阻碍公司将制造业带回美国的因素是什么？
What’s Stopping Companies From Bringing Manufacturing To The U.S.
译文简介
今天，美国有超过1270万人从事制造业。但在1970年代，这个数字接近2000万。随着全球化和贸易壁垒的降低，导致国外劳动力成本更低，而美国的工厂逐渐关闭。
正文翻译
Today, a little over 12.7 million Americans work in manufacturing. But in the 1970s, that number was nearly 20 million. Over the years, globalization and lowered trade barriers have resulted in cheaper labor abroad and closed factories in America. But as President Trump pushes to revitalize manufacturing through tariff policy, economists and trade experts are divided on whether a manufacturing renaissance makes sense for the U.S., which has evolved to a service-based economy. Others say the benefits of onshoring go beyond price: shorter shipping times, better quality control, and supply chain agility, among other advantages. To better understand the challenges and possibilities of bringing manufacturing back to the U.S., CNBC visited a Midwestern bike maker shifting its supply chain from China to the U.S.
今天，美国有超过1270万人从事制造业。但在1970年代，这个数字接近2000万。随着全球化和贸易壁垒的降低，导致国外劳动力成本更低，而美国的工厂逐渐关闭。然而，随着特朗普总统推动通过关税政策振兴制造业，经济学家和贸易专家对美国制造业复兴是否合理存在分歧，因为美国已经转型为服务型经济。其他人则认为，将制造业带回美国的好处不仅仅是价格因素：较短的运输时间、更好的质量控制和供应链灵活性等优势。为了更好地理解将制造业带回美国的挑战和可能性，CNBC探访了一家位于中西部的自行车制造商，该公司正在将其供应链从中国转移到美国。
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Manufacturing didn’t leave the U.S. because it’s hard. It left because it was more profitable for the 1%. It’s not coming unless it’s even more profitable for the 1%. That’s how this works.
制造业离开美国并不是因为困难，而是因为对1%的人来说更有利润。除非对1%的人来说更有利可图，否则它是不会回来的。这就是运作的方式。
@AlexNketia-q4m
Lol! We in the US are bragging about building bikes in the US meanwhile in China they are building electric vehicles that can charge at 5c rates and EREV vehicles that can go 1000 miles and AI that uses cheap chips, but produces better results than other models using much more expensive chips! "Winning" never looked so bleak!
哈哈！我们美国在吹嘘在美国制造自行车，而在中国，他们正在制造能够以5c的速度充电的电动车和能行驶1000英里的EREV汽车，还有使用便宜芯片但能比使用昂贵芯片的其他型号产生更好效果的AI！"赢"的景象从未如此黯淡！
@vladislavdonchev1271
You know we're cooked when "environmental cost" means the cost to the friggin' company and not the actual environment...
当“环境成本”指的是公司的成本而不是实际环境时，你就知道我们完蛋了……
@coolwalk11
No thanks as a Canadian I will never buy made in USA.
不，谢谢，作为一个加拿大人，我永远不会买美国制造的东西。
@paulsilva4934
American companies to compete with Chinese manufacturing. Needs to be heavily automated. So where's the american job??
美国公司要与中国制造业竞争，必须进行高度自动化。那么，美国的工作在哪里呢？
@HeyItsAvi90
The funny thing is the bikes are made in america but every single part is still from China. It should be labeled "Assembled in america".
有趣的是，这些自行车是美国制造的，但每一个零件仍然来自中国。它应该标明“在美国组装”。
@aboutface102
Do US citizens really want to make socks and shoes? Is that the dream?
美国公民真想做袜子和鞋子吗？那是梦想吗？
@wolfshire8622
I work in manufacturing in the US. But the products we produce are so far outside my price range it's crazy.
我在美国从事制造业。但我们生产的产品离我的价格范围远得疯狂。
@bonganimtshali4551
It’s funny how when Americans loose in anything, they are quick to say the opponent is winning unfairly
有趣的是，每当美国人在任何方面失败时，他们总是迅速说对手在不公平地获胜。
@BigHairyCrank
"When I grow up, I want to work in a factory", says no one.
“当我长大后，我想在工厂工作”，没有人这么说。
@Nubian_King_RNM
The answer is NO unless you fill them with robots, labour cost in the US are really expensive.
