欧洲战斗机‘台风’被高估了吗？

Rodra Hascaryo
How are they rated in the first place?
它们的评级标准究竟是如何确立的？

Seriously. For example, the F-15 is generally hailed as the best fighter ever made because of its air-to-air statistics. But Eurofighter? People generally understand it as a formidable airplane but that’s about it. There’s no mythos around it like the F-15.
确实如此。举例来说，F-15因其空战战绩被普遍誉为史上最卓越的战斗机。但"台风"战机呢？人们通常仅将其理解为性能强大的战机，仅此而已。它并未像F-15那样形成传奇地位。


The newer version of F-15 is equal to the Eurofighter, and they’re also equal to every newer versions of “4th generation” fighters around the world. Yes, that includes the Soviet/Russian and Chinese ones.
新版的 F-15 可以与台风相当，而且它们与世界各地更新后的“4代”战斗机之间大致相当。是的，这也包括苏联/俄罗斯和中国的机型。

True, one of them is better at this little thing than the others, but in practice the difference will be on the users more than the machine. A competently flown whatever will beat an incompetently flown whatever.
确实，某款飞机在某些小方面可能优于其他机型，但实际上差别更多取决于使用者而非机器本身。操作得当的任何飞机都能打败操作不当的任何飞机。

Stealth airplanes are on a league of their own. Simply put, a Eurofighter/F-15/non-stealthy fighter vs a stealth fighter is like using a knife in a gun fight. Despite all their boasts, there’s no evidence that Russia has “anti-stealth” radar that would nullify the F-22 or F-35’s advantage, so the status quo remains unchanged for the time being.
隐身飞机属于另一个层次。简单来说，台风/F-15/非隐身战机对阵隐身战机就像刀枪相对中的匕首。尽管有各种说法，目前并无证据显示俄罗斯拥有能完全抵消 F-22 或 F-35 优势的“反隐身”雷达，因此现状暂时未变。


Giorgio Bellini
Overrated how? In the sense that it has subpar avionics, an outdated sensor system, second-rate kinetic performance, and obsolete weaponry?
被高估在哪方面？是指航电表现平庸、传感器系统过时、机动性能二流、武器已经过时吗？

The answer is no. The answer to each of these questions is "quite the opposite."
答案是否定的。对上述每一项问题的回答都是“恰恰相反”。

The Eurofighter is a top contender for anyone in the field of air supremacy.
台风（Eurofighter）是争夺制空权领域的顶级竞争者之一。

The Eurofighter Typhoon was also one of the pioneers of the swing-role concept, i.e., the ability to dynamically switch from air-to-air to air-to-ground missions within the same flight, without the need for reconfiguration on the ground. Already in its first operational deployments, the Typhoon demonstrated its ability to intercept and engage airborne threats with dedicated weapons (such as the AIM-120 AMRAAM and IRIS-T), and then attack ground targets in the same sortie using laser- or GPS-guided bombs (such as the Paveway or GBU-48), thanks in part to its sophisticated avionics and real-time sensor fusion. This approach anticipated a philosophy now common in advanced multirole fighters, but which was still in transition at the time, making the Typhoon an extremely flexible and modern platform even in its first operational phases.
欧洲战斗机"台风"亦是摆动角色作战概念的先驱之一，该理念指在同一架次飞行中无需地面重新配置，即可动态切换空对空与空对地任务模式。早在初期作战部署阶段，"台风"便展现出卓越的多任务能力：既能使用专用武器（如AIM-120先进中程空对空导弹和IRIS-T红外成像型导弹）拦截并交战空中威胁，又可在同次任务中运用激光/GPS制导炸弹（如"铺路"系列或GBU-48）打击地面目标——这得益于其先进的航电系统和实时传感器融合技术。此种作战理念超前体现了当前先进多用途战斗机的普遍设计哲学，在当时仍属技术转型期，使得"台风"即使在初始作战阶段就已成为极具灵活性且现代化的作战平台。

No, it's not overrated. It's far from overrated.
不，台风并没过誉。远非被高估。



Chris Gorman
In broad terms, YES, the EF-2000 Typhoon is overrated.
总体而言，确实可以说 EF-2000（台风）被高估了。

The biggest problem with the project was its PROTRACTED development time.
该项目最大的问题是其长期拖延的开发周期。

The original future Experimental Aircraft Program (EAP) began in the early 1980s with a similar consortium to the Panavia Tornado.
最初的未来实验飞机计划（EAP）始于1980年代初，其合作模式与潘纳维亚龙卷风（Panavia Tornado）计划项目类似。

