QA问答：一锤定音击败日本的明明是美国，为什么中国要庆祝二战日本战败80周年？

Jamin
Because the US is arguably no more qualified (if not less qualified) to celebrate defeating Japan, when it wasn’t interested in holding Japan accountable for what it did.

因为从某种意义上来说，美国其实（甚至比其他国家）更有资格（或至少不更没资格）来庆祝战胜日本吗？可事实上，美国并不真正关心追究日本的责任。

No seriously, look it up.

别不信，你去查一查就知道了。



This guy’s name is Shiro Ishii: a renowned Japanese doctor, medical researcher and microbiologist who spent the last years of his life running a clinic and providing medical treatment to his fellow citizens for free.

这个“坏种”叫石井四郎（Shiro Ishii）：一位著名的日本医生、医学研究者和微生物学家，他在晚年开了一家诊所，免费为当地居民提供医疗服务。

Ishii was also a valuable contributor to American knowledge on biological warfare, having traveled to the US and lectured officials there on the subject. And the reason he was able to do so in the first place is because he had a lot of knowledge about how bioweapons work on humans, based on his experience working for Imperial Japan in WW2. Experience like playing around with bioweapons. Or plotting a biological attack against the US. Or opening up a lab somewhere in northeastern China where he could test them on captured local civilians and POWs.

但同时，他也是美国在生物战领域的重要知识来源之一。他曾前往美国，并向美国官员讲授有关生物武器的知识。而他之所以能这么做，是因为他拥有大量关于生物武器如何作用于人体的知识，这些知识来源于他在二战期间为日本帝国军队工作时的经验。比如，他曾经进行过生物武器的实验，策划过对美国发动生物攻击，还曾在东北中国建立了一个实验室，在那里用被俘虏的平民和战俘进行实验。



There’s a lot of graphic literature out there about what exactly Ishii was doing in his lab, but let’s just say it wasn’t nice, having killed at least 10,000 people directly and up to 300,000 if you count those who died from diseases coming from the lab (to put this into perspective, the estimated death toll in the Nanking Massacre was about as high).

关于石井四郎的实验室里到底发生了什么，有很多非常血腥的文献资料，但我们可以这么说：那绝不是什么好事。直接死在他手上的就有至少一万人，如果算上因他实验室释放的疾病而死亡的人数，可能超过三十万（作为对比，南京大屠杀的死亡人数估计也差不多是这个数字）。

After the US “ultimately defeated the Japanese,” Ishii was arrested by the US authorities and was supposed to be turned over to the Soviet unx, where he would presumably be tried as a war criminal and shot.

在日本“最终被美国击败”之后，石井四郎被美军逮捕，原本应该移交给苏联，在那里他很可能会被当作战犯审判并枪决。

Either way, Ishii was in deep shit.Or so it seemed.

总之，石井当时处境非常糟糕。看起来似乎是这样。

Someone in the US was aware that Ishii knew a thing or two about bioweapons that no one else did, owing to his years of experimenting on other people. Sure, he did a lot of horrible stuff, but what must the US do?

但有人在美国意识到，石井掌握着关于生物武器的宝贵知识，这些是其他任何人都没有的。毕竟他多年以来一直在拿人做实验。虽然他做了很多可怕的事，但美国该怎么做？

Shoot the guy (and lose out on all the knowledge he had for good, just to make the victims happy?)
Turn him over to the Soviets (and risk handing over all that knowledge to what was now a Cold War adversary?)
Or…keep him in US custody, where he could teach the Americans everything he knew about how weapons work on people so that the US could potentially do the same thing in future wars? ¯\\\\_(ツ)_/¯
So the US made Ishii an offer that basically went something like this:

杀了他（从而失去所有这些知识，只为让受害者满意？）
把他交给苏联（冒着把这些知识送给冷战对手的风险？）
或者……将他留在美军控制之下，让他教美国人关于生物武器的一切，以便美国在未来的战争中也可以使用类似手段？¯\\\\_(ツ)_/于是美国给石井提出了一个几乎无法拒绝的条件：



Normally, when someone is caught and tried for war crimes, evidence of their crimes comes out and is memorialized before the world. But in Ishii’s case, the US took all that he knew about bioweapons and sat on it, so it could argue that there wasn’t enough out there to lock him up.

