QA问答：作为宋粉，假如我是南宋皇帝，该如何阻止成吉思汗征服帝国？请提供一些击败蒙古军队的建议。

Desmond Ng
Raise the walls and burn the grass.
This above sounds like a bad translation of a Chinese war novel but that's what you need to do. Here's why.

“坚壁清野。”听起来像是某部中国战争小说的糟糕翻译，但这正是你需要做的事。以下是原因：

Mongolians rely overwhelmingly on horses. They had the largest horse:soldier ratio in history, sometimes as many as 7:1. But, these have one weakness. They feed on grass. When the mongols invade, burn every field you can, and perhaps leave some to draw them to an area where they can be ambushed. The main difference is that you can feed your horses on wheat, feeding your strength on their greatest weakness.

蒙古军队极度依赖马匹。他们拥有历史上士兵与马匹比例最高的军队，有时高达7匹马对1名士兵。然而，马匹也有弱点：它们需要草料。蒙古入侵时，你可以烧毁所有能烧的草地，也许留下一些引诱他们进入伏击区域。关键区别在于，你可以用小麦喂养马匹，利用敌人的弱点来增强自己的力量。

Also, you should build fortresses everywhere. Yes. Don't build one massive city fortress to house every troop, build dozens and scatter them everywhere. Why? You see, the Mongols rely on deep strikes into open ground to quickly capture strategic targets, while rear units mop up. In China and Middle Asia, the style of war was to all convene and fight it out, so fortresses were very rare, and often cities had walls to be used as fortresses. But the reason they struggled upon reaching Europe is that in Europe, castles are everywhere. Rear units soon outnumbered the ones supposed to be fighting since they often had to besiege multiple targets.

此外，你应该到处修建堡垒。不要只建一座巨大的城市堡垒容纳所有军队，而是建造数十座分散的堡垒。原因如下：蒙古军队擅长深入敌后快速夺取战略目标，而后续部队则负责清理残余。在中国和中亚，战争风格是集中兵力一战定胜负，所以堡垒较少，城市往往依靠城墙作为防御。但在欧洲，城堡遍布各地，这正是蒙古军队难以适应的地方。后续部队的数量常常超过前线部队，因为他们必须围攻多个目标。

Also, use your numbers to your advantage. The castles I mentioned? Be generous. Fill them with large garrisons. The Chinese often outnumbered the Mongols 3:1, but squandered it on trying to concentrating them in one spot (seems counter intuitive, but hear me out.) The Mongols excel at maneuvers, this is the prime method of destroying larger armies, outmaneuvering them, but their weakness is their lack of numbers. Ensure these castles are well manned, forcing Mongolians to send large numbers to guard them. This also slows them down, robbing them of their greatest asset - speed. With this gone the Mongols are forced to wage a war of attrition, one which they can never hope to win.

还要善用你的人数优势。  
前面提到的那些堡垒，要慷慨地布防大量驻军。宋军人数通常超过蒙古军3倍，但往往集中于一点，这反而浪费了人数优势。蒙古军队擅长机动战，这是他们摧毁大军团的主要方式，但他们的弱点是人数不足。确保这些堡垒有足够驻军，迫使蒙古派出大量兵力围困，这也会拖慢他们的速度，剥夺他们最大的优势——速度。一旦失去速度，蒙古军队将被迫进行消耗战，而这正是他们无法取胜的战争形式。

Guo Wei
There was a mysterious army of Song who actually defeated the attack from a Mongol army led by Möngke Khan in 1259 CE. And Mongols never succeeded in defeating them in battles that followed. Most surprisingly, Möngke Khan was killed by a cannon shot fired from the castle secured by this Song army and the Mongols had to withdraw. Seeing that it was impossible to continue, Kublai Khan sent a message to this Song army, promising their safety and their military existence in Bozhou (modern Sichuan and Guiyang, China), where the army was stationed, the army then surrendered to Mongols. However, their military existence in Bozhou persisted and prospered till Ming, which outlived Mongol’s rule in China.

宋朝曾有一支神秘的军队，在1259年成功击退了由蒙哥汗亲自率领的蒙古军队。此后蒙古军再未在正面战场上击败这支军队。最令人惊讶的是，蒙哥汗正是被这支宋军从城堡中发射的炮弹击中而死，蒙古军队不得不撤退。看到无法继续进攻，忽必烈派人向这支宋军传达信息，承诺他们在博州（今四川、贵州一带）的安全和军事存在，这支军队随后投降了蒙古。然而，他们在博州的军事存在一直延续到明朝，甚至超越了元朝的统治。

The essential defense the Song army had employed against Mongols is build rock castles on mountains.

这支宋军对抗蒙古的核心策略是：在山上建造石制城堡。

Diaoyu Cheng ‘Fishing City/Castle’, a rocky castle-like city built by the Yangs who governed a large piece of land including major areas of modern Sichuan and Guizhou, China.

例如“钓鱼城”，这是一座建在山上的石城，由杨氏家族建造并长期驻守，控制着包括今四川、贵州在内的大片地区。

Anyway, this army failed to stop Mongols from conquering Song because they surrendered to Mongols. However, they didn’t fail militarily but politically. The clan who owned the army lasted more than seven hundred years, which was somehow a great success to some extent.

