与波兰这样的经济成功故事竞争，”她上周在保守党会议上表示。“15年前，波兰工人来到这里寻找机会。今天波兰的增长速度是我们的两倍。”
Twice does not quite cover it. In 1995 Poland’s GDP per capita was $13,600 in today’s money — about 36 per cent of Britain’s and roughly the same as Brazil’s. Today Poland’s figure is $44,500, or 81 per cent of ours. It may soon pull level. Since the end of 2019 Britain’s GDP per capita has grown by less than 1 per cent in real US dollars. Poland’s has grown almost 18 per cent, nearly twice as much as that of the US.
两倍还不够。1995年，波兰的人均GDP为13600美元（按今天的货币计算），约为英国的36%，与巴西大致相当。今天波兰的数字是44500美元，占我们的81%。它可能很快就会拉平。自2019年底以来，按实际美元计算，英国人均GDP增长不到1%。波兰的GDP增长了近18%，几乎是美国的两倍。
How has Poland done it? Since the fall of Communism, it has looked westwards: instead of selling off state-owned assets to a small number of rich individuals, Poland held public offerings and encouraged foreign ownership. More recently it has enjoyed the sweet spot of being in the EU but maintaining its own currency.
波兰是如何做到的呢？自东欧剧变以来，波兰将目光投向西方：波兰没有将国有资产出售给少数富人，而是公开发行股票，鼓励外资持有。最近，它享受着加入欧盟但保持自己货币的甜蜜时刻。
The brain drain of young talent to countries like Britain and Germany was a problem throughout the 2010s but several factors have turned things around. Since 2019 Poland has had a lower income tax for workers under 26; a recent study found it to be the third-best European country for young adults to live in. Manufacturing, led by car production, remains important, but its tech sector is thriving, with many workers who have returned from abroad. Wages, adjusted for prices, are now neck and neck with those in Italy.
在整个2010年代，年轻人才外流到英国和德国等国家是一个问题，但几个因素已经扭转了局面。自2019年以来，波兰对26岁以下工人的所得税较低；最近的一项研究发现，它是欧洲第三大最适合年轻人生活的国家。以汽车生产为首的制造业仍然很重要，但它的科技行业正在蓬勃发展，许多工人从国外回国。经物价调整后的工资现在与意大利并驾齐驱。
And while it will take Britain a decade to raise defence spending to 3.5 per cent of GDP, Poland did it almost overnight: this year it is expected to spend the equivalent of 4.5 per cent of its economy on its military, up from 2.2 per cent in 2022. It has been funded by borrowing, which until recently was modest: debt has hovered around 50 per cent, compared with 96 per cent or more in Britain, America and elsewhere.
尽管英国需要10年时间才能将国防开支提高到GDP的3.5%，但波兰几乎是在一夜之间做到了这一点：预计今年波兰的军事开支将相当于其经济的4.5%，高于2022年的2.2%。它的资金来自借款（直到最近还很温和）：债务一直徘徊在50%左右，而英国、美国和其他地方的债务比例为96%或更高。
So the Polish economy is growing fast. Isn’t that what we would expect? Economists often talk about “catch-up growth” — the theory that poorer countries grow faster. They have lots of easy ways to boost productivity, like buying better equipment and investing in better training for staff. Richer countries like Britain have (supposedly) done all of that stuff already. The only way we can boost our economy, the catch-up theory goes, is by new technological discoveries.
所以波兰经济增长很快。这不正是我们所期望的吗？经济学家经常谈论“追赶增长”，即较贫穷国家增长更快的理论。他们有很多简单的方法来提高生产力，比如购买更好的设备，投资更好的员工培训。像英国这样的富裕国家（据说）已经完成了所有这些事情。追赶理论认为，我们提振经济的唯一途径是新技术的发现。
However, a closer look at the growth figures suggests Britain might have more to learn from Poland than we think.
然而，仔细研究一下增长数据就会发现，英国从波兰学习的东西可能比我们想象的要多。
Data from the EU tracks economic activity right down to the regional level. Strikingly, it reveals many parts of Britain have been overtaken by Poland’s more successful areas. The greater Warsaw region has a GDP of €67,000 per capita, adjusted for prices, which is bettered only by central London.