通常情况下，当某人因战争罪行被抓获并受审时，相关的罪证会被公开并记录在案。但在石井的案例中，美国却把他的所有生物武器知识据为己有，并掩盖了这些信息，以证明没有足够的证据将他定罪。

Apparently that worked, and Ishii eventually walked free, lecturing US officials about bioweapons while opening up his own clinic (this time serving Japan and not northeastern China, and hopefully without any human experiments). Ishii kept a diary, but was smart enough to not write about his wartime activities. He continued living as a free man until he died in 1959.

显然，这招奏效了，石井最终获得了自由，不仅向美国官员讲授生物武器知识，还在日本开设了自己的诊所（这次服务对象是日本人而不是中国东北的平民，希望也没有再进行人体实验）。石井还写日记，但他足够聪明，从未在日记中提及自己在战争期间的行为。他一直作为一个自由人生活，直到1959年去世。

Pretty much everyone else who was involved in Ishii’s lab were quietly released back into society, knowing that their knowledge of what they were doing to civilians was what ironically protected them from criminal prosecution.

石井实验室的其他大部分参与者也都被悄悄释放回社会，他们的罪行反而成了保护他们免于起诉的护身符。

Most Americans probably don’t know who Ishii is, which illustrates my point. You have folks claiming modern-day Russia can’t commemorate WW2 because it invaded Ukraine or because the former Soviet unx was allegedly allied with Nazi Germany before the war broke out, or that modern-day China can’t commemorate WW2 because “it was actually the KMT that fought Japan” (as if modern-day Taiwan is in a position to talk about WW2). Or because it wasn’t China that carried the Pacific Theater, but the Enola Gay. 

大多数美国人可能根本不知道石井是谁，这也正好说明了我的观点。现在有些人声称，现代俄罗斯不能纪念二战，因为它入侵了乌克兰；或者前苏联曾与纳粹德国结盟；又或者现代中国不能纪念二战，因为“当年抗日的是国民党，（好像现在的台湾（地区）有资格谈论二战一样），或者说太平洋战场的主要功绩不在中国，而在“恩诺拉·盖号”轰炸机上（Enola Gay，投下原子弹的飞机）。

If this is the logic we’re working off on to deny sext governments the “right” to commemorate WW2, then should I be able to argue just as convincingly that Americans lack bragging rights with respect to the Pacific Theater?

如果我们用这种逻辑来剥夺某些国家纪念二战的“权利”，那么我是不是也可以同样有力地论证：美国人也不配在太平洋战场上自夸呢？

I can bring up Shiro Ishii, and it’s not just him — it is public knowledge that most of the Japanese leadership (including the emperor) remained in power even after the US occupation.

我可以提起石井四郎的例子，而且不只是他一个人。大家都知道，大部分日本战时领导层（包括天皇）在美国占领后依然保留权力。

I can bring up how the US wasn’t officially allied with China the moment Japan invaded in 1937 (I’ll be generous and not say 1931).

我也可以指出，美国并不是在中国1937年遭到日本入侵时就正式与中国结盟（我会慷慨一点，不提1931年满洲事变）。

Or I can bring up how the US, instead of letting Korea cook with its own government after the war, decided it was okay to divide the place into half and prop up an unpopular and incompetent government in the south — with the help of former Japanese collaborators.

或者我可以提到，美国在战争结束后，并没有让朝鲜人民自己组建政府，而是决定将其一分为二，并在南部扶持了一个不受欢迎且无能的政权，甚至还借助了一些昔日日本合作者的力量。

And that’s not even getting into Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or all of the US’s invasions/military actions after 1945.

这还没说到广岛和长崎，以及美国在1945年之后发起的所有入侵和军事行动。

We can dig up all of the Allies’ failings during and after WW2 and throw it at modern governments. Or we can be at peace with the fact that the Allies were not (and are still not) superheroes, and just commemorate how 80 years ago, the deadliest war in human history ended the preferable way.

