QA问答：古代大河文明（美索不达米亚、印度河、埃及、黄河等等）谁最为先进？
Which river civilizations (Mesopotamia, Indus, Egypt, Huang He) were the most advanced?
译文简介
每个文明在不同领域都取得了显著的成功，因此很难进行直接比较。成功的评判取决于所选择的标准，而这些大河文明在塑造人类历史进程中都发挥了关键作用。
正文翻译
TVPiles
At the end of time it probably was Egypt, that had the bad luck to run into the Romans.
While Libraries existed in many places, Alexandria takes a special place not because it might have had more or better books, but because of a small annex to it: the Museion. That was a place where scientist, writer, playwrights and poets could meet and discuss to learn from one another. That did more for the development than any school. You just have to imagine: the hydraulic door opener, the aeolipile (the world’s first steam Engine), hydraulics, pneumatic, mechanics were developed there with theorems that are still valid today.
在时间的尽头，可能要数埃及最倒霉，不幸遇到了罗马人。
虽然许多地方都有图书馆，但亚历山大图书馆地位特殊，并非因为它可能拥有更多或更好的书籍，而是因为一个小小的附属机构：缪斯神庙（Museion）。那里是科学家、作家、剧作家和诗人们会面、讨论、互相学习的地方。它对发展的贡献超过了任何学校。你只需想象一下：液压门开启装置、汽转球（世界上第一台蒸汽机）、液压、气动、机械装置都是在那里发明的，他们提出的定理至今仍然有效。
At the end of time it probably was Egypt, that had the bad luck to run into the Romans.
While Libraries existed in many places, Alexandria takes a special place not because it might have had more or better books, but because of a small annex to it: the Museion. That was a place where scientist, writer, playwrights and poets could meet and discuss to learn from one another. That did more for the development than any school. You just have to imagine: the hydraulic door opener, the aeolipile (the world’s first steam Engine), hydraulics, pneumatic, mechanics were developed there with theorems that are still valid today.
在时间的尽头，可能要数埃及最倒霉，不幸遇到了罗马人。
虽然许多地方都有图书馆，但亚历山大图书馆地位特殊，并非因为它可能拥有更多或更好的书籍，而是因为一个小小的附属机构：缪斯神庙（Museion）。那里是科学家、作家、剧作家和诗人们会面、讨论、互相学习的地方。它对发展的贡献超过了任何学校。你只需想象一下：液压门开启装置、汽转球（世界上第一台蒸汽机）、液压、气动、机械装置都是在那里发明的，他们提出的定理至今仍然有效。
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Mesopotamia is the cradle of civilization so hands down it was the most advanced.
美索不达米亚是文明的摇篮，所以毫无疑问它是最先进的。
Dan Vasii
Indus Valley regarding social structure; Mesopotamia regarding science; Egypt regarding technology.
Indus Valley was a collection of polises that did not wage internecine war. They standardized a lot of things, and had a great metallurgy - bronze. Their main activity was agriculture an commerce.
Mesopotamia was the cradle of science, together with Egypt. Mathematics as we know started there - that is why the circle has 360 degrees, the day 12 hours… their counting base was 12, not 10 as we have now.
论社会结构，当属印度河谷文明；论科学，当属美索不达米亚；论技术，则是埃及。
印度河谷文明是由一系列城邦组成的，彼此之间不发动内战。他们实现了许多事物的标准化，并拥有出色的冶金技术——青铜。他们的主要活动是农业和商业。
美索不达米亚与埃及同为科学的摇篮。我们所知的数学起源于那里——这就是为什么圆有360度，一天有12小时……他们的计数进制是12，而不是我们现在用的10。
Cedric Chiu
Egypt is an ancient civilization that precedes China by at least a thousand year... by the Time Egyptian built their first Pyramid (2630 BC), the Chinese Legend of "Huan Di" haven't even formed yet... they are just coming out of the stone age...
