破解环保难题：科学家如何利用先进技术销毁“永久化学物质”PFAS
How to destroy harmful 'forever chemicals'
译文简介
探索电化学氧化、超临界水氧化等技术在销毁PFAS永久化学物质上的应用与前景。
正文翻译
374Water can purge PFAS from water and sludge. （374Water公司能够清除水和污泥中的PFAS）"There's a lot of destruction that needs to be done," sums up Parker Bovée of Cleantech Group, a research and consulting firm.
“我们需要大量销毁它们，” 研究咨询公司“清洁技术集团”的帕克·博维总结道。
He is referring to PFAS (Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances), also known as "forever chemicals".
他说的是全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS），也被称为“永久化学物质”。
These man-made chemicals can be found in items such as waterproof clothing, non-stick pans, lipsticks and food packaging.
这些人造化学物质存在于防水服、不粘锅、口红、食品包装等物品中。
They are used for their grease and water repellence, but do not degrade quickly and have been lixed to health issues such as higher risks of certain cancers and reproductive problems.
它们的用途是防油防水，但不易降解，并且与某些高发风险的癌症和生殖系统疾病相关。
The extraordinarily strong carbon-fluorine bonds they contain gives them the ability to persist for decades or even centuries in nature.
它们含有极其牢固的碳-氟键，使其得以在自然界中留存数十年乃至上百年。
PFAS can be detected and removed from water and soil and then concentrated into smaller volumes of high strength waste.
水和土壤中的PFAS能够被检测和清除，并浓缩成小体积的高强度废弃物。
But what to do with that waste?
但问题是如何处理这些废弃物？
Currently, concentrated PFAS waste is either put in long-term storage which is expensive, or incinerated (often incompletely, leading to toxic emissions), or sent to landfills for hazardous waste.
目前，浓缩后的 PFAS 废弃物要么被长期储存（但费用高昂），要么被焚烧（通常不彻底，且排放物有毒），要么被送往危险废物填埋场。
But now clean-tech companies are bringing techniques to market that can destroy them.
但是现在，多家清洁技术公司向市场推出了PFAS销毁技术。
These are being tested in small-scale pilot projects with potential customers including some industrial manufacturers, municipal wastewater treatment plants and even the US military.
这些技术正在小规模的试点项目中接受测试，潜在客户包括工业制造商、市政污水处理厂，甚至美国军方。
There's a "large and growing" market opportunity for PFAS destruction companies notes Mr Bovée.
PFAS销毁公司迎来规模可观、增长强劲的市场机遇，博维先生说道。
While it is mostly currently centred in the US, others are dipping their toes, he says.
尽管目前市场主要集中在美国，但其他国家也在小试牛刀，他说道。
In the UK, funding for water companies to look into PFAS destruction has been provided by water regulator Ofwat, with Severn Trent Water leading a project to examine the potential technologies and suppliers.
英国水务监管局（Ofwat）已经为水务公司提供资金，用于研究PFAS销毁技术，其中赛文特伦特水务公司（Severn Trent）主导的一个项目，旨在评估相关技术和供应商的潜力。
One factor driving the market forward in the US is legal risk. Thousands of lawsuits claiming PFAS-related contamination and harm have been filed with some large chemical manufacturers, notably 3M, having already paid out billions in class-action settlements.
美国市场的一个驱动因素是法律风险。涉及 PFAS污染和危害的诉讼已达数千起，某些化工巨头（尤其是 3M公司）已支付数十亿美元的集体诉讼和解金。
Regulation is also beginning to tighten worldwide.
全球范围内的监管也开始收紧了。
Legal limits for two PFAS in drinking water are now scheduled to take effect in the US in 2031.
目前，美国针对饮用水中两种PFAS的法定限值计划于 2031 年生效。
PFAS remains a bipartisan issue, says Mr Bovée, and many expect that future US regulation will expand beyond drinking water to cover industrial discharge and other sources.
博维先生表示，PFAS仍是一个两党共识议题，许多人预测美国的监管范围将从饮用水扩大到工业排放等其他源头。
The EU also has legal limits for PFAS in drinking water, which member states must begin enforcing from next year.