我们可以不断挖掘同盟国在二战期间及之后的各种错误，并将这些历史问题扔给现代政府。或者我们也可以接受这样一个事实：同盟国从来都不是超级英雄，也永远不会是超级英雄，然后只是单纯地纪念80年前这场人类历史上最致命的战争以较为理想的方式结束了。

Because if we want to go down the former rabbit hole, then there’s plenty of stuff in the US file that should preempt a question like this. Not that this presents a major problem, since I suspect most Americans are Eurocentric to the point that they don’t associate WW2 with defeating Japan anyway.

因为如果我们真的要深入挖掘这些问题的话，美国的历史档案里还有很多材料足以让人质疑它是否真有资格提出这类问题。不过这倒也不是大问题，因为我怀疑大多数美国人对二战的认知都是以欧洲为中心的，根本不觉得二战与击败日本有什么关系。

Everything China
Once again USA winning is a claim by the USA and the west. It is a fantasy. History is written mainly by the Anglo Saxon Caucasian that gloats every success to themselves. These are western narratives. Little is true. What is true is that China sacrificed and suffered 27 million deaths to prevent the Japanese from defeating it completely at the darkest of times for China. There were some help by the Americans but frankly from 1920–1940 or so the amount of help the US provided support toJapan to do harm on China far exceed that of the help US gave to China to fend off Japan from 1940–1945.

美国声称自己是战胜日本的主力，这只是美国和西方的说法。这是一个幻想。历史主要是由盎格鲁-撒克逊白人书写的，他们总是把每一次成功都归功于自己。这些只是西方的叙述，其中很少是真实的。真实的情况是：中国在最黑暗的时刻奋起反抗，牺牲了2700万人的生命，才阻止了日本彻底征服中国。虽然美国人也给予了一些帮助，但坦率地说，在1920年到1940年之间，美国对日本的支持远远超过了它在1940年至1945年间对中国抵抗日本的帮助。

In truth the USSR did far more to push Japan out of China while the US did nuke Japan but that is more to do with a racist act of killing yellow perils. And they did helped themselves with the spoilts of war sharing them with the Japanese. That is the reason the Japanese never has a proper closer like the Germans. China has every reason to celebrate the victory and Americans can join in if they wanted. No one stop USA from claiming anything but facts will bear us out.

事实上，真正将日本赶出中国的更多是苏联，而美国投下原子弹的行为更像是一种种族主义行为——屠杀“黄祸”。而且美国还与日本人分享战争胜利果实。这就是为什么日本从未像德国那样进行真正的战后清算的原因。中国有充分的理由庆祝这场胜利。如果美国愿意，也可以加入庆祝。没有人阻止美国提出任何主张，但事实终将证明一切。

4Thierry Etienne Joseph Rotty
The US did not defeat Japan, China and the Soviet unx did.

美国并没有打败日本，真正打败日本的是中国和苏联。

China had been at war with Japan since 1937 and the Chinese Theatre of War was the most important for the Japanese, that is where their best troops were.

中国自1937年起就与日本交战，中国战场对日本来说最为重要，那里驻扎着日本最好的部队。

The troops mobilized in 1941 were those who had been rejected for conscxtion twice.

1941年被派往太平洋战场的日军，是那些曾两次被征兵拒绝的士兵。

The Japanese only took the Pacific War seriously in 1944, before that it was a side show where the US fought to conquer empty ocean.

日本直到1944年才认真对待太平洋战争，在此之前，那不过是一场边角戏，美军只是在空旷的海洋中作战。

China fought the bulk of the Japanese air and land forces.

中国牵制了日本绝大部分的空军和陆军力量。

In 1945, it was the Soviet entry into the War that brought an end to it, not the atomic attacks. The minutes of the Imperial Household meeting where the acceptance of the Potsdam Declaration is discussed don’t even mention the atomic attacks.

1945年结束战争的关键是苏联参战，而不是原子弹。在天皇御前会议讨论接受《波茨坦公告》的记录中，甚至都没有提到原子弹。

The Soviet entry meant no more food imports and thus the Japanese could be starved into submission. This is what they feared most, not having a last final battle on Japanese soil.