尽管这支军队最终投降了蒙古，但他们并非军事失败，而是政治失败。拥有这支军队的家族延续了七百多年，从某种意义上说，这也是一种成功。

Kuan Yu
First off I’d give all the Confucian scholars and any fool who say that "Good iron isn't used for nails; good men aren't used as soldiers” a damn good beating. During the Song Dynasty, the prevailing government opinion was that the defense of the realm was best left to idiots that no one would miss; criminals were forcibly conscxted. When you don’t respect your own defense force, the very people who are protecting you, you are just asking for trouble.

首先，我得狠狠教训那些信奉“好铁不做钉，好汉不当兵”的儒家学者。在宋朝，朝廷普遍认为国防应由社会底层的“多余之人”来承担，甚至强迫罪犯入伍。如果你不尊重自己的军队，不尊重那些为你战斗的人，那你就是在自找麻烦。

Second, reform the government structure. I’d reorganize the military and defenses so that troops get proper pay and training and not force conscxt soldiers from the ranks of criminals. The military and the whole country has to be mobilized properly to respond to external threats. I’d also stipulate that everyone should get some form of military training and tactics, including those damn Confucian scholars, and if they can’t fight, work to make arrows, armor, dig defensive ditches etc, etc.. If your army has plenty of good archers, crossbow men, ballista artillery, crossbows, cannons, and disciplined pikemen they won’t be easily defeated by cavalry unless their commander is a moron. I’d demote incompetent morons. I’d also invest heavily in military technology. China had invented gunpowder but failed to utilize it to its full advantage.

其次，改革朝廷结构。 
我会重组军队和防御体系，让士兵获得合理的薪酬和训练，而不是从罪犯中强制征兵。必须动员整个国家和军队来应对外部威胁。我还规定，所有人都应接受某种形式的军事训练，包括那些可恶的儒家学者。即使他们不能上战场，也应参与制造箭矢、盔甲、挖掘防御工事等工作。如果你的军队有大量优秀的弓箭手、弩兵、投石机、火炮和纪律严明的长矛兵，骑兵就很难轻易击败他们，除非指挥官是个白痴。我会罢免那些无能的蠢货，并大力投资军事科技。中国发明了火药，却未能充分发挥其军事潜力。

Third. Diplomacy. Recognize and respect the Mongols. Part of the animosity between the Chinese and the Mongols stem from nationalistic chauvinist ideas promoted by those scholars. Chinese Emperors were instructed by their Confucian scholars that China was the center of the world and that the Chinese nation and culture was superior to the other people, especially the Mongols whom they regarded as uncouth barbarians. This belief that “China is the greatest country in the world” was prideful and proved to be the poisoned chalice of future Chinese governments. Any nation that keeps on repeating this phrase “(insert name) is the greatest country in the world” will be blind to its faults, learn nothing, and face catastrophe. Pride comes before fall.

第三，外交策略。
要正视并尊重蒙古人。汉蒙之间的敌意部分源于儒家学者所宣扬的民族优越感。中国皇帝被教导说中国是世界的中心，中华文化优于其他民族，尤其是将蒙古人视为野蛮人。这种“中国是世界上最伟大的国家”的观念是一种傲慢，也成为后来中国朝廷的毒酒。任何不断重复“某某是世界上最伟大的国家”的国家，都会忽视自身问题，无法学习进步，最终遭遇灾难。骄傲必带来失败。

Fourth Trade. China needed to expand its trade routes to gain coin and to curry favor with rival nations.

第四，贸易策略。
中国需要拓展贸易路线，以获得更多的资金，并与敌对国家的盟友建立友好关系。

As part of the “winning hearts and minds” strategy, I would do my utmost to recruit Mongol tribes as allies and mercenaries and integrate them into my army and government. I’d even use marriage to cement the alliances. Personally I think its better to have Genghis Khan as a son-in-law than as an enemy.

作为“赢得人心”的战略一部分，我会尽最大努力招募蒙古部落作为盟友或雇佣兵，并将他们纳入军队和朝廷体系。我甚至会通过联姻来巩固联盟。我个人认为，与其把成吉思汗当作敌人，不如让他成为我的女婿更好。

Scorched earth policies won’t work so well on the Mongols unless you plan to destroy huge regions of China. This will also cause massive loss of life of your own people, China was highly dependent on rice fields; how do you plan to destroy valuable agricultural land to ward off the Mongols while your people starve to death and plague behind castle walls? Its a bit like boiling the sea to destroy enemy submarines.

至于“焦土政策”，对蒙古人来说效果并不理想，除非你打算摧毁中国的大片地区。这将导致大量平民死亡。中国高度依赖稻田，你打算摧毁宝贵的农业用地来抵御蒙古人，同时让自己的人民饿死在城墙内、引发瘟疫吗？这就像为了击沉敌方潜艇而煮沸整片海洋一样荒谬。



Kendrick VanZant
Fire all the current generals. They are shit. The search for replacements will focus on effective lower-ranking officers. Promotions for merit will be rapid. Anti-cavalry doctrine will include Big Swords and Explosions (see below)
Archery practice is now compulsory for every able-bodied subject
Appoint a Minister of Sword Manufacturing. He will see that thousands of those awesome two-handed swords are constructed. If it goes too slow the first one gets used on him, and his understudy steps up.
Appoint a Minister of Fire. He will improve and produce gunpowder munitions. Everybody who isn’t practicing archery will be making gunpowder grenades. Same deal as in step 3, if his efforts fizzle.
Terror. Poets, artists, philosophers, physicians, priests and monks will be commanded to determine what will most terrify the Mongols. Captive Mongols will assist their inquiries.
Horse poisoners.
Review Quora and utilize all of the sensible suggestions not included above.

