QA：为什么印度无法像中国那样提供廉价劳动力？

Prasanna Bhalerao
You are under a misapprehension. Chinese labour, while cheaper than Western/Developed countries, it far more expensive than Indian labour. And yet China maintains lower cost of production because of the following:

你误解了。中国的劳动力成本虽然比西方/发达国家便宜，但比印度劳动力贵得多。然而，中国仍然能保持较低的生产成本，原因如下：

Strong work ethics, high productivity and devotion to duty (some enforced by government run discipline). No TP, no visiting Chai stalls and spend at least 30 minutes per visit. An unproductive employee can be fired for not doing the job.

强烈的职业道德、高生产率和敬业精神（部分由政府主导的纪律强制执行）。没有“TP”（可能指茶歇时间），不会去茶摊闲逛，一去就至少耗费30分钟。不称职的员工会因为不干活而被解雇。

Better / advanced machines and tools that are built around the latest technology.

更好/更先进的、基于最新技术打造的机器和工具。

Scale of operations. Costs reduce because of mass production.

运营规模大。大规模生产降低了成本。

Ease of doing business is better than India. No waiting for six months to get permissions to start new product, imports stuck at customs, etc.

营商环境比印度好。不需要等待六个月才能获得新产品的生产许可，进口货物不会在海关滞留等等。

Far, far (and far) superior logistics and transport management. In India, one cannot predict whether raw material or finish goods will reach destination in 2 days or 2 weeks. This too reduces cost and helps in JIT (Just-in-Time) manufacturing.

物流和运输管理要远远（再远远）优于印度。在印度，你无法预测原材料或成品是2天还是2周才能到达目的地。这也降低了成本，并有助于准时制（JIT）生产。

Even local human transport is better.

就连本地的人员交通也更为高效。

Balachandran Krishnamoorty
Chinese labour is expensive but labour cost is low because of high productivity. Indian labour is cheap but labour cost is high because of low productivity.

中国劳动力昂贵，但由于高生产率，劳动力成本低。印度劳动力便宜，但由于低生产率，劳动力成本高。

Rajarajan Chinnappan
In India, the indirect expenses incured by an employer is much more than what they pay the employee. In India, either you pay wages as per labor act or you just pay cash and get rid of all indirect expenses. Let's assume you run a small processing company with 10 employees. Per month, you just pay 7 employees @ Rs.12,000, 2 employees @ Rs.19,000 and a manager @ Rs.28,000. You pay all of them in cash a total of Rs.1,50,000 wash your hands and carry out business.

在印度，雇主承担的间接费用远高于他们支付给员工的工资。在印度，你要么按照劳动法支付工资，要么只支付现金以摆脱所有间接费用。假设你经营一家有10名员工的小型加工公司。每个月，你只需支付7名员工每人12,000卢比（约1025元），2名员工每人19,000卢比（约1622元），一名经理28,000卢比（约2390元）。你以现金支付给所有人，总计150,000卢比（约12800元），然后就能脱手不管继续做生意了。

Now let's compare the same scenario with the cost incurred by a company should pay as said in labor laws: In addition to the salary, you would have to accomodate additional expense for PF @ 12%, EDLI @ 1%, ESI @ 3.25%, Bonus @ 8.33%, Gratuity @ 5%, National/festival holiday & personal leave @ appr 5.5%

现在让我们将同样的情况与按劳动法规定公司应承担的成本进行比较：除了工资，你还必须承担额外的费用：公积金 (PF) @ 12%，雇员存款关联保险 (EDLI) @ 1%，雇员国家保险 (ESI) @ 3.25%，奖金 @ 8.33%，退休金 (Gratuity) @ 5%，国家/节日假期和个人休假 @ 约 5.5%

Total expense incurred by employer on top of the basic is 35%. In addition, you will have to track and pay TDS for that manager, professional tax and labor welfare fund for all employees. This doesn't include the amount of paperwork that you have to prepare, the resources in terms of manhours and money that you have to pay for compliance. Payment of most of these in govt portal will test your patience. Here the same expense incurred by the company for payroll is Rs.2,02,000 + half of an additional resource to manage all these. The sad thing about this is that your employee's take home pay after deductions is only Rs.10,600. So to match your employee's market wages, you should pay 15% higher CTC. The bigger your company, you wil have to be more keen on compliance.