苏联的参战意味着日本无法再进口粮食，这使他们面临被饿死的风险，这才是他们最害怕的事情，而不是在日本本土进行最后决战。

Fresh Look at World War 2 · 
The Chinese had a major role in defeating Japan. They served as a punching bag, tying down well over a million Japanese soldiers, and straining Japan’s logistics. The Chinese did not win many significant military victories (they did win a few) against the Japanese, but by hanging in there and putting up fierce resistance, the Chinese made it easier for the US to take out the Japanese. Anybody who fails to acknowledge the Chinese contribution is blind. And the Chinese paid the price, losing millions of people to the war, mostly civilians.

中国在击败日本的过程中发挥了重大作用。他们就像一个“沙袋”，牵制了超过一百万的日军兵力，并严重消耗了日本的后勤资源。虽然中国军队没有赢得多少重要的军事胜利（但也赢得了少数几场），但他们坚持战斗、顽强抵抗，使得美国能够更容易地击败日本。任何忽视中国贡献的人都是盲目的。中国人为此付出了沉重代价，数百万人在这场战争中丧生，其中大多数是平民。

Also, countries completely flattened by Nazi Germany in WWII also celebrate the defeat of Germany, which resulted in the liberation of those countries. Why wouldn’t they celebrate? To some extent, this is partially true as to China. Large parts of the country were liberated by the defeat of Japan. Should they be criticized for celebrating the end of Japanese occupation and brutality?

另外，二战期间被纳粹德国完全摧毁的国家也会庆祝德国的失败，因为这意味着他们的解放。难道中国不应该庆祝吗？某种程度上，中国也是如此。大片领土在击败日本后获得了解放。难道应该批评中国庆祝结束日本占领和暴行的历史时刻吗？

Brian Charboneau
Ya know, the Chinese fought the Japanese a lot longer than the U.S. and the other Allies did in WWII. The Japanese occupation of parts of China was barbaric, with many, many Chinese being slaughtered by the Japanese. So China has good reason to celebrate the defeat of Japan in WWII.

要知道，中国人民抗击日本的时间比美国和其他盟国要长得多。日本对部分中国的占领是极其残暴的，大量中国民众被日本人杀害。所以中国有充分理由庆祝日本在二战中的战败。

While the Chinese really did not do much effectively to defeat the Japanese in WWII the Chinese did something very good and at great cost in lives and property: The Chinese did not lose to the Japanese, but kept on fighting to the end of the war. And in doing so the Chinese kept an enormous number of Japanese soldiers tied down in China, so those soldiers (and seamen and aviators and their equipment and supplies) could not be elsewhere, through the Japanese conquests in Pacific or in Japan itself.

虽然中国军队在二战中未能有效把日本侵略者赶出去，但他们做了一件非常重要且代价巨大的事情：他们没有向日本投降，而是坚持战斗到战争结束。在这个过程中，他们牵制了大量日本军队，使得这些部队（以及海军和空军及其装备补给）无法部署到其他地方去侵略太平洋地区或防守日本本土。

Because Japan had so many troops in China the Japanese were always short on manpower everywhere else - which helped the U.S. and Australians and New Zealanders in their eventual victory. Without the continued Chinese military fight against Japan,  the Allied road to victory would have been much more difficult, by an order of magnitude. So the Chinese were a big factor in the Allied victory over Japan.

由于日本必须长期在中国保持大量驻军，他们在其他战场上的兵力始终短缺——这大大帮助了美国、澳大利亚和新西兰最终取得胜利。如果没有中国持续对抗日本的军事斗争，同盟国的胜利之路将会困难得多，几乎是一个数量级的差距。因此，中国是同盟国战胜日本的重要因素之一。

Fresh Look at World War 2 · 
In all fairness, about a third of the 75 million-plus deaths from World War II were Chinese deaths, and China was in the fight against invading Japanese forces since the early-mid 1930s. Granted, it was the American effort that contributed most toward the [official] surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945.

公平地说，二战中全球死亡人数超过7500万，其中约三分之一是中国人的生命。中国自上世纪30年代初就开始抗击日本入侵。当然，最终促使日本帝国在1945年9月正式投降的主要力量是美国的努力。

Alan Dicey
Now there’s an example of a leading question if I ever saw one.

这简直就是一个引导性问题的典型例子。

China is celebrating because they were the target of much of Imperial Japan’s empire building ambitions. Being liberated from your opressors is worth celebrating, don’t you think? Or should the Dutch, for instance, not have special feelings for the Canadians who liberated them or the RAF and USAAF that fed them (Operations Manna and Chowhound - look it up).