欧盟对饮用水中的 PFAS 也设定了法定限值，各成员国必须从明年开始执行。
Axine's system is already in use at an auto parts company. （Axine公司的设备已在一家汽车零部件公司投入使用）
There are a variety of technologies for destroying PFAS – each with their own advantages and limitations.
目前已出现多种PFAS销毁技术——各有各的优势和局限性。
According to Mr Bovée, one technology that is almost commercially ready is electrochemical oxidation (EO) technology.
据博维先生介绍，有一种技术几乎已具备商业化条件：电化学氧化技术。
Electrodes are placed in water contaminated by PFAS and a current is passed through, resulting in the chemicals' breakdown.
将电极放置在被 PFAS 污染的水中，通过电流使其分解。
While energy intensive, it doesn't require high temperature or pressure, and is easy to operate and integrate into existing treatment systems for concentrating PFAS, says Mark Ralph, CEO of Canadian-based start-up Axine Water Technologies.
该技术能耗较高，但不需要高温或高压，且操作简便，易于集成到现有的PFAS 浓缩处理系统中，加拿大初创公司 Axine Water Technologies 的首席执行官马克·拉尔夫说道。
Last year, following a successful pilot project, it sold its first commercial-scale unit to a Michigan-based producer of automotive components. It is now up and running and the customer is planning to purchase additional systems for other sites.
去年，该公司在成功完成一个试点项目后，向美国密歇根州的一家汽车零部件生产商售出了第一套商业规模的设备。该设备现已投入运行，客户准备为其他工厂采购更多的设备。
A waste water facility in Orlando is testing 374Water's treatment system. （奥兰多的一家污水处理厂正在测试 374Water公司的处理系统）
Another technology not far behind is Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO).
与之相媲美的是超临界水氧化技术。
It relies on heating and pressurising water to such a high degree that it enters a new state of matter: a so-called supercritical state. When the PFAS waste stream is introduced, it breaks the carbon-fluorine bonds.
技术原理是将水加热加压至极高程度，使其进入新的物质形态——超临界状态。当引入PFAS废弃物流时，能够破坏其碳-氟键。
One advantage is that it can process both solid and liquid PFAS waste, says Chris Gannon, CEO of North Carolina-based 374Water.
该技术的一个优势是能够处理固态和液态PFAS，美国北卡罗来纳州的374Water 公司的首席执行官克里斯·甘农说道。
He says his technology can even destroy PFAS in plastics if they are ground up.
他说在塑料被粉碎后，这项技术甚至能够销毁塑料中的PFAS。
It can be expensive to buy and maintain – the process is so intense it requires a complex reactor and regular cleaning. But it can be more cost effective if the PFAS is first concentrated before it enters the process.
设备的购买和维护成本很高——该工艺十分苛刻，需要复杂的反应器和定期清洗。但在PFAS进入工艺之前，如果先对其进行浓缩处理，成本效益会更高。
Currently the City of Orlando in Florida is testing 374Water's technology at its largest wastewater treatment plant.
目前，佛罗里达州的奥兰多市正在最大的污水处理厂测试374Water公司的这项技术。
The City is trying to get ahead of the curve, explains Alan Oyler, its special projects manager for public works.
我市正在努力抢占先机，奥兰多市的公共工程专项项目经理艾伦·奥耶尔说道。
Levels of PFAS in sewage sludge aren't currently regulated, but he expects them to be in the future.
目前，污水污泥中的PFAS含量尚未受到监管，但他预计未来会受到监管。
So far, Mr Oyler is pleased with the destruction capability he has seen, but is also waiting to see how reliable the system is.
目前，奥耶尔先生对该设备的销毁能力感到满意，但可靠性仍有待于观察。
The scale of 374Water's current technology is small: it can handle just a fraction of the tonnes of wet sludge the facility produces daily.
374Water公司当前的技术处理规模较小——不足以处理污水处理厂每日产生的巨量湿污泥。
But the company is in the process of scaling up, and Mr Oyler imagines in a few years it will be able to handle all the facility's material "ready for when the regulations require".