首先，解雇所有现任将军，他们简直一无是处。寻找替代者时，应重点关注那些表现出色的下级军官。有能力者应迅速晋升。
反骑兵战略将包括使用“大刀”和“爆炸物”（见下文）：
全民射箭训练：所有适龄健康男子必须练习射箭。
设立“刀具制造大臣”：他负责制造成千上万把威力强大的双手大刀。如果进度缓慢，第一个大臣将被处决，由副手接替。
设立“火器大臣”：他负责改进并大量生产火药武器。所有没有练习射箭的人必须制造火药手雷。同样，如果火器大臣效率低下，他也会被处决。
制造恐怖：诗人、艺术家、哲学家、医生、神职人员和僧侣将被命令研究什么最能让蒙古人感到恐惧。俘虏的蒙古人将协助这些研究。
毒马行动：派人秘密毒害蒙古骑兵的马匹。
参考Quora：查看QA上的所有建议，采纳其中合理可行的策略。

Tim Rohde
Dig narrow 24 inch deep holes everywhere but the main roads and camouflage them. EVERYWHERE - fields, streams, Randomly but at increasing frequency toward your city or cities put sharp spikes in the holes.
Train EVERYONE as an archer and a pikeman.
Place lookout posts at every elevated position necessary to see an attack coming. Have them communicate via codes using fires the light of which you can blx with obstructions.
Place towers, gates and other features strategically to allow archers and pikemen to cover the roads. Place hidden archery placements around places where the Mongols are likely to attempt to cross open land.
Genghis Khan will send a small force of raiding parties to burn all your crops and farm infrastructure just before the harvest several months from attacking with his full force. Do everything you can to kill every one of them rather than attempting to drive them off.
Keep your holes and defenses well maintained and wait.
Without his horses he's hardly a threat. Those holes will make them useless. If he's hell bent on attacking you, he'll have to use the roads. Your archers will have been training for months or years to turn those roads into turkey shoots.
A few tactical training issues might also help.
ALWAYS aim for the horse first. A healthy mongol on an injured horse is easier to hit than an injured mongol on a healthy horse.
Make the battle height of your city walls unpredictable. Built scaffoldings between 10 and 25 feet high that 6 - 8 men can hoist into place along the wall in response to the height of arriving siege towers.
Genghis Khan will have made those siege towers out of materials from the nearest forest to your city. If your lookouts are doing their jobs you'll know where. He'll be most vulnerable while building his siege engines. If you can burn him out of there shortly before he's finished building his engines, you'll have an advantage.

1.遍布陷阱 
在主干道以外的所有地方挖满24英寸深的小坑，并进行伪装。在靠近城市的地方，这些陷阱的密度应逐渐增加，并在坑底放置尖刺。
2.全民军事训练 
所有人必须接受弓箭手和长矛兵训练。
3.设置瞭望塔与信号系统  
在所有高地设立瞭望塔，通过遮挡物控制火光闪烁，传递敌情信号。
4.城防布局  
在战略位置设置塔楼、城门等设施，让弓箭手和长矛兵能有效控制道路。在蒙古人可能穿越的开阔地带设置隐藏的弓箭阵地。
5.提前应对小股袭扰 
成吉思汗通常会在正式进攻前几个月派出小股部队焚烧农田和基础设施。你要做的不是驱赶他们，而是尽可能全歼他们。
6.保持防御工事良好状态 
维护好陷阱和防御工事，静待敌军到来。
7.战术要点 
优先射马：一匹健康的马配上受伤的骑手，比一匹健康的马配上受伤的骑手更容易击中。
城墙高度不固定：在城墙之间搭建10至25英尺高的脚手架，让6至8人可以在敌人攻城塔高度出现时迅速部署，打乱敌方计划。
破坏敌方攻城器械制造:蒙古人通常在靠近你城市的森林中就地取材制造攻城器械。如果你的瞭望兵尽责，你将知道他们在哪里。在他们即将完成制造时烧毁他们的工事，将获得巨大优势。

