QA问答：为什么当地人吃街头小吃摊的食物不会生病，而来这个国家的外国人却可能会生病？
How come locals don't get sick from eating food from street food vendors but a foreigner visiting the country might?
译文简介
抛开西方的傲慢，事实是：只有来自西方和日本的游客，进化出了脆弱的免疫系统，稍微接触一点细菌就会引发剧烈反应。这就是西方所谓“发展”的特征：把自己封闭在一个自己构建的生态系统中，失去了与生俱来的自然免疫力，还自称为“发达”。
正文翻译
Cory Bryan
well, there’s several factors. Starting off, western hygiene standards are exceptionally high by comparison to many underdeveloped parts of the world, and the overall health of their populations reflect it. That said, the human body doesn’t NEED food to be that sanitary for survival, though it is more taxing on the immune system. The food standards we enjoy in the west today have only existed for the last 70ish years, but humans were eating WAY dirtier the rest of the time. part of it is repetitive exposure building up immunity from the locals frequently eating it. Part of it is your body not being acclimated to the seasonings or ingredients, and thus not settling well. A really big part of it is the locals knowing who’s who. They can tell you who’s good, who’s gross, which places to check out, and which ones to avoid. Without guidance, you, as a tourist, are taking a total crap shoot (pun intended.)
嗯，有很多因素。首先，西方的卫生标准相比世界上许多欠发达地区要高得多，当地居民的总体健康状况也反映了这一点。不过，人体并不需要食物达到那么高的卫生标准才能生存，尽管这对免疫系统来说会更吃力一些。我们现在在西方享受的食品卫生标准只是在过去70年左右才出现的，而在此之前，人类吃的食物要“脏”得多。其中一部分原因是当地人长期反复接触这些食物，从而建立了免疫力；另一部分原因是你的身体可能不适应当地的调料或食材，因此食物可能不太合胃；还有一个非常大的因素是当地人知道谁做得好、谁做得很差，哪些地方可以去、哪些地方应该避开。而作为游客，没有这些经验，你完全是“碰运气”（双关语，意指“拉肚子”。）
now, if you’re talking about those absolutely filthy stalls that are covered in flies with rats running around on everything that you see selling food in the slums of places like India, that’s different. Most of the locals, except those that are starving or living in abject poverty, would go to those vendors. The people eating like that on the regular aren’t exactly living healthy lives either, it’s just that eating that mess looks a lot healthier than starving to death.
当然，如果你说的是印度贫民窟里那些被苍蝇覆盖、老鼠在食物上乱窜的极度肮脏的小摊，那情况就不同了。大多数当地人，除非是那些饿得不行或生活在极端贫困中的人，才会去那些地方买食物。经常吃这种食物的人生活本身就不健康，只是对他们来说，吃这些垃圾总比饿死强。
well, there’s several factors. Starting off, western hygiene standards are exceptionally high by comparison to many underdeveloped parts of the world, and the overall health of their populations reflect it. That said, the human body doesn’t NEED food to be that sanitary for survival, though it is more taxing on the immune system. The food standards we enjoy in the west today have only existed for the last 70ish years, but humans were eating WAY dirtier the rest of the time. part of it is repetitive exposure building up immunity from the locals frequently eating it. Part of it is your body not being acclimated to the seasonings or ingredients, and thus not settling well. A really big part of it is the locals knowing who’s who. They can tell you who’s good, who’s gross, which places to check out, and which ones to avoid. Without guidance, you, as a tourist, are taking a total crap shoot (pun intended.)
嗯，有很多因素。首先，西方的卫生标准相比世界上许多欠发达地区要高得多，当地居民的总体健康状况也反映了这一点。不过，人体并不需要食物达到那么高的卫生标准才能生存，尽管这对免疫系统来说会更吃力一些。我们现在在西方享受的食品卫生标准只是在过去70年左右才出现的，而在此之前，人类吃的食物要“脏”得多。其中一部分原因是当地人长期反复接触这些食物，从而建立了免疫力；另一部分原因是你的身体可能不适应当地的调料或食材，因此食物可能不太合胃；还有一个非常大的因素是当地人知道谁做得好、谁做得很差，哪些地方可以去、哪些地方应该避开。而作为游客，没有这些经验，你完全是“碰运气”（双关语，意指“拉肚子”。）
now, if you’re talking about those absolutely filthy stalls that are covered in flies with rats running around on everything that you see selling food in the slums of places like India, that’s different. Most of the locals, except those that are starving or living in abject poverty, would go to those vendors. The people eating like that on the regular aren’t exactly living healthy lives either, it’s just that eating that mess looks a lot healthier than starving to death.