答案是NO，除非你用机器人替代它们，美国的劳动力成本真的很贵。
@steve2709
The input for these bike parts made in the USA( aluminum and steel) is now a lot more expensive because of the steel and aluminum tariff.
这些在美国制造的自行车部件（铝和钢）的原材料，现在因为钢铁和铝的关税而变得更加昂贵。
@chicharones9640
So that bike company just ADMITTED we want to aim for better automation aka getting rid of allot of those employees, and get AI and machines doing everything because labor costs are high. Good luck America.
所以那个自行车公司就承认了，我们想要提高自动化，也就是裁掉很多员工，让AI和机器来做所有事情，因为劳动力成本太高了。祝好运，美国。
@ERoc83
Love how companies say they have to automate their operations because they can't afford high labor costs and then expect people to have extra income to buy their products...
喜欢那些公司说他们必须自动化操作，因为他们承担不起高劳动力成本，然后还期望人们有额外的收入来买他们的产品…
@pnketia
When you encourage young people to go to college and get a degree those same people are not looking to do manual labor in a warehouse, but instead are looking for white collar work. The problem is white collar work is being replaced with AI and automation so you end up with a labor force imbalance.
当你鼓励年轻人上大学并获得学位时，那些人就不再想着在仓库做体力劳动，而是寻找白领工作。问题是白领工作也正被AI和自动化取代，所以你最终会面临劳动力失衡的问题。
@Dee--Jay
Trust me, if factories come back to the United States then the price of everything will be even more expensive than what it is now. The whole point in producing everything overseas was because it was cheaper. Bringing it back over here will bring those jobs but the item won't be cheaper. It's going to be more expensive
相信我，如果工厂回到美国，所有商品的价格会比现在还要贵。把所有东西生产到海外的原因就是因为它便宜。把它带回这里会带来工作，但商品不会更便宜。它会变得更贵。
@EamonCoyle
I am in N.Ireland, looking in and laughing......but how can you match up tariffs to bring manufacturing back, alongside employment already being at almost record highs, chasing down and removing non-citizens who could work in low-paying jobs, and removing R&D funding to aide future development ?
我在北爱尔兰，看着这一切，笑个不停……但是，如何在劳动力几乎接近历史最高点的情况下，通过关税将制造业带回美国呢？再加上追捕并驱逐那些可以做低薪工作的非公民，以及取消用于未来发展的研发资金？
@lyttlebee
My guess is that US "made" bike is actually assembled in the US with components all made in China.
我猜，美国“制造”的自行车实际上是在美国组装的，所有部件都是中国制造的。
@Mike-r1j5e
Can’t wait for the USA to grow coffee beans and bananas. Rather than blanket tariffs on countries, best to target varying tariffs on specific products. Wow, a 50% tariff on Brazil.
等不及看到美国开始种咖啡豆和香蕉了。与其对所有国家实施统一的关税，不如针对特定产品施加不同的关税。哇，对巴西的关税竟然有50%。
@peterbedford2610
Even with a 30% tax/tariffs, Asian products are still at least 50% less and their quality is getting better every year.
Plus, our next ruler may revoke these taxes in 3 years anyway.
即使是30%的税/关税，亚洲产品的价格仍然至少便宜50%，而且它们的质量每年都在提高。再说，我们的下任领导人也许会在三年内取消这些税收。
@stargazer3828
Manufacturing may be coming back to the US, but so is automation, AI and robotics which means jobs are NOT coming back to the US! Companies left the US because of cheap labor bottom line they are not coming back to the US to hire American labor!
制造业可能会回到美国，但自动化、AI和机器人也会回归，这意味着工作岗位不会回到美国！公司离开美国是因为便宜的劳动力，总之他们不会回美国雇佣美国劳动力！
@carlosgravy7966
0:15 You can be sure of one thing, Guardian does not produce "high-end" bikes. These are run-of-the-mill, garden-variety bikes.