Charles Ricoletti
Choose your battlefield wisely, if you let the Mongols (especially Genghis) choose the battlefield they will take that advantage to the extreme.
Dig deep ditches and trenches everywhere if your territory, if your empire is large, dig these trenches around your most important cities and locations. These will hurt horses, make them Buck, trip and fall. This is a major problem for the mostly cavalry oriented Mongols.
Do not confront Mongols on an open field. If you allow them to surround or pincer manuever you, your army will be crushed fairly fast.
Do not try and out cavalry the Mongols. Your best bet is heavily armoured and shielded infanty and a smaller amount of armoured horse-archers. Genghis’ tactics were heavily based around fighting mounted opponents on the stepp, it would be very hard for them to penetrate your ranks if you dug the trenches and lined your infantry behind them.
I do not mean have no cavalry, you must have an assortment of quick and lightly armoured horsemen to flank the Mongols of the opportunity arises. But play it safe, they are far more skilled horsemen and likely better archers too.
Use any mountain ranges or rocky/mountainous terrain to your advantage, horses tend to stumble and it is very hard to charge uphill with dozens of arrows shooting you on your way up.
Set up fortifications or even military bases I these mountains, construct good supply lines to make sure all your soldiers do not starve or mutiny. The Mongols will wait you out if they can, but their horses need food and water and if you have to confront them, confront Mongols with tired and starving horses.
Break their morale. Set out small groups to burn their supplies or horses (cruel, I know, but it would work) send burning horses into their camps, and pick them off with guerilla tactics before confronting them with good odds.
Rinse and repeat until they either retreat or are weak enough to attack.
If reinforcements arrive for the Mongols slow them down as much as you can with guerilla tactics and try and pick them off while they come.
If their reinforcements continue you must attack Genghis’ main army with all you have, do not lose the chance to deal a devastating blow.
If you succeed in defeating their main force then in best case scenario you captured Genghis, either kill him or use him to broker a peace. It would likely be a less risky option to just kill him. If you kill him you know the Mongols will still attack, but with broken morale and a lost campaign, if you let him leave there is a chance he'll come back. Take hostages from the powerful khans in the empire to secure peace.
If they refuse any type of peace you must back off and rebuild, you would have taken heavy casualties and you should resume your guerilla tactics against the already broken but still formidable Mongol army.
Hold banquets and feasts to boost the morale of your men, tell them that their God(s) are on their side, a happy army will always come out on top against a sad and frustrated one.
If you manage to pull this off then you should be well on your way to repelling the Mongol invaders :)

1.战场选择至关重要 
如果你让蒙古人（尤其是成吉思汗）选择战场，他们会充分利用地形优势。一定要选择适合你军队的地形。
2.挖掘深沟与战壕 
在你的领土上广泛挖掘深沟与战壕，如果你的帝国广大，至少要在最重要的城市和战略地点周围挖掘。这将让蒙古骑兵的马匹受伤、摔倒、无法冲锋，对以骑兵为主的蒙古军队是重大打击。
3.避免在开阔地带作  
不要让蒙古军队包围你或实施钳形攻势，那样你的军队会被迅速击溃。
4.不要试图在骑兵战中胜过蒙古人  
你的最佳策略是使用重甲步兵和少量重甲骑射手。成吉思汗的战术依赖在草原上对抗骑兵，如果你挖掘战壕并让步兵列阵防守，他们将很难突破你的防线。
当然你仍需要一些轻装骑兵，在合适的时机实施侧翼包抄。但要谨慎，他们的骑术和箭术远胜于你。
5.利用山地与崎岖地形  
马匹在山地容易滑倒，而上坡冲锋时又会面对大量箭雨，这是你的一大优势。
6.山地设防与补给线建设  
在山区建立防御工事或军事基地，并确保补给线畅通，防止士兵因饥饿或不满而叛变。蒙古人擅长围城战，但他们的马匹需要大量草料和水。如果你能让他们在疲惫和饥饿的状态下作战，将大大提升你的胜算。
7.打击敌方士气  
派出小股部队焚烧他们的补给或马匹（虽然残酷，但有效）。释放燃烧的马匹冲入敌营，使用游击战术逐步削弱敌军。
8.战术循环  
不断骚扰、削弱敌人，直到他们撤退或变得足够虚弱，再发起总攻。
9.应对敌方援军  
如果蒙古援军到达，尽可能用游击战术拖延他们，并在他们分批到达时逐个击破。如果援军持续不断，那你必须集中全部兵力攻击成吉思汗的主力部队，抓住机会给予重创。
10.战后处理 
如果你成功击败蒙古主力并俘虏了成吉思汗，你可以选择处决他或用他换取和平。通常来说，直接处决更安全。如果你放他走，他可能会卷土重来。你还可以扣押一些重要蒙古贵族作为人质，以确保和平协议的执行。
11.如果蒙古拒绝和平 
你必须撤退并重整军队。此时你可能已损失惨重，应继续使用游击战术对抗虽已受损但仍强大的蒙古军队。
12.提升士气 
举行宴会和庆典，鼓舞士兵士气。告诉他们神灵站在你这边。士气高昂的军队永远比士气低落的军队更有战斗力。
如果你能成功实施上述策略，你将有望击退蒙古入侵者！

Pun Anansakunwat
Honestly, this question is historically inaccurate, because Genghis Khan died even long before Jin dynasty, which controlled the Northern part of China, collapsed.

说实话，这个问题在历史上是不准确的，因为成吉思汗去世的时间远远早于控制中国北方的金朝灭亡。

The Great Khan that destroyed Song dynasty was Kublai Khan.

真正灭亡南宋的“大汗”是忽必烈汗。

Mainly, Kublai Khan did not use the Mongol cavalry to conquer Song dynasty. He simply used defected Han generals, soldiers, and sailors.

而且，忽必烈并没有使用蒙古骑兵来征服南宋。他主要依靠的是投诚的汉族将领、士兵和水手。

The first thing that the Song emperor should have done was to strengthen the empire from within. Reforming the court and getting rid of incompetent and corrupt officials were the most important things to do. This was because historically, these were the factors that led to a fall of xiangyang, the strongest fortress that protected Song lands from the Mongols.