当然，如果你说的是印度贫民窟里那些被苍蝇覆盖、老鼠在食物上乱窜的极度肮脏的小摊，那情况就不同了。大多数当地人，除非是那些饿得不行或生活在极端贫困中的人，才会去那些地方买食物。经常吃这种食物的人生活本身就不健康，只是对他们来说，吃这些垃圾总比饿死强。
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I spent 40 years working and living in “The Developing World” providing Primary Care and Emergency Medicine….I personally “ate on the local economy” and that includes some very remote, austere and frequently hostile places….
Over that time, most of the cases of foodborne illness I’ve treated in both my Expat and Local patients have come from airline and hotel food, rather than home kitchens, street vendors or small restaurants….
How is this possible…???
Easy…
Home cooks cannot afford to have foodborne illnesses treated, restaurants and street vendors cannot stay in business poisoning their customers…. and they all learn how to properly clean and cook the local foods from the Grandmothers and Mothers…
Personally…???
I never suffered a case of foodborne illness eating “local” in SE Asia, South and Central America, the Middle East and MOST of west Africa…. but it was a Hilton Hotel buffet in Equatorial Guinea that ended that “lucky” streak….
Go figure….
我曾在“发展中国家”工作和生活了40年，提供初级医疗和急诊服务……我本人也一直“吃当地的经济”，包括一些非常偏远、艰苦甚至常常充满敌意的地区……
在这段时间里，我治疗的大多数食物中毒病例，无论是外籍人士还是本地人，都来自航空公司和酒店的食物，而不是家庭厨房、街头小贩或小餐馆……
为什么会这样？
很简单……
家庭主妇负担不起治疗食物中毒的费用；餐馆和小贩如果毒害了顾客，也无法继续营业……他们都是从祖母和母亲那里学会了如何正确清洗和烹饪本地食物……
我自己……？
我在东南亚、中美洲、南美洲、中东和大部分西非地区吃“本地”食物从未得过食物中毒……
但最终打破我这个“好运”的，是赤道几内亚一家希尔顿酒店的自助餐……
你说奇怪不奇怪……
Bored
I'm from the USA. I had the opportunity to work across the globe which was very scary and I am a very picky eater. I was grossed out by local foods so I chose to stick with actual restaurants and places that seemed well kept. Every damn country I went to I got so sick. About 24 hrs after landing somewhere I was puking, headaches, and in the bathroom for quite some time. There's an elevator in Spain that has my puke that leaked into the crack on the floor where the elevator doors meets the floor that went down a few flights from 10 years ago. I go to Amsterdam to a classy restaurant, next morning the same thing, UK I got lucky and I was able to get foods I'm used to. I don't eat bad, so I wasn't shoveling mass amounts of junk, but I thought there could be some type of bacteria or something that our bodies aren't used to, like when settlers would come over hundred of years ago bringing strains of whatever it was and wiping out the people who were already there.