0:15 你可以确定一件事，Guardian 不生产“高端”自行车。这些只是普通的、普通的自行车。
@Rubicon365
Congratulations! Americans can now buy a Made in USA bike at 10 times the price for the same specs. Make perfect sense
恭喜！美国人现在可以以十倍的价格购买一辆美国制造的自行车，配置完全相同。完全有道理。
@ghostrider_414
There's plenty of people willing to work in factories, but the wages aren't worth the back breaking work anymore
有很多人愿意在工厂工作，但现在的工资已经不值得那些辛苦的体力劳动了。
@aznsensation44
Simply doesnt make sense to manufacture in America. American workers cannot compete with Chinese workers in skill, the labor costs are higher and they are just using automation anyways - which China is better at as well! Like what do you think a consumer is going to pay for $50 for a made in China item or $250 for a made in USA item that's the exact same in quality and components?? American companies cannot compete with China in manufacturing its simple as that, trying to bring that back to US is just a waste of effort and resources
在美国制造根本没有意义。美国工人无法与中国工人在技能上竞争，劳动成本更高，而且他们最终还是使用自动化——而且中国在这方面也更强！你觉得消费者愿意为一个中国制造的商品花50美元，还是为一个质量和组件完全一样的美国制造商品花250美元？？美国公司无法与中国在制造业上竞争，简单来说，把这带回美国就是浪费精力和资源。
@kl3nd4thu
I hate when people say that it's hard to find workers. This story already said that manufacturing jobs pay LESS than service jobs. Duh. Pay manufacturing workers more and also train them. You are not going to be scouring lixedin and find amazing manufacturing labor if they need specialized skills to make your specific widgets. Also, you need skilled labor too. Who are the new machinists or mold/die makers? Who is training them now? And what stupid administration defunded the DOE? And looking long term, who is helping starting families so that they can raise the future workers? Kids are expensive. And who isn't even helping with lunches in public schools. Nah, spending more on military year over year is better.
我讨厌人们说“很难找到工人”。这篇文章已经说了，制造业工作比服务业工作工资更低。傻瓜。给制造业工人支付更多的工资，并且培训他们。如果他们需要专门的技能来制造你的特定产品，你不可能在领英上找到那些优秀的制造工人。此外，你还需要有技能的工人。新的机械师或模具/模具制造工是谁？谁在培训他们？而且，是什么愚蠢的政府削减了教育部的资金？从长远来看，谁在帮助有孩子的家庭，以便他们能抚养未来的工人？孩子很贵。而且，谁连公共学校的午餐都不帮忙？不，年年增加军事开支才是更好的做法。
@archangel7052
Americans talking about guard rails off on economy is the funniest thing I'll every hear. As if they give a damn about other countrie's economies. The country that had like 80% of the world's economy with just 5% of the world's population for decades should stfu.
美国人谈论经济不设防真的是我听过最搞笑的事情。就好像他们关心其他国家的经济一样。那个几十年来占全球经济80%的国家，只有全球人口的5%，应该闭嘴。
@LCCB
And that’s just bicycles, a relatively common and simple product. Imagine much more niche products or highly technical ones.
这仅仅是自行车，一个相对常见且简单的产品。想象一下更多的利基产品或高度技术化的产品。
@easycake3251
Oh this can work for sure. Well that is assuming you are fine paying 5x as much for a product.
哦，这肯定能行。前提是你愿意为一个产品支付五倍的价格。
@JamesAtwell-rx4hc
I love Colin Grabow’s analysis suggesting that cost and efficiency are synonymous. Maybe we need to pay the true costs of producing something like shoes so we would not only diminish our throw away, consumer mentality, lessen the environmental impact, and possibly pay a reasonable wage for labor. Our economic system needs to do a better job of internalize all costs.
我喜欢Colin Grabow的分析，认为成本和效率是同义词。也许我们需要支付生产某些产品（如鞋子）的真正成本，这样我们不仅能减少我们的消费主义心态，减少对环境的影响，还可能为劳动力支付合理的工资。我们的经济体系需要更好地内部化所有成本。
@rezaadinata4886
What happen when policy change after 4 years, those invested for us domestic manufacturing may face new challenge if new administration lift tariff and reopen border
如果政策在四年后改变，那些投资于国内制造业的人可能会面临新挑战，如果新政府取消关税并重新开放边境。
@chrisfrancis8446
Some people sound like they only want McDonalds and walmart to be the only opportunity for employment in the US.