南宋皇帝首先应该做的，是从内部强化帝国。改革朝廷、清除无能和腐败的官员是最关键的一步。这是因为历史上正是这些因素导致了襄阳（宋朝最重要的防御堡垒）的陷落。

Then, employing honest and capable officials, which Song dynasty had many of them, but they were not properly used.

然后，应该重用正直而有能力的官员。实际上南宋有很多这样的人才，但他们没有被正确地使用。

If this were done, Han generals would also not defect to the Mongols, and helped them build the navy to cut the supply routes of many cities along the river. Instead, some of them might even defect to Song, and helped the Song repelled the nomadic invasion.

如果做到了这些，那么汉族将领也不会投靠蒙古人，帮助他们建立海军来切断沿江城市的补给线。相反，一些人甚至可能投靠南宋，帮助南宋击退游牧民族的入侵。

Wen Tianxiang, a capable and honest minister and general. He put up a fierce resistance against the Mongols. He was the very last general to be captured by the Mongols. Kublai Khan realized his ability, so he came by himself to convince him to surrender. He refused and asked to be executed. Kublai had no choice, but to give him what he wanted

比如文天祥，一位有能力且忠诚的大臣和将军。他顽强抵抗蒙古军队，是最后被俘的将领之一。忽必烈意识到他的才能，亲自劝降，但文天祥拒绝，并请求被处决。忽必烈别无选择，只能满足他的要求。

Second, developing the navy: Song Dynasty lied at the south of China. Yangtze river was a natural fortress. The navy must be sent to control it at all costs. If the Mongols could not cross the river, their cavalry was useless. Unlike in the reality, a strong navy would allow the Song to resupply the besieged forts along the river.

第二，发展水军：南宋位于中国南方，长江是天然的屏障。必须派遣强大的水师控制这条河流。如果蒙古人无法渡江，他们的骑兵就毫无用武之地。与历史现实不同，一支强大的水军可以让南宋向沿江被围困的堡垒提供补给。



Battle of Yamen, a battle that should have be won, if the Song navy was stronger.

崖山海战——如果南宋海军足够强大，这场战役本应获胜。

Third, Be alx to the news and reinforce the fortresses along the border: Historically, one of the fatal mistakes that the Song did was not reinforcing the fortresses that were besieged by the Mongols enough. Historically, when Song army failed to resupply xiangyang for several times in 1269–1272, they stopped trying altogether. Ironically, a small Chinese force of 3.000 was able to resupply xiangyang in 1272 by breaking the Mongol blockade.

第三，保持警惕并加强边境堡垒：历史上南宋犯下的一个致命错误，是没有对被蒙古围困的堡垒提供足够的增援。事实上，在1269–1272年几次尝试为襄阳补给失败后，宋军干脆放弃了努力。讽刺的是，一支仅3000人的小部队在1272年成功突破蒙古封锁，为襄阳提供补给。

xiangyang, despite not getting any reinforcement, managed to resist the Mongols for several years. If it was reinforced, it may be able to buy times for more than a decade.

襄阳在没有得到任何支援的情况下仍坚持抵抗多年。如果当时得到了增援，它可能还能为南宋争取超过十年的时间。

Fourth, use wealth: Song dynasty was very rich. Why don’t they use it to protect the empire? Bribing Yuan officials would help the survival of the dynasty. In addition, Kublai had only nominal control of the entire empire. Many khanates existed in the Mongol empire. Some of them were Kublai’s rivals. The Song court can send tributes to Chagatai Khanate to seek help. Mongol Khans typically hated one another. They did not hesitate to fight one another (Berke vs Hulegu War is a great example).

第四，利用财富：南宋非常富裕，为什么不利用这笔财富来保卫帝国？贿赂元朝官员可以帮助王朝延续。此外，忽必烈对整个蒙古帝国的控制只是名义上的。蒙古帝国中存在多个汗国，其中一些是忽必烈的对手。南宋朝廷可以向察合台汗国进贡，寻求援助。蒙古各汗国之间彼此敌视，他们从不犹豫彼此开战（例如别儿哥与旭烈兀之战就是一个很好的例子）。

Fifth, nomads vs nomads: This was an old tactic, since the time of Han dynasty. Han army, at that time, was not able to match the xiongnu’s, because of the xiongnu’s superior cavalry. Thus, Han court spent a lot of money to hire many xiongnus to train its cavalry. Within years, Han cavalry was able to crush xiongnu cavalry, and won the war. Song dynasty could do the same. Furthermore, Song dynasty could secretly support the rebels in Mongol-occupied lands to revolt. The Mongols would be too busy with the rebels to conquer Song.

第五，以夷制夷：这是从汉代以来就使用的策略。汉朝当时无法与匈奴骑兵抗衡，于是花费大量金钱雇佣匈奴人训练自己的骑兵。几年后，汉朝骑兵成功击败匈奴骑兵并赢得战争。南宋也可以采用同样的策略。此外，南宋可以秘密支持蒙古占领区的反叛势力，让蒙古人忙于镇压内乱，无力继续南侵。



Daniel Vianna
The Mongols had but two skills everyone else lacked during that period: speed and communication.