欧盟的数据追踪的是地区层面的经济活动。引人注目的是，它揭示了英国的许多地区已经被波兰更成功的地区所赶超。经物价因素调整后，大华沙地区的人均GDP为6.7万欧元，仅次于伦敦市中心。
Capital cities typically have strong economies. But 12 of Poland’s 17 regions are now richer than west Wales, the poorest part of Britain. Dolnoslaskie — or Lower Silesia — in Poland’s southwest is better off than Greater Manchester. In fact if we were to strip London out, Britain’s output per head would be just 3 per cent ahead of Poland’s.
首都圈城市通常拥有强劲的经济。但是波兰17个地区中有12个地区比英国最贫穷的西威尔士更富裕。波兰西南部的多尔诺斯拉斯基或下西里西亚比大曼彻斯特要好。事实上，如果把伦敦排除在外，英国的人均产出仅比波兰高3%。
Never mind catching up: in some ways Poland is already ahead. The country has faster mobile internet, cheaper electricity and more high-speed rail. Britain has been rich long enough to develop complex planning laws, notes David Lawrence of the Centre for British Progress think tank; developing countries like Poland just build because they see it as essential to prosperity.
别提追赶了：在某些方面波兰已经领先了。这个国家有更快的移动互联网，更便宜的电力和更多的高速铁路。英国进步中心智囊团的大卫·劳伦斯指出，英国已经富裕了足够长的时间来制定复杂的计划法律；像波兰这样的发展中国家只是建设，因为他们认为这是繁荣的必要条件。
Britain has been talking about a third runway at Heathrow for decades: the latest proposals will cost £49 billion be complete in 2040 (although I wouldn’t hold your breath). Poland expects to open a new central transport hub — with two runways and a high-speed rail lix, serving 45 million passengers a year — by the early 2030s for £30 billion. When it comes to investment, particularly in its regions, perhaps Britain is the country that needs to catch up.
英国几十年来一直在谈论希思罗机场的第三条跑道：最新的提议将耗资490亿英镑，于2040年完工（尽管我不抱期待）。波兰计划在21世纪30年代初斥资300亿英镑建成一个新的中央交通枢纽，包括两条跑道和一条高速铁路，每年服务4500万人次。谈到投资，尤其是在首都圈之外的地区，也许英国才是需要跟上来的国家。
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It’s nearly as rich if you look at specific stats. You can easily use other stats to paint a different headline:
UK GDP per capita is $52,000 Poland GDP per capita is $26,000
Wow look, the UK is twice as rich as Poland…
如果你看一下特定的统计数据，你会发现它几乎同样富。你可以很容易地用其他数据来描绘一个不同的标题：
英国人均GDP是5.2万美元，波兰人均GDP是2.6万美元
哇哦，看啊，英国比波兰富一倍……
tyger2020Britain
Yup.
Also, I wish people would stop confusing wealth with economic output. They're not the same thing.
The UK has a median wealth of $164,000 - higher than the US, Netherlands, Norway. Poland has a median wealth of $20,000 - similar to Chile or Mexico.
Also, countries, (including the UK) have been giving them effectively 1.3% GDP growth, every single year, for the previous 20 years. You can argue all you want that the EU is benefited by Poland being admitted and its true, but that doesn't change the fact that the EU countries are investing 1.3% of GDP in basically every 'fast growing' eastern European country and removing that, their growth is a lot less amazing.
是的。
此外，我希望人们不要再把财富和经济产出混为一谈。它们不是一回事。
英国的财富中位数为16.4万美元，高于美国、荷兰和挪威。波兰的财富中位数为2万美元，与智利或墨西哥相似。
此外，在过去的20年里，各国（包括英国）每年都送给他们1.3%的GDP增长。你可以争辩说欧盟从波兰的加入中受益，这是真的，但这并不能改变一个事实，即欧盟国家基本上在每个“快速增长”的东欧国家都投资了GDP的1.3%，如果不考虑这一点，它们的增长就不那么惊人了。
FluidRelief3 Poland
Every now and then I read such nonsense and wonder if it's stupidity or if our government is paying for some kind of propaganda. Poland is developing and that's great, but let's get down to earth. We're not even close to the UK. Our development so far has been based on being a subcontractor for Western companies.