雇主在基本工资之上承担的总费用是35%。此外，你还必须为该经理跟踪并缴纳预扣税 (TDS)，为所有员工缴纳专业税和劳工福利基金。这还不包括你必须准备的大量文书工作，以及为合规性所付出的人力和金钱资源。在政府门户网站上支付其中大部分费用会考验你的耐心。这种情况下，公司为同样薪资支付的总成本是202,000卢比（约17250元）外加管理这些事务所需额外资源的半个岗位。可悲的是，你的员工扣除各项费用后的实得工资只有10,600卢比（约905元）。因此，为了匹配员工的市场工资，你需要支付高出15%的总成本 (CTC)。公司越大，你就越需要注重合规。

Once you get into one form of indirect expense, you get yourself into govt system (and its vicinity) and these departments now talk to each other and your place will be frequented with multiple officer's from time to time for audit. Evasion is possible only to a certain extent now.

一旦你涉及任何一种间接费用，你就进入了政府系统（及其周边），这些部门会互通信息，你的场所会不时有多个官员频繁造访进行审计。如今逃税只能在有限程度上实现。

Let's compare this scenario with that of China. China started (40 years back) with a roadmap that threw all labor laws in trash. Then when employers started exploiting employees, it stepped in little by little and by now they might have striked a good balance as things started to settle in. The balance here is productivity of employees vs protection given to employees. Now they have facilitated infrastructure through technology for easing compliance. But in our country, the factories act, labor laws, bonus act, gratuity act are all 4 to 7 decades old with minor definition and clause changes from time to time. UP is now suggesting a model to disregard all labor laws for 3 years in order to boost factories that come forward to set up in state. Leaving behind the moral, legal and social flaws, it might be a starting point for us to experiment out a strategy moving forward with our huge labor workforce.

让我们将此情景与中国进行比较。中国（40年前）起步时走的是一条将原有劳动法束之高阁的路线。然后，当雇主开始剥削雇员时，政府逐步介入干预，到现在，随着情况逐渐稳定，他们可能已经达成了良好的平衡。这里的平衡指的是员工的生产率与给予员工的保护之间的平衡。现在他们通过技术手段建立了便利的基础设施以简化合规流程。但在我们国家，工厂法、劳动法、奖金法、退休金法都是40到70年前制定的，只是偶尔对定义和条款进行微小修改。北方邦 (UP) 现在提出一个模式，建议在3年内无视所有劳动法，以鼓励工厂前来设厂。抛开道德、法律和社会缺陷不谈，这或许是我们利用庞大的劳动力资源试验未来战略的一个起点。

Maulana Oraf
If cheap labor is all it took to be a World economic powerhouse, Bangladesh would have gone Hero Alom on us by now !

如果仅靠廉价劳动力就能成为世界经济强国，孟加拉国早就把我们远远甩在身后了！


Vinny Sonnasing
Cost is a factor of productivity.
Chinese wages are higher but, accounting for per unit of production it turns out to be cheaper because-
Its, on average better educated
Has better nutritional and health status
Operate in environment with better physical infrastructure
even if Soft infrastructure is weak

成本是生产率的函数。
中国的工资更高，但按单位产量计算，结果反而更便宜，因为——
其劳动力平均受教育程度更高
营养和健康状况更好
在拥有更好实体基础设施的环境中运作
即使软性基础设施较弱

Kancheepuram Narasimhan
Why , You- a filthy thinker, want to hit the belly of poor menial workers? Why labor must be cheap? why not power and transport? let Govt give power and Transport (railways/ state transport) to private.

为什么，你——一个思想肮脏的家伙——想要打击贫穷体力劳动者的饭碗？为什么劳动力必须便宜？为什么不是电力和交通便宜？让政府把电力和交通（铁路/邦运输）交给私人吧。

Cost of production./ transport will be down by 50%. Do U understand folloeing statement in English? In 2002, the call charges for one MINUTE from Chennai to Hyderabad/ Mumbai was Rs30 . GOVT company only was providing telecom service.TRUE. Today it is 30 paise. 100 times less. HOW? private companies offer cheap rates!