France
West Germany
Great Britian
Italy
法国
西德
英国
意大利

However, only Great Britain’s British Aerospace ultimately ended up building the EAP technology demonstrator. The EAP conducted 250 test flights from 1986–1991.
然而，最终只有英国的英国航宇（British Aerospace）建成了 EAP 技术验证机。EAP 在 1986–1991 年间完成了 250 次试飞。


The follow on Eurofighter program built upon the EAP Test program with a new consortium including original partners, plus Spain and MINUS France.
后续的 Eurofighter（台风战机） 计划在 EAP 测试基础上成立了新的财团，包含原始伙伴，并加入了西班牙，但不包括法国。

France had left its European partners in mid-1980s to develop its own new 1990s fighter…..the Dassault Rafale C of Air Force and Rafale M for French Navy. (Note: these delays required the French Navy’s F-8E(FN) serving into the late 1990s)
法国在1980年代中期退出欧洲伙伴关系，转而开发其自有的90年代战机……达索阵风（Dassault Rafale C 空军型与 Rafale M 海军型）。 （注：这些延迟使法国海军的 F-8E(FN) 服役直到1990年代末。）


Dassault Rafale A prototype
达索阵风 A 型原型机

The first flight of the Eurofighter Prototype DA1 occured in March 1994.
Eurofighter（台风战机） 原型机 DA1 的首飞发生在1994年3月。


First EuroFighter at German Aerospace Museum
首架 Eurofighter（台风战机）  在德国航空航天博物馆（展出/展示）

In 1995, concerns over workshare appeared. Since the formation of Eurofighter, the workshare split had been agreed at 33/33/21/13 (United Kingdom/Germany/Italy/Spain) based on the number of units being ordered by each contributing nation. All the nations then reduced their orders:
1995年，合作份额分配问题开始显现。自欧洲战斗机公司成立以来，原本根据各参与国订购数量设定了33/33/21/13（英国/德国/意大利/西班牙）的工作份额分配比例。然而所有参与国随后都削减了订单：

UK cut its orders from 250 to 232
Germany from 250 to 140
Italy from 165 to 121
and Spain from 100 to 87
英国将订单从250减少到232
德国从250降到140
意大利从165降到121
西班牙从100降到87

According to these order levels, the workshare split should have been 39/24/22/15 UK/Germany/Italy/Spain; however, Germany was unwilling to give up such a large portion of the Eurofighter program footprint and development.
按这些订单水平，工作份额本应为 39/24/22/15（英/德/意/西）；然而德国不愿放弃如此大比例的 Eurofighter 项目产能与研发份额。

In January 1996, after much negotiation between the two primary partners, German and UK , a compromise was reached whereby Germany would purchase another 40 aircraft to keep a greater percentage of the workforce and production component of the EF2000 program.
1996年1月，在英德两大合作者多次谈判后达成折中方案：德国将再购买 40 架飞机，以保留更大比例的劳动力与 EF2000 项目的生产环节。

The workshare split was therefore UK 37.42%, Germany 29.03%, Italy 19.52% and Spain 14.03%.
因此工作份额被调整为：英国 37.42%，德国 29.03%，意大利 19.52%，西班牙 14.03%。

The project was severely impacted by the POST- Soviet unx breakup and major stand down of NATO in the 1990s……..Such that by the time the aircraft became operational in early 2000s it was already obsolete.
该项目在苏联解体后和1990年代北约大幅缩减的影响下遭受重创……以致于当飞机在2000年代初进入服役时，某些方面已显陈旧。

The EF-2000 is roughly on par with the F-15C / F-15E and F/A-18 E/F.
EF-2000 大致可与 F-15C / F-15E 及 F/A-18 E/F 相匹敌。

A 4.5 Generation fighter aircraft that is not a true Stealth aircraft. The same can be said with the French Dassault Rafale.
它属于 4.5 代战斗机，但并非真正的隐身飞机。法国达索阵风亦可作同样评价。

It is NOT the leading edge of technology, nor the most advanced fighter aircraft in the world. It is an improvement of 4th Generation fighter design with 21st century lessons learned :
它既不是技术最前沿，也不是世界上最先进的战斗机。它是对第四代战斗机设计基于21世纪经验教训的改良：