我时不时地读到这样的扯淡，想知道这是愚蠢还是我们的政府在为某种宣传买单。波兰正在发展，这很好，但让我们脚踏实地。我们离英国还差得远呢。到目前为止，我们的发展一直是基于充当西方公司的分包商。
unlearned2 United Kingdom, and Germany
Ferocious PPP/nominal debates incoming, doubtless with zero references to economic literature to argue the validity of one over the other. Not sure overtaking the UK is set in stone for Poland yet (they could converge instead, for example) - Lithuania is growing faster.
激烈的购买力平价/名义购买力平价辩论即将到来，毫无疑问，没有任何经济文献来证明其中一个比另一个更有效。不确定波兰是否会超越英国（比如，它们可能会趋同）——立陶宛的增长速度更快。
Spin53 Poland
Lithuania is growing faster.
Yes, but Lithuania is a small country most Brits couldn't find on the map (/s) and it overtaking the UK wouldn't resonate with British people as much as Poland that was commonly used for a synonym of a "very poor country" by many people in the UK. That's why "Poland overtaking the UK" headline will always draw more attention than any other eastern European country doing so.
立陶宛的增长速度更快。
是的，但是立陶宛是一个大多数英国人在地图上找不到的小国，它超越英国不会像波兰那样引起英国人的共鸣，波兰通常被许多英国人用作“非常贫穷的国家”的同义词。这就是为什么“波兰超越英国”的标题总是比其他任何东欧国家都吸引更多的关注。
unlearned2 United Kingdom, and Germany
I presume part of the outrage at the data comes from it undermining a political premise carried for decades by British tabloids, especially in the 2000s and early 2010s, centered on murders/crime by Eastern Europeans, which was in in their psyche connected to living standards (especially in in Poland and Romania) being further behind the UK back then than is currently the case.
Poles ended up making up a significant percentage of the town where I grew up but I always defended them. Anybody with half a brain could see the neds were a real issue, and the Poles were a non-issue.
我认为，这些数据引发的愤怒部分来自于它破坏了英国小报几十年来的政治前提，尤其是在21世纪初和2010年代初，它聚焦东欧人的谋杀/犯罪，在他们的心理上，东欧人的生活水平（尤其是波兰和罗马尼亚）落后于英国的程度比今天更甚。
波兰人最终在我长大的小镇占据了相当大的比例，但我总是为他们辩护。任何有点脑子的人都能看出需求是一个真正的问题，而波兰人根本不是问题。
reni-chan Northern Ireland
I moved from Poland to the UK nearly 20 years ago now but still visit from time to time and there is no way Poland is richer than the UK.
Yes people are definitely richer than they were when I was leaving but still nowhere near the UK level.
近20年前，我从波兰搬到了英国，但仍然会时不时地回去看看，波兰不可能比英国富裕。
是的，人们确实比我离开时更富有了，但仍然远不及英国的水平。
Oakseyy49 Hungary
Literally the same can be said about every Eastern European country that joined the EU, yes even Hungary under Viktor Orban believe it or not.
Like yes, the country is facing hardships and hopefully he gets booted out next year but it’s still infinitely better than before.
从字面上讲，每个加入欧盟的东欧国家都是如此，是的，甚至是维克托·欧尔班统治下的匈牙利，信不信由你。
是的，这个国家正面临困难，希望他明年被踢下台，但情况仍然比以前好得多。
OkDiscipline9919
Exactly this. It's much richer than it was 20 years ago but that literally applies to most of Eastern Europe, and it's not some mystery why that happened. But you will see a lot more such bragging posts from Poland compared to the others as it fuels their exaggerated nationalism which I have never seen in other european countries before.
确实如此。它比20年前富裕得多，但这确实适用于东欧的大部分地区，为什么会发生这种情况并不神秘。与其他国家相比，你会看到更多来自波兰的自夸帖子，因为这助长了他们夸大的民族主义，我在其他欧洲国家从未见过这种。
Archaemenes United Kingdom
I’ve always been curious as to why the UK is always the frx of reference for these comparisons to Poland. If it’s nearly as rich as the UK then it’s nearly as rich as Germany, France, Italy as well.
我一直很好奇，为什么英国总是作为与波兰进行比较的参考框架。如果它几乎和英国一样富有，那么它也几乎和德国、法国、意大利一样富有，对吧。
muntaxitome
This is just the type of nonsense you get from taking PPP corrected figures. For a certain basket of goods things are getting more near. In real money poland is like half of the UK's GDP.