我来自美国，有机会在全球各地工作，这让我感到非常害怕，而且我是一个非常挑食的人。我对当地的食物感到恶心，所以选择去看起来干净的餐厅吃饭。可是在我去的每一个国家，我都会生病。通常是在落地后24小时内就开始呕吐、头痛，然后一直待在洗手间。十年前在西班牙，我吐在电梯里，还有一部分从电梯门和地板之间的缝隙漏下去了，下楼几层都能闻到。我去阿姆斯特丹的一家高档餐厅吃饭，结果第二天又是老样子。在英国我运气好一点，因为那里能找到我熟悉的食物。我吃得并不差，也没有吃很多垃圾食品，但我一直以为可能是一种我们身体不习惯的细菌，就像几百年前殖民者把某些病菌带到新大陆，导致原住民大规模死亡那样。
Jerry Everard
I haven’t been sick from eating food from street vendors — mainly Malaysia, Korea and Singapore. The latter two have very strict hygiene standards, and cafes often have a hygiene rating issued by the government. There are some things I look for. Firstly, is the stall busy? Then the food is constantly being cooked fresh rather than being kept warm. I look for vendors actually cooking it at the stall rather than reheating previously prepared food. In most Asian cooking, the pans are kept VERY hot and the food is seared in boiling oil — this will kill most bugs that can affect digestion (such as E. coli or Salmonella). For meat, I usually go for chicken, beef, or lamb. Pork, less so, as it seems to be more susceptible to bacterial corruption. And of course, vegetarian, as veggies don’t spoil easily. I don’t eat salads from such vendors as the veggies were quite possibly washed in dirty water. But a stir-fry is usually pretty safe as they are cooked at high temperatures. I did get food poisoning once in Malaysia from eating western food in a high-ish end restaurant, but I’ve never had a problem with food vendor markets or street stalls. Obviously, avoid those that are clearly unsanitary, or have little custom, but otherwise, you’ll more likely either have a problem with the spices or with the local water.
我没有因为吃街头小贩的食物而生病过，主要是在马来西亚、韩国和新加坡。后两个国家的卫生标准非常严格，许多餐厅都有政府颁发的卫生评级。我会注意一些细节：首先，摊位是否很忙？这意味着食物是现做的，而不是提前做好后保温的。我喜欢看食物是在摊位上现场烹饪的，而不是加热之前做好的。在大多数亚洲烹饪中，锅具温度非常高，食物通常用沸油煎炸，这可以杀死大多数影响消化的细菌（如大肠杆菌或沙门氏菌）。对于肉类，我通常选择鸡肉、牛肉或羊肉，猪肉较少，因为猪肉更容易滋生细菌。当然，素食也很安全，因为蔬菜不容易变质。我不吃小贩提供的沙拉，因为蔬菜很可能是用脏水洗的。但炒菜通常比较安全，因为高温烹饪能杀菌。我在马来西亚有一次食物中毒，但那次是在一家较高档的西式餐厅，但从没在街头市场或小摊上出过问题。显然，要避开那些明显不卫生或没有顾客的摊位，否则你更可能因为香料或当地的水而出现问题。
Ted Dus
as an avid traveller, I can’t really recall a situation when I got sick from local food. I’ve eaten from street stalls in India, Pakistan, in African countries, and elsewhere. I got upset stomach a couple of times, but really nothing serious. My thinking is that, if the locals can eat it, I can eat it too. I’m cautious with water though, and drink only bottled water. In many countries street food is the best the local cuisine can offer. If we’re too prejudiced we’ll miss too much of the local flavour. Oftentimes street stalls serving food can look very simple, but the vendors know how to take care of it and keep it clean. Otherwise they wouldn’t have any customers.
作为一个热爱旅行的人，我几乎记不起自己因为吃当地食物而生病的经历。我在印度、巴基斯坦、非洲国家和其他地方的街头小摊吃过饭。偶尔有几次胃部不适，但都不严重。我的想法是，如果当地人能吃，我也可以吃。不过我对水比较小心，只喝瓶装水。在很多国家，街头食物才是当地美食的精华。如果我们太偏见，就会错过很多地道风味。很多时候，那些卖食物的摊位看起来很简单，但摊主知道如何照顾食物并保持清洁。否则他们就不会有顾客了。
SwiftOne SonOfSun
Since India is strangely singled out, in such discussions, let me answer as a local
There are 2 factors - ingredients & hygiene, Which get conflated.
Locals are accustomed to the ingredients like spiciness and body habituated to it, so locals don't fall sick, neither do visitors from similar cultural profiles. A Mexican would handle Indian food better than say a Norwegian.
As to hygiene, locals no less suffer if they make the mistake of consuming unhygienic food. Just that visitor might not notice that.
The poor in any country do not have options and consume whatever food is available.
But anybody up the economic chain are taught to avoid street food in general, unboiled water etc.,
But Western visitors chasing adventure, think street food is exotic and make foolish mistakes.