但公司正在扩大产能，奥耶尔先生预计，几年后公司将能够处理污水处理厂的所有废弃物，“从而为法规未来提出的要求做好准备”。
Other technologies on their way to being commercially ready include hydrothermal alkaline treatment (HALT), which uses high temperature, high pressure, and an alkaline chemical to destroy PFAS; and plasma-based technology, which involves making an ionized gas (called a plasma) to attack and degrade the PFAS molecules.
即将具备商业化条件的其他技术包括：水热碱处理技术——利用高温、高压、碱性化学物质来销毁PFAS；等离子体技术——利用电离气体（称为等离子体）来破坏和降解 PFAS 分子。
Aquagga destroyed PFAS in a fire-fighting foam mixture. （Aquagga公司销毁了灭火泡沫混合液中含有的PFAS）
Yet there is one potential issue with the technologies now coming through, says Jay Meegoda, a professor of civil and environmental engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology: nasty PFAS degradation byproducts.
然而，当前涌现的这些技术存在一个隐患——降解PFAS会生成有毒的副产物，新泽西理工学院土木与环境工程学教授杰伊·米戈达说道。
For example, in the case of EO, highly corrosive hydrogen fluoride vapor. Each needs a "complete study" accounting for all their inputs and outputs, he says.
例如，电化学氧化技术会产生强腐蚀性的氟化氢蒸汽。我们需要对每一项技术所有的投入物和产出物进行“全面研究”。
The companies have claimed they either don't produce PFAS degradation products or deal with them adequately.
这些公司声称，他们在销毁PFAS过程中不产生降解产物，或者对降解产物进行妥善处理。
One important partner for many of the PFAS destruction companies in testing their technologies in the real world has been the US Department of Defence (DOD).
对于许多PFAS销毁技术企业而言，美国国防部是他们开展实地技术试验的重要合作伙伴。
PFAS contamination at US military sites is a big, below-the-radar problem. It stems particularly from the use of older formulations of firefighting foam, used for example during training exercises or emergencies, but other routes too such as the cleaning of military equipment.
在美国军事场所，PFAS污染是一个鲜为人知的严重问题。主要来源是早期配方的灭火泡沫，例如他们会在训练演习或紧急情况下使用，此外还有装备清洗等其他来源。
More than 700 sites are known or suspected to be contaminated, posing a threat to surrounding communities. A judge recently cleared the way for PFAS contamination and harm lawsuits against the military to proceed.
700多处军事场所已被确认或疑似受到污染，对周边社区构成了威胁。最近，一名法官为针对军方造成PFAS污染与危害的诉讼扫清了法律障碍，使这些案件得以继续审理。
Clean up efforts are where the destruction companies could come in, and projects have been undertaken or are under way at various sites to assess the performance and cost effectiveness of many of their solutions.
PFAS销毁技术企业的任务就是清除它们，现在多处军事场所已启动或正在推进各类项目，旨在评估多种技术方案的处理效能与成本效益。
One start-up, Aquagga, which specialises in HALT technology, recently completed a demonstration project for the DOD which involved destroying a firefighting foam mixture amongst other concentrated PFAS-containing liquids.
初创公司Aquagga专攻水热碱处理技术（HALT），近日为美国国防部完成了一个示范项目，成功销毁了含PFAS的浓缩液体，包括灭火泡沫混合液。
Immense volumes of the foam are currently stockpiled in all sorts of places, not just at military sites.
目前不仅军事场所，各类其他场所也储存着巨量的灭火泡沫。
Like others, Aquagga sees a big opportunity over the next few years for both destroying the foam and remediating the environmental damage associated with its use.
与其他企业一样，Aquagga公司预见到未来几年的巨大商机：销毁灭火泡沫，治理因其应用而造成的环境破坏。
And outside the military, there's a tantalizing new PFAS waste stream on the horizon. The US is actively expanding domestic computer chip manufacturing – a process that uses PFAS in massive amounts. "We can destroy that," says Mr Gannon, of 374Water.