有些人听起来好像只希望麦当劳和沃尔玛成为美国唯一的就业机会。
@Erik_The_Viking
Several reasons: 1) Factories have been shut down/closed for years and won't come back online, 2) older factory workers have retired, so less trained/skilled people to do the work, 3) US workers are more expensive than foreign workers (why manufacturing started being sent abroad since the 80's), 4) More countries are producing goods, and US companies can't compete on price, and of course 5) corporate greed
有几个原因：1）工厂已经关闭多年，不会再重新开工，2）年长的工厂工人已经退休，缺少经过培训/熟练的工人，3）美国工人比外国工人贵（这也是制造业自80年代起开始外移的原因），4）更多国家开始生产商品，美国公司无法在价格上竞争，当然还有5）企业贪婪。
@poochyenarulez
A recent poll showed 80% of Americans want more manufacturing jobs in the US. When asked if they would actually want to work those jobs themselves, only ~25% said yes.
There is no shortage of jobs in the US. What people missed about manufacturing jobs isn't the work, its the unxs. Manufacturing had a very high rate of unxization. We could have that today in warehouse work if there was desire.
最近的一项调查显示，80%的美国人希望美国能有更多的制造业工作。当被问到他们是否愿意自己去做这些工作时，只有大约25%的人说愿意。美国并不缺乏工作机会。人们对制造业工作的误解不在于工作本身，而在于工会。制造业有着非常高的工会化率。如果今天有人愿意，仓储工作也能拥有工会。
@jonathanng138
China already manufactures quality products, if you wanted the same quality ptoducts made in the US, expect significant price hike and lower standards of quality
中国已经生产高质量的产品，如果你想要在美国制造相同质量的产品，准备好支付大幅上涨的价格并接受较低的质量标准。
@kurdi98k
The root problem is housing costs. If housing (insurance, property taxes) were cheap then salaries could be much lower. Housing is the single biggest contributor to higher costs of living in this country.
根本问题是住房成本。如果住房（保险、财产税）便宜，那么工资可以低得多。住房是美国生活成本上升的最大原因。
@kevinholden-ip5fz
$35 an hour for workers here in the US?! I call BS!
美国工人的时薪35美元？！我不信！
@mariapapadopoulos3640
Truth of the matter is that if there is a made in the US bike for $200 and a bike made elsewhere for $120. The average American will buy the cheaper bike
事实上，如果有一辆美国制造的自行车售价200美元，而另一辆在其他地方制造的自行车售价120美元，普通美国人会选择购买便宜的自行车。
@Cordycep1
remember working for top computer manufacture 25 years ago. The continuous improvwment process flowwas to cut human interaction every year and increase production volume. Later management got greedy so decided to ship nearly all production overseas in free Trade Zone so the company stil be able to label "Made in USA" even though it was assemble overseas .
记得25年前在顶级计算机制造公司工作时。持续改进的流程是每年减少人工干预，并增加生产量。后来管理层变得贪婪，决定将几乎所有生产都转移到海外自由贸易区，这样公司仍然可以贴上“美国制造”的标签，尽管生产是在海外组装的。
@cattigereyes1
CEO pay climbed on the backs of the middle class! Cheap labor always wins
CEO的薪酬是建立在中产阶级的背上的！廉价劳动力总是获胜。
@chrismolloy131
Guardian Bikes has 57 employees. Not a lot of people employed to produce 12000 bikes a week.
Guardian Bikes有57名员工。每周生产12000辆自行车，这么少的员工。
@shanedasm6121
Very simple, you will no longer see those made in America products put a giant “proudly made in USA” sign on their packages when manufacturing truly returns. People like to emphasize on what they lack of
很简单，当制造业真正回归时，你将不会再看到那些“美国制造”产品在包装上挂上“自豪地美国制造”的大标语。人们喜欢强调他们缺乏的东西。
@waynedavis724
I love how day traders who never stepped foot in a factory of any kind in their entire life, have now magically have become experts in manufacturing because a reality TV gameshow host pretending to be a President told them that manufacturing jobs will come back to the United States.
我喜欢那些一辈子都没踏进过任何工厂的日间交易员，现在突然变成了制造业专家，因为一个假装是总统的真人秀主持人告诉他们，制造业岗位会回到美国。
@nerdlingeeksly5192
Saying that manufacturing jobs don't pay as well as service jobs is an outright lie.