这只是你从购买力平价修正数据中得出的扯淡。对于某一篮子商品，价格正在越来越接近。按实际货币计算，波兰的GDP相当于英国的一半。
Few-Masterpiece3910
PPP is what people experience. No one is paying rent or getting their salary in USD
购买力平价才是人们的体验。没有人用美元付房租或领工资
Neomadra2
Not necessarily, at least PPP is still far from being the full picture. Vacation in foreign countries or imported goods are easier to afford for UK citizens than Polish people because in absolute terms they earn more money. Also, for some goods and services like housing, healthcare, infrastructure, education etc. you can expect better quality in more expensive countries which PPP doesn't reflect.
不一定，至少购买力平价还远远不能反映全部情况。与波兰人相比，英国人更容易负担得起在国外度假或购买进口商品的费用，因为从绝对值来看，他们赚的钱更多。此外，对于一些商品和服务，比如住房、医疗、基础设施、教育等等，你可以在更昂贵的国家期待更好的质量，这是购买力平价无法反映的。
Four_beastlings Asturias (Spain)
Are they? I'm a slightly above average earner in Poland and I can easily afford several international beach vacations per year, and it's the same for my friends and relatives of a similarly average background. We go to Spain or Egypt because it's cheaper than going to the Polish seaside, but that's because the Polish seaside is impossibly expensive.
真的吗？在波兰，我的收入略高于平均水平，我可以轻松负担每年几次国际海滩度假的费用，我的朋友和亲戚的背景也差不多。我们去西班牙或埃及，因为去那里比去波兰海边便宜，但那是因为波兰海边贵得令人难以置信。
SegheCoiPiedi1777
I love how most comments here are about rebutting the claim focusing on specific metrics, while missing out on the fact that Poland went from a devastated post Soviet country to a fully developed country in 30 years.
Did the standards of living of the UK went up or down for the average person in the last 30 years? What about the last 10 years?
But this is exactly the type of ‘bury our head in the sand’ atttude that Europe displays when anyone makes one notice that our standards of living are not guaranteed by god, but rather the result of a (once) productive society.
我喜欢这里的大多数评论都是如何针对具体的指标来反驳这种说法的，而忽略了波兰在30年内从一个被摧毁的后苏联国家成为一个完全发达的国家的事实。
在过去的30年里，英国人的生活水平是上升了还是下降了？过去10年呢？
但这正是当有人注意到我们的生活水平不是上帝保证的，而是一个（曾经）富有成效的社会的结果时，欧洲所表现出的那种“把头埋在沙子里”的态度。
Thamightyboro78
To answer the standard of living for the UK question
Upper class and rich have become considerably more wealthier.
Middle class have mostly stagnated. Property, services, wages etc have all risen relative to the overall hike in living.
Lower class has been decimated, stagnant wages, inflation, rents, services they rely on torn to pieces.
回答英国生活水平的问题：
上层阶级和富人变得更加富有。
中产阶级大多停滞不前。相对于生活水平的整体提高，房地产、服务、工资等都有所上涨。
下层阶级人数锐减，工资停滞不前，通货膨胀，租金，他们所依赖的服务支离破碎。
RijnKantje
No one is questioning that Poland is doing great and is something of a miracle story, as are many Eastern European nations.
But the headline is still very misleading, despite the impressive growth Poland is nowhere near UK levels of wealth and income.
没有人质疑波兰正在做得很好，是一个奇迹故事，就像许多东欧国家一样。
但标题仍然非常具有误导性，尽管波兰的经济增长令人印象深刻，但其财富和收入水平还远不及英国。
archbid
Remove the financial sector from the U.K. and Poland is the leader.
Poland (and Ukraine if it weren’t being invaded) is an emerging manufacturing and early tech economy. It is growing faster and will outcompete Britain.
Britain chose financialization, and now has the resource curse where it only has the financial sector. That is morphing into a money laundering sector which will lead to precipitous decline.
如果把金融行业从英国剔除，波兰就领先。
波兰（如果乌克兰没有被入侵的话）是一个新兴的制造业和早期科技经济体。它的增长速度更快，将超越英国。
英国选择了金融化，现在在那些只有金融行业的地方遭受了资源诅咒。这正在演变成一个将导致经济急剧下滑的洗钱行业。