除了军事领域，一条新的PFAS废弃物流即将形成，前景十分诱人。美国正在积极扩大国内的计算机芯片制造业，生产过程中使用大量的PFAS。“我们能够销毁它们，” 374Water 公司的甘农先生说道。
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In the 90's I lived near the Lake of Bolsena 2 hours north of Rome in Italy. An area loved by German tourists who would rent and buy homes there. It had Paper Mills in the surrounding area who were notorious for dumping their waste into streams that fed the lake. Owners of these companies preferred to pay modest fines rather than buy the necessary equipment to clean up their waste and no concern was ever given by the authorities to the quality of the fish sold and the health risks of the swimmers who used the lake. No surprise when I think of how many friends, I had who died of various types of cancer in their 50's.
上世纪90 年代，我住在意大利罗马以北两小时车程的博尔塞纳湖畔。那里是德国游客的热门去处，他们常在那里租房或买房。周边多家造纸厂因向汇入湖泊的溪流倾倒废弃物而臭名昭著。造纸厂的老板宁愿缴纳少量罚款，也不愿购置必要的设备来处理废弃物。当局从不关心市场上鱼产品的质量和游泳者面临的健康风险。现在想来，难怪我的许多朋友在五十多岁就因各种癌症去世了。
@billiemunchen
We have the same in the Netherlands, major PFAS pollution. But there's also other (harmful) waste being disposed of illegally by calling them/mixing them in with construction materials for buildings and roads. They know what they're doing.
我们荷兰的饮用水也面临着严重的全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）污染。此外，其他（有害）废弃物也被鱼目混珠地非法处置——要么冠之以建筑材料的名称，要么混入用于房屋和道路建设的建材之中，他们心知肚明自己在做什么。
Another example is old car tires ground up into small grains and then dumped onto artificial grass sports fields (it's normal to have something on it as it preserves the field/makes play better, and the non-toxic stuff containing ground up coconuts is apparently too expensive). Car tyres are chemical waste and can cause cancer! That's great when your kids are playing on such a field every week or even multiple times a week, isn't it?! Nothing and no one is safe from this kind of environmental crime, not even in the Netherlands which generally has good rules and regulation and good enforcement, you'd think.
还有一个例子是将旧汽车轮胎碾碎成小颗粒，然后倾倒在人造草皮运动场上（运动场上铺点东西很正常，这样既能保护场地，又能提升运动体验，用碾碎的椰子壳制成的无毒材料显然太贵了）。汽车轮胎属于化学废弃物，可能致癌！想想看，你家孩子每周都在这样的运动场上玩耍，这有多可怕？！这种环境犯罪无处不在，无人能幸免，即使是你眼中法制健全、严格执法的荷兰也不例外。
@misdrevenous
It's good that they even test. Here in the Philippines, i doubt if even our government knows about it.
他们居然对饮用水做测试，这就算不错了。在菲律宾这边，我怀疑就连政府都没意识到PFAS污染的问题。
@tengasingapore3022
I work with Amazon flex doing deliveries to household. At times I still can’t comprehend why plastic bottled drinking water is being bought in bulk by customers.
我在亚马逊 Flex 平台负责送快递，有时我真不明白，为什么顾客会大量购买塑料瓶装的饮用水。
@Crims0nCru5h
They're yet to realise, that PFAS are in plastic bottles
他们还未意识到，塑料瓶中也含有全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）。
@KonaLatner
True but most of it is bought by merchants on Amazon to sell them thru Amazon
确实如此，但大部分是被亚马逊的商家买走，再通过亚马逊出售的。
@horus2369
What makes you think you can trust bottled water? Why aren't companies that sell bottles water forced to test and held to the highest standards for what they are selling?
你为什么认为瓶装水可靠？为什么不强制要求瓶装水企业进行检测，并要求他们的产品达到最高标准？
@ricardoxavier827
Well, they are, in some nations. In the majority of the nations its the wild west. Welcome to the jungle. Human life are not the priority in the majority of the nations of the world.