蒙古人在那个时代拥有两项其他军队所不具备的优势：速度和通讯能力。

While most soldiers were sent forward and left to battle out of their wits, the Mongols had a flag system to communicate between groups of soldiers during battle. Think of it as Germans using telephones to communicate during trench warfare against French and Entente troops going over the top with no plan except “kill as many krauts as possible”.

当大多数军队被派上前线后只能靠自己的判断作战时，蒙古人却在战场上使用旗语系统来指挥各部队之间的协同作战。你可以把它想象成德军在战壕战中使用电话指挥，而协约国士兵则只是盲目冲锋，毫无计划地“尽可能多地杀死德国人”。

Add to that the speed of their light cavalry archers, coming up, killing some enemies, running back, hopefully luring some enemies to pursue them. Tire the enemy heavy cavalry during the pursuit, ambush, liquidate, come back for more.

再加上他们的轻骑兵弓箭手的速度——他们快速接近、射杀敌人、迅速撤退，试图引诱敌人追击。在追击过程中消耗敌人的重骑兵体力，然后设伏、歼灭，再回来继续下一轮攻击。

If you can't match the Mongol speed, don't pursue. Let them flee. Don't use your heavy cavalry against their light cavalry. Heavy cavalry should be used against infantry only, after they are in disarray.

如果你无法匹敌蒙古人的速度，就不要追击。让他们撤退。不要用你的重骑兵去对抗他们的轻骑兵。重骑兵应只用于对付陷入混乱的步兵。

No tactic will succeed, though, if you can't communicate with your troops during the fight. You either do it better than the Mongols, or you're slower in realms that compound. So if you can't develop a better way to ensure communication and prompt reaction to orders, well… Burn the grass and lock yourself in for a siege.

然而，如果你无法在战斗中与部队有效沟通，那么任何战术都难以成功。你必须在通信和命令执行速度上超过蒙古人，否则就会陷入被动。如果你无法开发出更好的通信和反应机制……那就烧掉草原，把自己关在城中打持久战吧。

Adam Wu
I’m afraid you’re right hosed, my friend.

恐怕，朋友，你已经“完蛋”了。

The problem isn’t just that your enemy is incredibly capable, it is that your own state is already well into its terminal decline, and was so since long before you were born.

问题不只是你的敌人极其强大，而是你的国家早已处于不可逆转的衰落之中，这种衰落早在你出生之前就已经开始了。

Your court is rife with corruption and fractured by factionalism. Morale is low among your soldiers and some of your most capable commanders are already thinking of defecting, if they haven’t already done so. And all this was already the situation since before you were born.

你的朝廷腐败严重，派系林立。士兵士气低落，一些最有能力的将领甚至已经在考虑叛逃，或者已经叛逃了。这一切早在你出生之前就已经存在。

You might think that as emperor your power is without limit within your state, but that is not so. You are just one node, albeit a big one, in the brain of the state body politic. But other parts of that brain are stroked out, or currently seizing. Your peripheral nerves are suffering terminal degeneration, and some of your key muscles have wasted away from strophic neglect.

你可能以为作为皇帝，你在国家中的权力是至高无上的，但事实并非如此。你只是国家政治机器中的一颗螺丝钉，尽管是一颗比较大的螺丝钉。但这个机器的其他部分已经中风或正在抽搐。你的“神经系统”正在退化，一些关键的“肌肉”也因长期忽视而萎缩。

In the Song system the emperor is just one of many nodes of power, and in fact a rather unnecessary one, which is why the empire was once able to thrive with Emperors who didn’t actually do anything besides fulfilling ceremonial duties and writing poetry all day. That system sheltered the empire from incompetent Emperors, but now, with the system itself rotting from within, it makes you, the Emperor, little more than a bird trapped in a golden cage, on a sinking ship.

在宋朝体制中，皇帝只是众多权力节点之一，甚至可以说是一个可有可无的角色，这也是为什么帝国曾在一些皇帝几乎什么都不做的情况下（除了履行仪式职责和整天写诗）依然繁荣的原因。这种制度保护了帝国免受无能皇帝的伤害，但现在，制度本身已经从内部腐烂，使你这位皇帝不过是一只被困在黄金笼子里的鸟，而笼子所在的船正在下沉。

You can make plans and issue orders, but that won’t do any good when there are no effective avenues by which those orders will be obeyed or successfully carried out.

你可以制定计划、发布命令，但如果这些命令没有有效的执行机制，那就毫无意义。

You want to eliminate your ineffective prime minister, Jiao Sidao? Sorry. His influence among the ministers in court exceeds your own. Move against him and he’ll just depose you and put your more malleable idiot nephew on the throne. Not that you have any capable replacement candidates you can rely on to replace him anyways.

你想除掉无能的宰相贾似道？抱歉。他在朝廷中的影响力比你还要大。你若对他下手，他只会废黜你，把你那个更容易控制的蠢侄子扶上皇位。而且你也没有什么有能力的替代人选可以依靠。

Want to replace certain incompetent generals? Same story. They are all where they are because of the factional politics of court put them there, and you can not disrupt that delicate balance without bringing the whole edifice crashing down, and the ensuing chaos will make you even less well positioned to face the Mongol onslaught.