中国之所以庆祝，是因为他们是日本帝国扩张野心的主要目标。从压迫者手中获得解放是一件值得庆祝的事，你不这么认为吗？难道荷兰人不该感激加拿大军队的解放，或者感激英国皇家空军和美国陆军航空队通过“曼纳行动”和“ 甘露-猎狗行动”给他们空投食物吗？

Chinese forces fought Imperial Japan from 1931 until 1945, latterly divided into two forces. Nevertheless they were at war and fought Japan all the way. China was the fourth of the “Big Four” Allied powers.

中国军队从1931年一直战斗到1945年，后期分为两支力量。但无论如何，他们始终处于战争状态，并与日本作战到底。中国是“四大盟国”之一。

Finally, it was not “the USA who ultimately defeated the Japanese”. It was the Allies, with China fighting as I’ve already mentioned, Russia heading for Manchuria and British and Commonwealth armies in Burma, Malaya and ANZAC forces in New Guinea and Borneo. The British Indian Army, some two million strong by the end, formed part of the xiVth Army that defeated Imperial Japan at Kohima and Imphal - the most hard fought hand-to-hand battles of the war - and harried and decimated them back through Burma to Malaya and Singapore, until the war was ended. The Indian Army consisted mainly of Indian and African regiments, with some British regiments in the xiVth Army as well. George MacDonald Fraser - of Flashman fame - has written several books about his experiences as one of the “Forgotten Army”.

最后，请不要再说“是美国最终打败了日本”这种话。真正打败日本的是整个同盟国阵营：包括中国如前所述的持久抗战、苏联进军满洲、英联邦军队在缅甸、马来亚的战斗，以及澳新军团在新几内亚和婆罗洲的作战。英属印度陆军最终发展到两百万人规模，成为第十四集团军的一部分，在科希马和因帕尔战役中重创日军，这是战争中最激烈的手对手近战之一，并一路追击日军穿过缅甸、马来亚，直到新加坡战争结束。这支军队主要由印度和非洲军团组成，也有一些英国军团参与。乔治·麦克唐纳·弗雷泽（以《弗拉希曼》系列闻名）写了几本关于他作为“被遗忘的军队”一员的经历的书籍。

No doubt you are about to splutter “but… nukes!” The Manhattan Project was based on the British Tube Alloys developments and had siginificant assistance from British and Canadian scientists and technicians, along with Canadian uranium. Britain had a veto power on the target sextion too. And, had the B-29 not managed to overcome its initial teething troubles, British Lancasters, or possibly Lincolns, would have undertaken the missions. The Bomb release mechanism developed for the British Grand Slam was already being used for the Silverplate B-29’s because it worked.

你可能马上会说：“但是……还有原子弹！”请记住，“曼哈顿计划”是基于英国“管合金计划”的成果，并得到了英国和加拿大科学家和技术人员的重大协助，以及加拿大的铀矿资源。英国甚至拥有选择核打击目标的否决权。而且，如果B-29轰炸机未能克服其初期的技术问题，执行任务的将是英国的兰开斯特轰炸机，甚至是林肯轰炸机。用于英国“大满贯炸弹”的释放机制，其实也被用在了银盘版B-29上，因为它效果很好。

I suggest you wind your neck right in, mate. History is not as simple as you’ve been led to believe by Hollywood.

我建议你冷静一点，伙计。历史远比好莱坞告诉你得复杂得多。

Gene Hennig
China did a great job of tying down huge numbers of Japan’s troops. And bleeding them white. By the late 30’s Japan knew they had a tiger by the tail. But didn’t know what to do (other than slog on). China’s job was to tie down & divert Japan’s attention from the US who was attacking from the other direction.

中国成功地牵制了大量日本军队，并使其陷入疲惫不堪的状态。到了30年代末，日本已经意识到自己骑虎难下，却不知道该怎么办（除了继续拖下去）。中国的任务就是牵制并分散日本的注意力，让美国可以从另一个方向发起攻击。

They did their job well, and their contribution to winning the war against Japan was essential.

他们出色地完成了自己的任务，为击败日本作出了至关重要的贡献。