唉，有些国家是这样要求的，但大多数国家就像狂野西部，欢迎来到丛林世界。在世界上大多数国家，人命并非头等大事。
@potrebitel3
Absolutely! Unless the bottling companies had specifically treated for PFAR removal - unlikely to have them out. I work in this business in the USA and majority of them do not. In many cases it is the same municipal water, maybe filtered some more, but still with its fluoride for example, still in.
说得太对了！除非瓶装水企业进行特殊处理，否则不太可能去除 PFAS。我在美国从事这一行业，大多数企业都做不到。在许多情况下，市政供水也是如此，滤除的PFAS可能多一些，但水中照样存在氟化物。
@dominicomucci3014
Bottled water has micro plastics in it. It’s worse than tap water.
瓶装水里有微塑料，还不如自来水呢。
@alexleanh
PFAS is in the plastic that makes the bottles for bottled water. Your average bottled water has both micro plastics and PFAS!!!
制造瓶装水所用的塑料含有PFAS，所以瓶装水含有微塑料和PFAS！
@SkromnitsaKrasotka
What about expensive brands? Are they safe to drink? Like Evian etc.
昂贵的品牌瓶装水怎么样？比如依云之类的，喝起来安全吗？
@alexleanh
Where do you think those expensive brands get their water from? Mars or the moon? There is NO water source on this planet that is not contaminated with PFAS. ALL expensive brands are expensive... just because of their expensive campaign and advertisement for their brand names! Hence, the price you have to pay for them.
你以为昂贵的饮用水品牌是从哪里获取的水源？火星还是月球？地球上没有一处水源是未被PFAS污染的。它们之所以昂贵，仅仅是因为公司为品牌名称的宣传和广告投入巨资！而这笔费用只能由你来承担。
The water coming out of your local water management services is the same water source for your brand name bottled water. They just filtered them one more time at their bottled facility, and that is no better than the filter system like Zero Water, PUR, Mulligan, etc. at your own home. Evian is not from the French Alps alone, there are many local water source that slap on the label Evian in many countries throughout the world. And do know, that French Alps water source is also contaminated with PFAS, just like all water sources on planet earth!
你喝的名牌瓶装水与当地水务局使用的水源相同，只不过在瓶装厂多过滤一次，并不比零水、普尔、穆利根等家用净水器更好。依云的水源不只来自法国阿尔卑斯山，世界许多国家的水源都会贴上依云的品牌。而且你要知道，就像世界各地的水源一样，法国阿尔卑斯山的水源也被PFAS污染了！
@beppebonarrigo3474
I wonder if these chemicals in the water could be absorbed through the skin while showering or washing one's face. I also wonder if using the water to brush one's teeth could also cause the chemicals to be absorbed through the mouth. If we add that several vegetables and fruits in the area have been watered with contaminated water, I think it doesn't matter if one avoids drinking the water. If the water in the area is contaminated, it seems impossible to avoid the consequences.
我在想当我们洗澡或洗脸时，水中的这些化学物质会不会通过皮肤被人体吸收。当我们用水刷牙时，这些化学物质会不会通过口腔被人体吸收。如果当地的蔬菜和水果是用污染水浇灌的，我看即使不喝这水也无济于事。看来只要当地的水源受到污染，我们就在劫难逃了。
@tidtidy4159
In the uk millions of tons of pfas and pfos contaminated sewage sludge is spread on farmland.
在英国，数百万吨被 PFAS （全氟和多氟烷基物质）和 PFOS（全氟辛烷磺酸） 污染的污水污泥被施用于农田。
@user-yx3tl7pv3j
USA and Canada too
美国和加拿大也是这样。
@rknives7888
Somehow plastic industry has to change along with the garbage industry
塑料行业必须设法与垃圾处理行业共同变革。
@SkromnitsaKrasotka
Yeah, we need to stop buying plastic-fantastic.
是啊，我们应该抵制华而不实的塑料制品。
@AveryArden
If we had more independent politicians who refused bribes from large corporations, we might not be facing today’s PFAS crisis.