你想换掉某些无能的将领？同样也是死路一条。他们之所以坐在那个位置上，是因为朝廷内部的派系斗争，你若试图打破这种微妙的平衡，整个系统就会崩溃，随之而来的混乱会让你更难应对蒙古的进攻。

Fact of the matter is, the Song, despite all its various weaknesses, held out against the Mongols for decades before succumbing. And that happened because the Mongols simply kept. On. Coming. Until the Song state’s ability to keep functioning in its moribund state simply exhausted itself. There’s no magic bullet, no golden hero, no genius tactic or strategy that can avert what is ultimately a systemic failure. Save a key general so a key battle isn’t lost? He’ll fall later to some other court intrigue, and there will be another key defeat afterwards. Introduce a new strategy or tactic? The Mongols will eventually adapt to it, as they do to everything. Prevent a key figure from defecting? Someone else with similar capability will defect in his stead.

事实上，尽管南宋有诸多弱点，但它仍然坚持了几十年才最终灭亡。这是因为蒙古人只是不断地进攻，直到宋朝这个已经病入膏肓的国家再也无法维持运转为止。没有魔法般的策略，没有救世英雄，没有天才战术或战略可以阻止这种系统性崩溃。即使你拯救了一位关键将领，让他在某场关键战役中不失败，他迟早也会因为宫廷阴谋而倒下，之后又是一场关键失败。你引入了一种新战术？蒙古人迟早会适应它，就像他们适应一切一样。你阻止了一位关键人物叛逃？另一个同样有能力的人会取而代之。

Your doom is inevitable.

你的灭亡是不可避免的。

So your only hope is to be a different Song Emperor. Be the Emperor at the tail end of the Northern Song, and do this instead:

所以，你唯一的希望是成为另一位宋朝皇帝。成为北宋末期的皇帝，并采取以下措施：

Do not, under any circumstance, ever, ever, ever, ally with the upstart Jin to attack your old enemy of Liao.

无论如何，永远不要与新兴的金朝结盟去攻击你曾经的敌人辽国。

This should set off a butterfly effect that has a good chance of preventing Ghenghis Khan from ever being born in the first place.

这将引发一系列“蝴蝶效应”，极有可能让成吉思汗不曾出生。

Dulat Atabek
There were seceral answers about tactics how to win mongols. However they all had one common mistake. They all UNDERESTIMATED mongols. You as state leader will face one of the most deadliest enemy in the human history. Mongols were so inventive, that all traditional anti-nomadian tactics have never worked against them. You can't just sit in the castle and wait until they will return to steppe. In fact, exactly this tactics was used by Chorezmian Shah. And you know he failed.

关于如何战胜蒙古人的战术，已经有很多人提出了建议。然而，它们都有一个共同的错误：都低估了蒙古人。
作为一国之君，你面对的将是人类历史上最致命的敌人之一。蒙古人极其富有创造力，以至于所有传统的反游牧民族战术在他们面前都失效了。你不能只是躲在城堡里，等着他们返回草原——事实上，花剌子模沙阿（Chorezmian Shah）就曾这样尝试，结果失败了。

Mongols were very good in the sieging towns. They had a lot of good siege engineers and therefore good siege engines. Moreover, they surpassed their small number of troops by using locals as meat-shield. So, it's very likely they will not suffer a lot from taking your towns. And after taking town, they will destroy it completely. It is really huge economic damage to you. This means that even you will win the war, when mongols will return back, you will have no means to defend against them again.

一、蒙古人擅长攻城战  
蒙古人非常擅长攻城战。他们拥有大量优秀的攻城工程师和先进的攻城器械。此外，他们还通过使用当地平民作为人肉盾牌，弥补了自己兵力的不足。因此，他们攻占你的城镇时，损失很可能并不大。而在攻陷城镇后，他们会彻底摧毁它，这将对你的经济造成巨大打击。这意味着即使你赢得了战争，当蒙古人再次来袭时，你也没有足够的资源再次防御。

At this point it seems that your situation is too pessimistic. However, we have some examples when mongols have been defeated. They are not too often, but they all have some similarities.
YOU should choose WHERE and WHEN to fight. It is very imoprtant to not fight them on the open field. You should use terrain advantages. You can fight in the mountains, forests or near the river. Terrain should slow down your enemy. Mongols much faster than you, so you don't need to compete with them in the mobility. It's will be very helpful, if you take narrow paths in the mountains. Remember! Cavalry is strong only when they are moving. Stop them and you will win the fight. Also, try to fight them right when they are camping. At this monent they are very exhausted, and you will have natural advantage.
Make sure that your logistics is safe. I mean, if your logistical routs will not be safe, mongols will just destroy them and you army will die from starvation. On the other hand, you can't interrupt them from the supply of food. Why? Because they will carry their otars of sheeps with them and additionaly, mongols will plunder your lands. So, it's very likely that they will jot suffer from hunger.
Create network of scouts. Because without good scouts you will don't have about where mongols and what they doing. It becomes even more terrible, as mongols will know where your forces stay and when they can attack them. You should even the odds. When you will know where exactly mongols dislocated, you can effectively fight them using advantages from the first point.
Be ready. Mongols usually bring around 6-7 tumens (60-70 thousand horsemen). They will divide their forces by 2-3 tumens. So you can expect that you will face 3 different armies. These armies can go deep in your rears within several weeks. It means that all your cities should be on ready to fight from the very first day of the war. Also, it will be really good, if you collect all crops in the stores in your cities.
Before this point I gave only strategical tips. Now we will speak abot the tactics against nomads.