Digital Cockpit displays and HOTAS design
Precision guided air-to-ground weapons
More reliable, long-range BVR air-to-air missiles than previous SkyFlash and Sparrow missiles
Canard/Delta configuration is good for maneuverability and top speed, but sacrifices low observability and long takeoff run
数字式座舱显示与HOTAS（手不离杆）操控设计
精确制导空对地武器
较之早期的"天空闪光"与"麻雀"导弹，具备更可靠的超视距空对空作战能力
鸭翼/三角翼布局有利于提升机动性与极速，但需牺牲隐身性能并延长起飞滑跑距离

Therefore, when British, Germans and other Typhoon operators claim that is world-class, that is an inflated and overrated statement.
因此，当英德等台风使用国宣称其为世界级战机时，这种说法有被夸大的成分。

What is interesting is the EF-2000 and Rafale entered service around same time as the USAF’s F-22A Raptor.
有趣的是，EF-2000 与阵风（Rafale）服役的时间与美空军的 F-22A 猛禽大致同期。


However, the Raptor is a FAR SUPERIOR machine IN ALL FACETS to both aircraft.
然而，猛禽在各方面远远优于这两种飞机。

The Lockheed Martin F-22A Stealth air superiority fighter made everything else obsolete when it entered service in 2005.
洛克希德·马丁的 F-22A 隐身制空战斗机在2005年服役后，使很多其他飞机显得过时。

The F-35 Joint Strike Fighter also built by Lockheed Martin, expanded stealth to a multi-mission/multi-role strike fighter platform that was marketed to replace 4th generation aircraft like the F-15, F-16 and F/A-18 (legacy Hornets).
同为洛克希德·马丁制造的 F-35 联合攻击战斗机则将隐身能力扩展到了多任务/多角色打击机平台，定位为替代 F-15、F-16 和 F/A-18（老款大黄蜂）等第四代飞机。

The four European countries Germany, Great Britain, Italy and Spain have ordered a total of 472 Eurofighters.
德国、英国、意大利和西班牙四国共订购了 472 架 Eurofighter台风战机。

In addition to the original partners, the following Export Customers have also ordered the EF-2000:
除了原始伙伴国外，以下出口客户也订购了 EF-2000：

15 for Austria
72 for Saudi Arabia
12 for Oman
28 for Kuwait.
奥地利 15 架
沙特阿拉伯 72 架
阿曼 12 架
科威特 28 架

That totals 599 EuroFighters ordered thus far.
至此共计已订购 599 架 Eurofighter台风战机。

By comparison its contemporaries have racked up the following totals:
相较之下，同代机型累计订单如下：

Dassault Rafale (France)- Less than 300 , but large pending orders for India
达索阵风（法国）——少于 300 架，但印度有大量待定订单

Lockheed Martin (USA) F-22A Raptor- 181 units for USAF only (Aircraft was so GOOD , because it was SO EXPENSIVE)
洛克希德·马丁（美国）F-22A 猛禽——仅美空军 181 架（这机型之所以出色，是因为极其昂贵）

Boeing (USA) F/A-18 E/F and EA-18G Super Hornet family - for USN, RAAF and Kuwait only — 804 units Note: All were previous legacy Hornet operators.
波音（美国）F/A-18 E/F 与 EA-18G 超级大黄蜂家族——仅供美国海军、澳大利亚空军与科威特——共计 804 架（注：这些国家均为传统老大黄蜂的使用者）

Lockheed Martin (USA) F-35 (A, B, C) - 1,200+ to over 20 nations including 3 major US services - USAF, USN, USMC
洛克希德·马丁（美国）F-35（A、B、C 型）——1200+ 架，分配给 20 多国并包含美国三大军种：空军、海军、海军陆战队

The F-35 is the clear winner in the current market in terms of capability, performance and adoption by NATO and Allied Nations.
在当前市场上，F-35 在能力、性能和北约及盟国的采用率方面明显占优。


Mikie Fant
Is the Eurofighter overrated? Depends on what claims are being made about the aircraft? It is not a fifth generation fighter, but it is a very capable multi-role capable aircraft, and in the hands of a capable air force, it will take on most challenges. Tranche 4 aircraft with CAPTOR AESA radar and weapons like the long range Meteor air to air missile and ground attack missiles like Brimestone and in the future, SPEAR 3, and long range cruise missiles like Storm Shadow, make it a capable aircraft. I don’t think it is overrated as I don’t think huge claims are being made on it. But it is unquestioningly very capable.
欧洲战斗机‘台风’是否被过誉？这取决于对其性能宣称的界定。它虽非第五代战机，却是极具实力的多用途作战平台，在精锐空军操作下足以应对多数作战挑战。配备‘捕手’有源相控阵雷达的第四批次机型，结合‘流星’远程空对空导弹、‘硫磺石’对地攻击导弹（未来还将集成‘矛’3型导弹）及‘风暴阴影’远程巡航导弹等武器系统，使其成为综合战力卓越的作战载体。笔者认为其并未被过誉，因为业界并未对其作出过度夸大宣称，但毋庸置疑的是，该机型确实具备非凡作战能力。