假如我们有更多的无党派人士拒收大企业的贿赂，我们可能就不会面临现在的PFAS危机了。
@GarrettReynolds-nt4df
Pfas has been found in French bottled water co Evian!
法国依云瓶装水公司的水中被发现含有PFAS！
@salm8990
If we ever get to do a gene test an actual Extra Terrestrial we would confirm they are not from this world by the LACK of forever chemicals in their body
假如我们真的有机会对外星人进行基因检测，一旦发现他们体内没有永久化学物质，就足以证明他们不是地球人。
@tupidcrashtestdummy
Just like here in America Big Industry and the government are one and the same. If you think you're going to get anything out of them, you're full of siht. Always going after the little people, that's what governments all around the world do, it's never their fault. Always someone else's.
美国也是这样，产业巨头与政府是一丘之貉。你要想从他们那里获益，简直是异想天开。政府总是拿小人物开刀，世界各国政府都这么干，从不承认自己的错误，总是把责任推卸给别人。
@homelate1306
It’s all over Belgium. 3M is a major pfas polluter in Belgium. I live near a stream which is heavy polluted. We can’t grow our own produce. We can’t have chickens nor eggs, God knows how many pfas is in our bodies
在比利时，PFAS污染无处不在，主要源头是明尼苏达矿业及制造公司（3M）。我家附近的河流受到严重污染，我们既不敢种菜，也不敢养鸡下蛋，天知道我们身体里有多少 PFAS。
@chestnutfieldmas7490
Same thing happening jn Japan. TV reported that water is contaminated near semiconductor factories and air-conditioner mahufacuterer factories.
At a certain area of Okayama pref. people have to drink water conataminated 100 times of Japanese standard.
日本也在发生同样的事情。有新闻报道称，在半导体工厂和空调生产车间附近，水源受到了污染。在冈山县的某个地区，当地饮用水的污染程度超过日本标准100倍。
@SandyNiki
I hear the US military bases create the most for Japan.
我听说美国军事基地给日本造成的污染最为严重。
@chestnutfieldmas7490
I heard fire extiguish agent leaked that contained PFAS or PFOS at Yokota Air Base near Tokyo. The level of contamination of Tokyo's tap water is over Japanese Standard about double.
我听说东京附近的横田空军基地泄漏过灭火剂，其中含有PFAS （全氟和多氟烷基物质）和 PFOS（全氟辛烷磺酸）。当时东京自来水的污染程度是日本标准的两倍。
@TruthLenss5
The information presented here is a stark reminder of the environmental impact of modern industry. We need to prioritize developing safer alternatives and better filtration technologies.
这篇报道警醒世人，现代工业对环境造成的危害，我们应该优先发展更安全的替代品和更高效的过滤技术。
@1Amansidhu
If this happens in so-called developed nations then what can we expect from developing nations.
既然所谓的发达国家都存在这种情况，更何况是发展中国家呢。
@steeleNstrehla
Does brewing beer with the contaminated water eliminate PFAS from the water? Would the yeast convert the PFAS?
使用受污染的水来酿造啤酒能去除PFAS吗？酵母能将其转化为其他物质吗？
@Hathur
No. The only safe water would be distilled water that is NOT stored in plastic. You can't remove PFAS via filtering or boiling. You have to distill (evaporate) it into a gas, then recapture the gas as water in a non-plastic container (glass being the best choice). However, distilled water has its own problems, it is entirely devoid of any minerals at all so it is critical your diet is robust to make up for the loss of essential minerals we typically get from non-distilled water. Even then, you can't escape PFAS... both the animals we eat and vegetables we eat absorb PFAS from our poisoned environment... so any fruit, vegetable or animal you eat also has PFAS in them.
不能。只有储存在非塑料容器中的蒸馏水才是安全的，无论过滤还是煮沸都无法清除PFAS，你必须将水蒸馏（蒸发）成气体，然后在非塑料容器（最好是玻璃容器）中重新凝结成水。但蒸馏水的弊端是不含任何矿物质，因此你的饮食必须足够全面，才能补充我们原本可以从非蒸馏水中获取的必需矿物质。即便如此，你也无法彻底摆脱PFAS……我们平时吃的肉类和蔬菜都从受污染的环境中摄入了 PFAS……所以你吃的水果、蔬菜、肉类都含有PFAS。
@SkromnitsaKrasotka
Is there any hope? Any part of the planet where the water is safe to drink?