The best paying jobs in my area that don't require a college education are factory jobs, and we have a ton of service jobs.
说制造业工作不如服务业工作薪水高完全是谎言。
在我所在的地区，不需要大学学历的最好薪水工作是工厂工作，而我们这里有很多服务业工作。
@leroyfish
The plan sounds good but in reality it’s not going to work.
这个计划听起来不错，但实际上它是行不通的。
@1964mcqueen
If, like Guardian, you only sell in the U.S. it might make sense to set up manufacturing there. If you have manufacturing anywhere in the world from which you can sell to anywhere else in the world with low or zero tariffs, it makes little sense to move manufacturing. Labour costs have always been higher, but that is now compounded by higher costs to import raw materials thanks to Trump Tariffs, and it will be harder to sell outside of the U.S. thanks also to Trump Tariffs.
如果像Guardian一样，只在美国销售，那么在美国建立制造业基地可能是有意义的。如果你在全球任何地方都有制造业，并且可以低税或零税地销售到全球其他地方，那就没什么意义去搬迁制造业。劳动成本一直较高，但现在由于特朗普的关税，进口原材料的成本更高了，并且由于特朗普的关税，想要在美国以外的地方销售变得更加困难。
@cookingonthego9422
As globalization is in the first stages of colapse, it will just have to happen. You want it or not. Now, i work in a factory. It is hard, back braking, dirty, sometimes extremely hot or cold, ungrateful job, with spiteful people that know this is the rest of their lives. Be careful of what you want.
随着全球化进入崩溃的初期阶段，这一切只能发生。无论你愿不愿意。现在，我在工厂工作。它很辛苦，伤腰，肮脏，有时极热或极冷，是一份没有感激的工作，身边是一些知道这将是他们一生的恶劣工作环境。小心你想要的东西。
@hy3101
The question should be " Will Americans work for a wage that will make their products competitive or companies willing to lower their profits?"
问题应该是：“美国人是否愿意为能使产品具有竞争力的工资工作，或者公司是否愿意降低他们的利润？”
@hankypanky4u
A bike is not essential or that difficult for o make, this is not hit on the company you are talking with they are doing great work. Can you use an industry that is more challenging?
自行车并不是必需的，也不是那么难制造，这不是在批评你提到的公司，他们做得很棒。你能不能换一个更具挑战性的行业？
@skytate3545
The promise was that if we ship low skilled work overseas, we would train US workers for skilled jobs. Instead, industry imported cheaper skilled labor, and citizens suffered while corporations profited.
当初的承诺是，如果我们把低技能工作外包到海外，我们会培训美国工人做技术性工作。结果，工业却引进了更便宜的技术工人，而普通公民受苦了，企业却从中获利。
@naf2579
So more automation to be profitable = less jobs. That doesn't sound like the "golden age"
所以更多的自动化为了盈利 = 更少的工作。这听起来不像是“黄金时代”。
@BillFromHalifax
East coast Canada here. I was talking to an American visiting here this morning and he said all the news are lying lol American is literally a dying country and it's only a matter of time before there's nothing left.
我是加拿大东海岸的人。今天早上我和一个来这里的美国人聊过，他说所有新闻都在撒谎，哈哈，美国简直就是一个在死去的国家，只是时间问题，最终什么都不会剩下。
@SH-fm5eu
One thing I've heard is you cant get Millwrights, you can get a plant built it's just tough to get the machinery setup.
我听说过的一个问题是，你无法找到机械维修工，虽然可以建厂，但很难把机器安装好。
@kowalski5599
What's stopping manufacturing from coming back to the U.S? Corporations don't want to give up the profit made from using sweatshop labor.
When they say a pair of sneakers would cost $700 if they were made in the USA. That's because corporations refuse to give up even the smallest percentage of profit, including to the the people actually working on the production line.
是什么阻止了制造业回到美国？公司不愿放弃使用血汗工厂劳动力所带来的利润。当他们说一双运动鞋如果在美国制造会卖700美元时，那是因为公司拒绝放弃哪怕是最小的一部分利润，甚至不愿给真正在线上工作的工人一点利润。