Local or visitor, people should be capable of watching out for lack of hygiene and that's true in any country.
既然这种讨论中印度总是被特别提出来，那我就以本地人的身份来回答一下吧。
有两个因素——食材和卫生，这两个常常被混为一谈。
当地人已经习惯了食材，比如辛辣程度，身体也适应了，所以当地人不会生病，来自类似文化背景的游客也不会。一个墨西哥人吃印度食物可能比挪威人更能接受。
至于卫生，如果吃了不卫生的食物，当地人也会生病，只是游客可能没注意到。
在任何国家，穷人没有选择，只能吃能获得的食物。
而经济条件较好的人，都会被教导要避免街头食物、未煮沸的水等。
但西方游客为了追求冒险，认为街头食物很异国情调，于是犯下愚蠢的错误。
无论是本地人还是游客，都应该具备识别不卫生的能力，这在任何国家都一样。
Annie Ruth Harrison (夏安)
I ate food from street vendors while in Southeast Asia. I ate at hawker centers and open air restaurants too. I didn’t get sick from eating anything. In fact, the only time I got sick was before breakfast because I took my morning medicine before leaving the hotel and didn’t eat until I arrived at the morning market to eat breakfast. Too much time had lapsed so the medicine on my stomach said, “No thanks, see you later,” and I was sick on my stomach on the side of the road. That was…embarrassing. But it wasn’t anything I ate. It was because I hadn’t ate. In fact, I had a bowl of bah keh teh right after that and felt much better.
我在东南亚时吃过街头小贩的食物。我也在小贩中心和露天餐馆吃过。我没有因为吃东西而生病。事实上，唯一一次我生病是在早餐前，因为我离开酒店前吃了早上的药，但直到到达早市才吃早餐。时间隔得太久，药在胃里“抗议”了，我就在路边吐了。那……很尴尬。但那不是我吃的东西的问题，而是我没吃东西。事实上，我之后立刻喝了一碗“肉骨茶”，感觉好多了。
Typically what can upset your stomach in a new place is that your body’s gut biome isn’t desensitized to the spices or chemicals in the food being consumed. Locals are used to it so they have no problem. Of course if they visited your country they might also experience an upset stomach. If it’s actual food poisoning from undercooked or expired food then even the locals will get sick. E coli isn’t exactly a respecter of persons to my knowledge.
通常在新地方让你胃不舒服的原因是，你的肠道菌群还没有适应那里的香料或化学成分。当地人已经习惯了，所以没问题。当然，如果他们来你的国家，也可能胃不舒服。如果是真的食物中毒，比如食物没煮熟或过期，那连当地人也会生病。大肠杆菌可不会“挑人”。
Khengchat Ng
Most overseas Chinese when visiting China said the food is far too oily, causing many to have queasy stomachs. Some visitors to Malaysia are not used to eating spicy food in the afternoon heat, resulting in migraines. I took street food against advice in New Delhi but did not get the “ Delhi Belly “ because my stomach was already conditioned by local Indian food. However, I did get bad stomach bloating when arriving in Melbourne to start my studies. The problem was traced to lactose intolerance because I had glasses of milkshakes with classmates after school.
大多数海外华人回中国都说食物太油腻，导致很多人胃不舒服。一些去马来西亚的游客不习惯在炎热的午后吃辣，导致偏头痛。我曾不顾劝告在新德里吃了街头食物，但并没有得“德里肚”，因为我的胃已经被印度本地食物“训练”过。然而，当我刚到墨尔本开始学业时，却出现了严重的胃胀。问题被追踪到乳糖不耐受，因为我放学后和同学一起喝了几杯奶昔。
David Chen
The major difference is that locals have the know-how which street food vendors to avoid and which ones to patronize!
If you're a tourist, having a local contact will definitely spare you from stomach flu, while still being able to sample tasty delicacies in a country.
Also check the food vendor's utensils/cart if they're clean and if the cooking was done/is being done in the cart or if the food has been precooked and left exposed to the elements.