还有希望吗？地球上还有哪里的水是可以安全饮用的？
@tyiffpeijc8702
I'm pretty sure reverse osmosis removes 95-99% of PFAS and PFOS, but just like with distilled water the minerals need to be added back in. There are some mineral water companies (in glass bottles) whose sources so far still have not been contaminated by PFAS (and hopefully never do)
我确信反渗透能够去除 95-99% 的PFAS和PFOS，但就像蒸馏水一样需要添加矿物质。有一些矿泉水公司（玻璃瓶装）的水源至今未受到PFAS的污染（希望以后也不会）。
@SK-lt1so
People go crazy over PFAS, but don't blx an eye at obesity, hypertension, high salt, poor sleep...
人们对PFAS避之不及，却对肥胖、高血压、高盐饮食、睡眠不足等问题视若无睹。
@pangbangdang3672
PFAS is a substance that builds up over time, both in nature and in the human body. Once it enters your body, there is no way to remove it. This is different from things like losing weight or reducing salt intake, which are within your control. In contrast, removing PFAS from drinking water is not something you can decide or manage on your own.
PFAS会随着时间的推移在自然界和人体内不断累积。一旦进入人体，就无法将其清除。这与你可以掌控的减肥或减少盐分摄入不同。相比之下，去除饮用水中的PFAS不是你个人能够决定或掌控的事情。
@vicentvanmole
Japan has the worst contamination, as a result of 150+ US military bases , lack of oversight . Citizen suffer .
日本所受污染最为严重，这是由于150 多个美国军事基地监管不严所致，结果民众遭殃。
@chadamongmen5223
If this was a major health concern we would have seen it decades ago
倘若PFAS对健康构成严重危害，几十年前我们就应该发现了。
@GonzoFumbleficker
Now there's a well thought out comment ... no doubt a health 'professional'.
这可真是条深思熟虑的评论，你肯定是个健康“专家”。
@JeffreyGoddin
I guess you didn't watch? The system for testing wasn't completed until 2018. That's less than a decade, in case you're also that bad at math.
你是没看视频吧？PFAS检测体系直到 2018 年才建成，迄今不到十年，你的数学不会也这么烂吧？
@MrLoobu
It was studied and known by the companies selling it shortly after they began. They did it for decades anyway and made billions. Government didn't notice for decades because they didn't regulate, by the time they did, it was in literally every environment and person on planet earth.
瓶装水企业在开始销售不久后就研究并知晓了，但他们仍然销售了数十年，并从中获利数十亿。由于政府数十年来监管不到位，所以并未察觉，等到他们注意的时候，PFAS已经遍布全球，存在于每个人的体内了。
@STOG01
Isn't poluting drinking water basically an act of terrorism in most of the 1st world?
在大多数发达国家，污染饮用水算得上恐怖主义行径了吧？
@MrWhangdoodles
It's not terrorism, they're trying to hide the fact and not shout it from the rooftops. Terrorism are acts that are supposed to inspire terror. This is so, so much worse.
称不上恐怖主义行径，他们在试图掩盖真相，而不是大肆宣扬。恐怖主义行径旨在制造恐慌，远比这更恶劣。
@tunim4354
Even if it is an act of terrorism, you can't really hold someone responsible because these corporations hire smart people to work for them. They will never let you know who exactly is responsible for the said act and tell you how the company has followed the environmental guidelines. The company is separate from the owners, and holding the company responsible won't harm the owners.
即便这是恐怖主义行径，你也很难追究到个人头上，因为这些企业雇佣了有头脑的人，他们绝不会让你知道究竟谁才是罪魁祸首，还会告诉你公司是如何遵守环保规定的。企业独立于股东，追究企业的责任不会损害到股东。