So, if you are taking about the 1000 BC - 2600 BC time frx, no doubt the Egyptians are more advanced.
埃及是一个比中国早至少一千年以上的古老文明……当埃及人建造第一座金字塔时（公元前2630年），中国的“黄帝”传说都尚未形成……他们才刚刚走出石器时代……
所以，如果你谈论的是公元前1000年至公元前2600年这个时间段，毫无疑问埃及人更先进。
Gavin Y. Simon
When ancient Egyptians were building pyramids, China was still in Neolithic age. When early regimes of China were established, ancient Egypt had already declined. When China got Confucius, ancient Egyptian civilization was gone.
My opinion is that their achievements can rival each other at their peaks, but Egypt came much earlier than China.
当古埃及人建造金字塔时，中国还处于新石器时代。当中国早期王朝建立时，古埃及已经衰落。当中国出现孔子时，古埃及文明早已消亡。我认为，在各自巅峰时期，它们的成就可以相提并论，但埃及比中国早了太多。
Nathan Zhang
I think it is unreasonable to simply compare them like this. The history of ancient China was still alive in kind of tale without any written word when the Scorpion King united Egypt and wrote his achievement on tablet. The civilization of Egypt boomed long before China’s booming from one thousand years later in Shang dynasty from which Chinese work appeared. But later western civilization center moved from Egypt to Greece and then to Rome while eastern center fixed in central plain of China until 19 century. Nevertheless, Greece and Rome can be regarded as successors of Egypt culture. Eastern and Western were learned a lot from each other during the prolonged years of human being. I believe it meaningless to talk about who was more advanced. Let’s care about our future as an integral entity of human being.
我认为这样简单地比较是不合理的。当蝎子王统一埃及并将他的功绩刻在石板上时，中国的历史还只是以传说的形式存在，没有任何文字记载。埃及文明的繁荣比中国商朝的繁荣早了一千多年，而中国文字正是从商朝开始出现的。后来，西方文明中心从埃及转移到希腊，再转移到罗马，而东方中心则一直固定在中国中原地区，直到19世纪。然而，希腊和罗马可以被视为埃及文化的继承者。在漫长的人类历史中，东西方相互学习了很多。我认为讨论谁更先进是没有意义的。让我们关注作为人类整体的未来吧。
Jestin
I would rank as :
India
Iran/Iraq
Egypt
China
我会这样排名：
1印度
2伊朗/伊拉克
3埃及
4中国
xiao Nengshou
At least Egypt is more ancient, but now it does not exist. It is a pity that I had always thought that Egyptian civilization was similar to that of China and later I knew it was even more ancient. .
至少埃及更古老，但现在它已不复存在。遗憾的是，我一直以为埃及文明与中国文明相似，后来才知道它甚至更为古老。
Edmund Shen
Assuming both are in the same timeline.
Now China has many dynasties but before the first dynasty has been formed, which is the xia, the Sages of China have already formed the Chinese civilisation which is a separation of morally right and wrong.
Now Eygpt dont get it.
While the main Chinese Dynasties outlaw witchcraft and magic, Egypt still practice it.
Even the ancient indians advance a benevolent civilisation eg Buddha etc.
Even God says the men in the East are wiser and wisdom lies in the East.
Now, which civilization is more advance?
假设两者处于同一时间线上。
现在中国经历了许多朝代，但在第一个王朝——夏朝形成之前，中国的圣贤们已经建立了中华文明，其核心是区分道德上的对与错。
而埃及人则没有做到这一点。
虽然中国主要的王朝都明令禁止巫术和魔法，但埃及人仍在实践这些。
甚至古印度也发展出了仁爱的文明，例如佛陀等。
就连上帝也说东方的人更智慧，智慧存在于东方。
那么，哪个文明更先进呢？
Xuezhen Huang
The notion that Chinese civilization and ancient Egyptian civilization are parallel is a misconception; instead, they share an inherited relationship. The xia Dynasty, referenced in Chinese historical records but lacking archaeological evidence in mainland China, corresponds to ancient Egypt. Similarly, the Shang Dynasty aligns with Sumerian civilization. Chinese civilization did not develop independently in mainland China until the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. The connection between Chinese characters and ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs suggests that Chinese civilization emerged not as an independent entity but through the eastward expansion of ancient Egyptian civilization.