Lastly, when buying food from street vendors, always purchase local cuisine rather than Western inspired dishes. The vendors are more knowledgeable in cooking local foods and how to preserve them. Obviously, mainstream dishes are safer, than exotic ones - there have been cases of people killed from eating food which have been wrongly prepared and cooked - for example, pufferfish.
最大的区别是，当地人知道哪些街头小贩该避开，哪些值得光顾！
如果你是游客，有一个本地朋友会帮你避开胃病，同时还能品尝到当地的美食。
另外，检查小贩的餐具或推车是否干净，食物是否在推车上现场制作，还是提前做好后暴露在空气中。
最后，买街头食物时，尽量选择本地菜肴而不是西式料理。小贩更擅长烹饪本地食物，也更懂得如何保存。显然，主流的菜肴比稀奇古怪的更安全，比如河豚鱼，如果处理不当可能会致命。
Gaab Thobo
Because those people’s digestive systems and gut flora are highly adapted to whatever street food they have been eating since their childhood. Basically the locals have become highly resistant to any potential pathogens that might be present in the street food of their local street food vendors.
这是因为当地人的消化系统和肠道菌群从小就适应了当地的街头食物，因此对可能存在于街头食物中的潜在病原体具有很高的抵抗力。
Pete Cresswell
I think part of it is that one's intestinal flora changes depending on where one lives and that, somehow, the immune system adapts to that flora.
I got this notion when visiting The Dominican Republic and a Quebecois guy was commiserating with me vis-a-vis my case of Moctezuma's Revenge.
He pointed out that people from Quebec got sick for a few days when they moved to the DR, but he and other long-term residents also got sick when they went back to visit Quebec.
我认为一部分原因是，一个人的肠道菌群会随着居住地的变化而变化，而免疫系统也会适应这种菌群。
我在多米尼加共和国旅行时，有个魁北克人跟我一起在抱怨“蒙特祖玛的复仇”（即旅游者腹泻）。
他指出，当魁北克人搬到多米尼加共和国时，他们会生病几天，但像他这样的长期居民如果回魁北克探亲，也会生病。
Wilson Goh
I think of it as their bacteria is different from your bacteria. Hence you will get sick but the natives don’t
我认为这是因为他们体内的细菌和你的不一样。所以你会生病，但本地人不会。
Paul C.
The locals are already used to type of oils and unsanitary water these vendors use. Many third world countries have chemical that clarifies burned oil so merchants can make them look like fresh oil. Raw foods may have germs and bacteria which your home country may eliminate before serving. When people are used to E-coli, listeria, Salmonella from early age, even if they are exposed to them, worst that can happen would be a diarrhea. But, they can sicken foreigners or in rare occasions kill.
当地人已经习惯了这些小贩使用的油和不干净的水。许多第三世界国家使用一种化学物质，可以让用过的废油看起来像新鲜的油。生食中可能带有细菌和病原体，而在你的国家，这些通常在上桌前就被消灭了。如果一个人从小就接触大肠杆菌（E. coli）、李斯特菌（Listeria）、沙门氏菌（Salmonella）等细菌，即使再次暴露，最坏的情况也只是腹泻而已。但对于外国人来说，这些细菌可能会导致严重疾病，甚至在极少数情况下致命。
Aero Dynamico
Bereft of Western arrogance, the fact is: visitors (only from the West, and Japan) have evolved shitty immune systems where the slightest bug sends them into paroxysms of reactions.
This is characteristic of Western “development”: lock yourself into an ecosystem which you create, lose all your nature-given defenses, and call yourself “developed.”
As a result, the moment they are out of that ecosystem, they are dead, or nearly dead.
Worry not, my friend.
If they “hygienesize” themselves into extinction, you are certainly not responsible.
抛开西方的傲慢，事实是：只有来自西方和日本的游客，进化出了脆弱的免疫系统，稍微接触一点细菌就会引发剧烈反应。
这就是西方所谓“发展”的特征：把自己封闭在一个自己构建的生态系统中，失去了与生俱来的自然免疫力，还自称为“发达”。
结果就是，一旦他们离开这个系统，他们就变得非常脆弱，甚至濒临崩溃。
别担心，朋友。
如果他们把自己“讲卫生”到灭绝的地步，那你也无需感到责任在身。