John Michael Leslie
Comparing it to the king of Air Combat - the Eurofighter/Typhoon is more agile than the F22, has a higher power-weight ratio and has a helmet mounted sight, so the pilot can just look at something and the missile will go there… They are just talking about the F22 getting one (bought from Europe) now. Will be a lot of software work though so don’t wait up for it. Also the Typhoon has a long range (50km) IR search and track sensor the F22 doesn’t have, which can passively “see” a F22 at those distances (engines being hot and all) without needing to use the Radar (which shows people where you are). (Edit) I should add that the current F22 Radar is notably better than the Typhoon Radar, but BAe are working on a next-gen version. So both aircraft are still works in progress.
若将其与空战王者F-22相较——欧洲战斗机"台风"具备更优的机动性、更高的推重比以及头盔瞄准系统（飞行员目视锁定目标即可引导导弹攻击）。美方目前才刚为F-22采购（源自欧洲技术的）同类系统，但需完成大量软件适配工作，短期内难以部署。此外，"台风"配备F-22所缺乏的50公里级红外搜索跟踪传感器（IRST），可在不开启雷达（避免暴露自身位置）的情况下，凭借敌方发动机热源等特征被动探测F-22的踪迹。（注）需要补充说明，当前F-22的雷达性能显著优于"台风"，但英国BAE系统公司正在开发下一代雷达升级方案。因此，两款战机仍处于持续进化状态。

At distance the F22 is very dangerous, but it’s not the absolute best up close and personal, unless the speeds are really low, just highly competitive. (BTW the F22 thrust vectoring isn’t so much intended for combat, but stealth, so you can manoeuvre somewhat - in normal flight - without moving flappy bits on wings and tail into more radar-reflective positions.)
远距离交战中F-22极具威胁，但在近距格斗中除非速度极低，否则并非绝对优势存在——虽仍保持高度竞争力。（补充说明：F-22的推力矢量设计主要服务于隐身需求而非格斗机动，使其在常规飞行中可通过矢量喷管进行一定程度的机动，避免翼面舵偏转形成更大雷达反射截面。）

The Typhoon is also stealthier than similar non F22/F35 aircraft (i.e. 4th gen) as it has very little metal in its construction plus uses ECM to hide its radar return by adding some confusing bonus junk to the returning signal.
台风相比其他非 F22/F35 的类似飞机（即第四代）也更具隐身性，因为它在结构中使用的金属很少，并通过电子对抗（ECM）在回波信号中加入干扰内容以掩盖自己的雷达回波。

In a real war the F22 is great, but in peace stealth is worth less in a fighter as you aren’t shooting down stuff at great range in the hope it’s actually a baddie and not something friendly with a broken transponder… you’d be happy enough in a Typhoon most of the time when up close and personal to potentially hostile Jets, as happens a fair bit.
实战环境中F-22优势显著，但和平时期隐身价值在战机上会打折扣——因为你不可能在超远距离击落目标（仅凭猜测对方是敌机，而非应答器故障的友军）。当与潜在敌对战机频繁发生近距对峙时（这类情况相当常见），驾驶"台风"战机在多数情况下已能胜任。

BTW at the RAF Typhoon training centre they say every pilot they send out can beat a F15 in under 40 seconds…
顺便说一句，英国皇家空军台风训练中心宣称他们派出的每位飞行员都能在 40 秒内击败一架 F15……