认为中华文明与古埃及文明是平行发展的，这是一种误解；实际上，它们之间存在着继承关系。中国历史文献中提到的夏朝，在中国大陆缺乏考古证据，但它对应的就是古埃及文明。同样，商朝对应的是苏美尔文明。直到东周时期，中华文明才在中国大陆独立发展起来。汉字与古埃及象形文字之间的联系表明，中华文明并非作为独立实体发展起来，而是古埃及文明向东扩张的结果。
While human populations may have inhabited mainland China 6,000 years ago when ancient Egypt developed writing, no evidence of civilization or writing exists from that period in China. Around 5500 BC, Hor (Horus), a tribal leader from Abydos in central Egypt, unified the region through conquest. Known to the Chinese as the Yellow Emperor, he was revered as the Main God of the central sky, giving rise to the Chinese term “昊天” (hao tian), derived from Hor’s name.
尽管大约6000年前当古埃及发展出文字时，中国大陆可能已有人类居住，但那个时期的中国并没有出现文明或文字的证据。大约公元前5500年，来自埃及中部阿比多斯的一位部落首领霍尔（Horus），通过征服统一了该地区。他被中国人尊为“中央天帝”，即黄帝，而“昊天”（hao tian）一词正是源自霍尔（Hor）的名字。
Ned Marshall
On balance I suspect that the Chinese contributed more. Gunpowder, porcelain, the Great Wall etc etc etc.
总体而言，我认为中国贡献更多。火药、瓷器、长城等等等等。
Of course, ancient Egypt ended with the death of Cleopatra. The Chinese empire lasted until the beginning of the 20th century so they had the advantage of tens of centuries after the collapse of Egypt.
当然，古埃及文明随着克利奥帕特拉的去世而终结。而中华帝国则一直延续到20世纪初，因此在埃及文明崩溃后，中国还拥有数个世纪的发展优势。
B.B Sharma
Determining the "most successful" ancient civilization among Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China is a complex task, as success can be uated through various lenses such as cultural achievements, longevity, governance, and lasting impact.
在美索不达米亚、埃及和中国这几个古代文明中，判断哪一个“最成功”是一项复杂的任务，因为“成功”可以通过文化成就、持续时间、治理水平和持久影响等多种标准来衡量。
Mesopotamia: Mesopotamia, often considered the cradle of civilization, was home to the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. It pioneered writing, with the invention of cuneiform, and witnessed the establishment of the world's first known empire, the Akkadian Empire. Mesopotamian achievements include the Code of Hammurabi and advancements in mathematics and astronomy.
美索不达米亚：美索不达米亚常被视为文明的摇篮，是苏美尔人、阿卡德人、巴比伦人和亚述人的家园。它开创了文字（楔形文字），并见证了世界上第一个已知帝国——阿卡德帝国的建立。美索不达米亚的成就包括《汉谟拉比法典》以及数学和天文学的进步。
Egypt: Ancient Egypt flourished along the Nile for millennia, leaving an enduring legacy. Renowned for monumental structures like the pyramids, Egypt boasted a sophisticated bureaucracy, a unique writing system (hieroglyphics), and a complex religious and funerary culture. The stability of its centralized government allowed for long periods of cultural continuity.
埃及：古埃及在尼罗河沿岸繁荣了数千年，留下了不朽的遗产。它以金字塔等宏伟建筑闻名，拥有复杂的官僚体系、独特的书写系统（象形文字）以及复杂的宗教和丧葬文化。其中央集权政府的稳定性确保了长期的文化延续。
China: Ancient China, with a rich history spanning dynasties like the Shang, Zhou, and Qin, witnessed remarkable achievements. The Great Wall, the invention of paper and printing, and the philosophy of Confucianism are among its contributions. China's governance, influenced by Confucian principles, provided long periods of stability.