二、选择战场和时机（战略层面）  
这听起来似乎非常悲观，但我们仍然有击败蒙古人的历史案例。虽然这样的胜利不多，但它们都有一些共同点。
1. 选择在哪里和何时作战  
这是非常关键的一点。永远不要在开阔地带与蒙古人交战。你应该利用地形优势。例如：在山区、森林或河流附近作战。
地形应能减缓敌人的行动速度。蒙古人的机动性远超你，因此你不要试图在机动性上与他们竞争。
如果你能利用狭窄的山道作战，那就更好了。记住：骑兵只有在移动时才强大。一旦他们被阻止移动，你就有了胜利的机会。
此外，趁他们扎营时发起突袭。这时他们往往非常疲惫，你将拥有天然优势。
2. 确保后勤安全  
如果你的补给线不安全，蒙古人会切断它们，你的军队将饿死。但另一方面，你也无法阻止蒙古人获取食物。为什么？因为他们会随军携带羊群，并且还会掠夺你的土地。因此，他们不太可能挨饿。
3. 建立侦察网络  
没有好的侦察兵，你就不知道蒙古人在哪、在做什么。而蒙古人却知道你的军队在哪、何时可以攻击你。你必须平衡这种信息劣势。
一旦你掌握了蒙古军队的具体位置，你就可以利用前面提到的战术优势，有效打击他们。
4. 做好全面战争准备  
蒙古人通常会出动6–7个“万户”（tumen），也就是6万至7万骑兵。他们会将部队分成2–3个万户的小队。这意味着你可能会面对三支不同的军队。这些军队可能在几周内深入你的腹地。
因此，战争一开始，你所有的城市都必须做好战斗准备。此外，如果你能将所有粮食集中储存在城中，将是非常有利的。

When you fight nomads you need remeber several points:
Don't try to catch mongols. AsI mentioned, their forces are mych faster than yours. It means that your army during the chase will catch only one thing. Exhaustion. Moreover, mongols can easily fool you by faking their escape. When your forces start to chase them and break the formation, mongols will turn back and kill your confused crowd.
More bows and crossbows. One of the main adavatages of mongols is their bows. It's impossible to outperform them in the quality, but it's possible to beat them in the quantity. Use more archers and you will hurt them badly. Obviously, you will lose more men, but you will hurt them very badly. Until your dead-kill will be less than 2:1, you will win in the archers' fight. Also, it will be good to recruit more peasants as crossbowmen. Crossbow is a weapon, which easy to master, but it is slower and usually has smaller range.
More spears/pikes. Spearmen is very good versus cavalry. They can create shieldwalls and if you face them in the forests, even small number of good spears will totally slaughter mongols. Also, during the fight, your spears should protect missle infantry against light/heavy cavalry
Try to surprise mongols. For example, you can use barricades to change the shape of battlefield. Gunfire it's not very effective, but has incredible morale damage. Small bombs, huge wooden shields placed directly on the battlefield,artillery- there are countless ways to surprise mongols.

三、战术层面的建议（战术细节）
当你与游牧民族作战时，必须牢记以下几点：
1.不要追击蒙古人 
正如我之前所说，他们的机动性远高于你。追击只会让你的军队疲惫不堪。更糟的是，蒙古人会假装撤退来引诱你追击。一旦你的部队打破阵型追击，蒙古人就会突然反击，将你混乱的部队一网打尽。
2.增加弓箭手和弩兵数量  
蒙古人的主要优势之一是他们的弓箭。虽然你很难在弓箭质量上超越他们，但你可以在数量上压制他们。使用更多的弓箭手，将给他们造成重大杀伤。当然，你也会损失更多士兵，但只要死亡与击杀比例低于2:1，你就赢得了这场“弓箭战”。此外，可以招募更多农民作为弩兵。弩是一种容易掌握的武器，虽然装填速度慢、射程短，但在战术上非常有效。
3.增加长矛兵/长枪兵数量  
长矛兵是对抗骑兵的利器。他们可以组成盾墙，在森林中作战时，少量优秀的长矛兵就能彻底击溃蒙古骑兵。在战斗中，你的长矛兵还应保护远程部队免受轻/重骑兵冲击。
4.出其不意地打击蒙古人  
你可以使用路障改变战场形态。火器虽然杀伤力有限，但对敌人士气打击巨大。小型爆炸物、巨大的木盾、火炮——这些都能让蒙古人措手不及。

So, you won the war against these war beasts. What's next? Attack them in their homelands. However, you shouldn't use your armies. Political intrigues, civil unrest, ally forces - these all measures which you will likely use.

四、胜利之后该怎么办？
如果你成功击退了蒙古人，下一步就是主动出击，深入他们的领土。但不要直接使用你的军队。你可以采取以下策略：政治阴谋：挑拨蒙古各部之间的关系。煽动内乱：支持蒙古内部的叛乱。联合盟友：与蒙古的敌对势力结盟，共同打击他们（明清的做法）。