Oh and these days what matters almost as much is the electronics, and most aircraft get a continuous series of upxes (often called “Tranche + a number” possibly with a more finely-grained Block number too) and it really depends on who has the latest kit. You don’t really want to be turning your Radar on (bye bye any stealth) but need to get target info from somewhere, so good data-lixing is important. Meaning older versions of many current aircraft are much less capable than the current production, or upgraded earlier models… also comparing the original version with anything is pointless, as the current version will be much more capable. The Typhoon is on Tranche 4 now.
此外，当今时代电子系统的重要性几乎与平台本身持平。多数战机会持续接收系列升级（通常称为"第X批次"+"区块编号"的细化版本），实际战力很大程度上取决于谁装备了最新套件。现代空战中，你并不愿轻易开启雷达（这意味着隐身优势瞬间丧失），但又必须获取目标信息，因此高效数据链变得至关重要。这意味着现役机型的早期版本，其作战能力远不如当前生产型或经过升级的前期型号……同样地，将原始版本与任何机型对比都缺乏意义，因为现行版本的战力已不可同日而语。目前"台风"战机已演进至第四批次。

As an example German Typhoons shot down F22s (simulated) in Red Flag while taking some losses too… There are so many differing stories about this I won’t quote any, as everyone has a version to suit their biases, but the theory is the F22 got more kills but the Typhoons got a number too. Plus they were early-model Typhoons.
例如在"红旗军演"中，德国"台风"战机曾（模拟）击落过F-22，自身也遭受了战损……关于此事存在诸多不同版本的说法（鉴于各方叙述皆带有倾向性，此处不予引述），但普遍认为F-22取得了更多战果，而"台风"亦有斩获。需要强调的是，当时参演的还仅是早期批次的"台风"战机。

Oh and Typhoon currently supports better missiles, as in harder to escape from (Meteor, ASRAAM, Iris-T) than the F22 (AIM120C/D and AIM9M/X).
欧洲台风战斗机目前支持更先进的导弹，如流星 (Meteor)、先进短程空对空导弹 (ASRAAM) 和 IRIS-T，这些导弹比 F-22 的 AIM-120C/D 和 AIM-9M/X 导弹更难逃脱。

Like I said, in a full-on war the F22 is very handy, but the Typhoon has it’s areas of excellence too.
如我所言，在全面战争中 F22 非常有用，但台风也有其擅长之处。

(Edit) Forgot to say, it’s heavily reported that the Typhoon G-Suits are very highly rated/regarded for allowing extreme manoeuvres… for example having the first ever full coverage anti-G trousers. (Although I thought there were two different suit types, including a liquid-filled full-body one which also includes G protection for the arms…) In any case I’m sure others will catch up, but it does keep getting mentioned.
（注）需补充说明：多方报道显示"台风"战机的抗G服因支持极限机动而广受好评——例如配备史上首款全覆盖式抗G裤。（虽然我记得其实有两种不同类型，包括一种液冷式全身抗G服，其防护范围甚至延伸至手臂……）无论如何，我相信其他国家的装备终将跟进，但该系统的优越性确实被反复提及。

…and finally - the F22 really doesn’t do ground attack or low-level flight, so the Typhoon wins by default there. Like I said the F22 is the King of Air Combat, but the Typhoon is decently competitive too, plus does more… both are fine aircraft… and constantly being improved. A big thing is how well their Pilots use them in any situation…
最后——F22 确实不擅长对地攻击或低空飞行，因此在这些方面台风默认占优。正如我所说，F22 是空战之王，但台风也相当有竞争力，而且功能更多……两者都是优秀的飞机，并在不断改进。关键在于飞行员在各种情境下如何运用这些飞机。


David C
That depends who you ask!
那要看你问谁！

Eurofighter Typhoon is now 20 years old. It also spent a ridiculously long time in development, so its technology is even older.
Eurofighter 台风现在已有 20 年历史。它的开发周期异常漫长，因此其技术显得更为陈旧。

Typhoon is a very decent air superiority interceptor, with adequate speed, excellent agility and ‘carefree handling’. It was a great improvement on the ‘bomber destroyer’ that was the Tornado F3. It remains a capable fighter that can be compared with any equivalent medium fighter.
台风是一款相当出色的制空拦截机，具有适当的速度、出色的机动性和“无忧操控性”。它相比“轰炸机歼灭者”龙卷风 F3 是极大的改进。它仍是一款能与任何同级中型战斗机相比较的能手。

Perhaps more importantly, Typhoon is swing-role capable, so can be used for virtually any role, with great flexibility.
或许更重要的是，"台风"战机具备摆动角色作战能力，这意味着它几乎能胜任任何任务类型，展现出卓越的任务灵活性。

Is it overrated? I don’t think so. I am not aware that anyone (any longer) thinks of Typhoon as ‘the best thing since sliced bread’.
它被高估了吗？我不这么认为。我不知道还有谁会把台风看作“自切片面包以来的最伟大发明”（即极端夸赞）。