中国：古代中国拥有从商、周到秦等王朝的悠久历史，取得了非凡的成就。长城、造纸术和印刷术的发明，以及儒家哲学，都是其重要贡献。受儒家思想影响的治理体系，为中国带来了长期的稳定。
In conclusion, each civilization achieved significant success in various realms, making direct comparisons challenging. Success depends on the criteria chosen, and all three civilizations played pivotal roles in shaping the course of human history.
总之，每个文明在不同领域都取得了显著的成功，因此很难进行直接比较。成功的评判取决于所选择的标准，而这三个文明都在塑造人类历史进程中发挥了关键作用。
Peter Kaye
Depends on the books they’ve read, history, can never change, what changes are peoples opinions, even answers on google varies according to who writes the answers, even I when I’ve seen something with my own eyes and experienced it, have bee ridiculed by others who say differently, it seems to be human nature, for me? I wouldn’t have a clue about how ancient Chinese capabilities were, I would say, not so strong otherwise they wouldn’t have built that wall to keep others out, It shows they were very strong in building things, not so strong militarily,
这取决于他们读过什么书。历史本身永远不会改变，改变的只是人们的看法。就连谷歌上的答案，也会因撰写者的不同而各异。甚至当我亲眼所见、亲身体验过某件事时，也会被那些持不同说法的人嘲笑。这似乎是人性使然。
至于我？我对古代中国的能力一无所知。我会说，他们的能力可能并不那么强大，否则他们也不会修建那道长城来阻挡外敌。这说明他们在建筑方面非常强大，但在军事上可能没那么强。
Richard Wang
China (Han ethnicity) has the following advantages:
More advanced agricultural production technology. By 500 BC, the ratio of seed to grain production in China had already reached 1:12. In the 16th century after 2000 years, Europe could only achieve a 1:4 ratio. This means that the Chinese people have more food, can have more people, and can support more troops. The size of the Chinese (Han) military is generally larger than that of the rest.
中国（汉族）拥有以下优势：
更先进的农业生产技术。到公元前500年，中国粮食的种子与产出比已经达到1:12。而两千年后，到了16世纪，欧洲也只能达到1:4的比例。这意味着中国人拥有更多的粮食，可以养活更多的人口，也能供养更多的军队。因此，中国（汉族）军队的规模通常比其他文明更大。
More advanced metallurgical technology. China has mastered molten iron smelting technology for a long time, which makes Chinese people popularize iron weapons and armor earlier than the four civilizations listed in the question. Even before the birth of Jesus, iron farming tools were already popular in China. This technology was only popularized to the West during the Mongol expedition in the 13th century AD.
更先进的冶金技术。中国长期掌握生铁冶炼技术，这使得中国人比问题中提到的四大文明更早普及铁制武器和盔甲。甚至在耶稣诞生之前，铁制农具就已在中国普及。这项技术直到13世纪蒙古西征时才传入西方。
Earlier and more systematic military theoretical system. The Art of War by Sun Tzu, born in China, already explains everything.
更早且更系统的军事理论体系。诞生于中国的《孙子兵法》早已将战争艺术阐述得淋漓尽致。
Complete and systematic file records. This is China's unique advantage, which is historical statistics. This allows the Chinese to rely on historical records to determine which season is more suitable for attack and which season should not attack but strengthen defense. The defeat of the Huns by the Han army was achieved through repeated spring offensives.
完整且系统的档案记录。这是中国独有的优势，即历史统计资料。这使得中国人能够依靠历史记录来判断哪个季节更适合进攻，哪个季节应避免进攻而加强防守。汉朝军队对匈奴的胜利，正是通过多次春季攻势实现的。