生产成本/运输成本将下降50%。你懂下面这句英文吗？2002年，从金奈到海得拉巴/孟买，一分钟的电话费是30卢比。只有政府公司提供电信服务。没错。今天只要30派萨（0.3卢比）。便宜了100倍。怎么做到的？私营公司提供廉价服务！

Yausi Tamn
I think your attitude is insulting China you want to mean that Indian labor is better paid than China's labor which is absolute nonsense , why you place yourself so high when the fact is you are lower than the poor ? I am sure many Indians in India are given only food to work and with these facts you are evil enough to insult China . even if China's labor will be higher paid than most of the world it will still be cheaper than most countries because Chinese productivity per capita can be higher than most of the world and with efficiency on every factor such as management and productivity and transportation and all other factors speeding out efficiencies divided by total cost then China's labor is cheaper than any nation on Earth this is what no nation can ever match and on the other side even if Indian workers will be the least paid or even free with only food as payment it will still cost much more than China because of less efficiency by all factors and retarded human abilities . talking nasty doesn't give you higher dignity

我认为你的态度是在侮辱中国，你想暗示印度劳动力比中国劳动力收入更高，这完全是胡说八道，事实是你比穷人还差，为什么把自己摆得那么高？我确信印度有很多印度人只得到食物作为工作报酬，基于这些事实，你恶毒到足以侮辱中国。即使中国劳动力的薪酬高于世界大多数国家，它仍然比大多数国家便宜，因为中国的人均生产率可以高于世界大多数国家，并且在管理、生产率、运输等所有要素上的效率都很高，所有要素推动的效率除以总成本，那么中国的劳动力成本就比地球上任何国家都低，这是任何国家都无法匹敌的。另一方面，即使印度工人的薪酬最低甚至免费只提供食物作为报酬，由于所有要素效率低下和人类能力不足，其成本仍然会远高于中国。说脏话并不能让你更有尊严。

Ravi Srivastava
You are wrong, India can provide cheap manpower, ever far lesser than China or Vietnam, but India cannot cash on it because-

你错了，印度可以提供廉价人力，甚至比中国或越南便宜得多，但印度无法从中获利，因为——

1）Indian manufacturing sector never tried to even start ,forget about reviving, Indian government doesn't even try to improve manufacturing sector, Indian people and graduates are socialist by mindset, they prefer government jobs rather being manufacturers or starting new industry. Indians have slave mentality ,we love to be employees rather than the one that employs, even our iitians prefers getting high package jobs or escaping to west, rather than starting any manufacturing industry here. Also Indian bureaucracy is not very industry friendly.

1）印度制造业甚至从未真正尝试起步，更别提复兴了，印度政府甚至不努力改善制造业状况，印度人民和毕业生思想上是社会主义者，他们偏爱政府工作，而不是成为制造商或创办新产业。印度人有奴隶心态，我们喜欢当雇员而不是雇主，甚至我们的印度理工毕业生也偏好获得高薪工作或逃往西方，而不是在这里创办任何制造业。此外，印度官僚体系对工业不太友好。

2）Western industry or companies does not prefer to invest in India, even during China Vs USA trade war, foreign companies preferred to shift to communist Vietnam rather than democrats India. This inspite of being that we Indians could provide far cheaper labour, and we have more western education than communist counties like China and Vietnam, there could be many reason for this like- racism, land and labour laws in India that are business unfriendly, corruption, red tape bureaucracy, etc.

2）西方工业或公司不喜欢投资印度，即使在中美贸易战期间，外国公司也宁愿转移到共产主义国家越南，而不是民主国家印度。尽管我们印度人能提供便宜得多的人力，而且我们比中国和越南这样的共产主义国家拥有更多西方教育背景。这其中可能有很多原因，比如种族主义、印度对企业不友好的土地和劳动法、腐败、官僚主义繁文缛节等。

3）Indian people love government jobs, graduates prefer being babus or so called “government servants”, rather than being manufacturers. This could be due to because subcontinent people don't like taking risks, people love corrupt, less stress, secure jobs like government jobs. Even government loves to keep young mind occupied in preparing for these types of government exams, youngsters are content with few government job vacancies.

3）印度人民热爱政府工作，毕业生更愿意当官员（babus）或所谓的“公务员”，而不是成为制造商。这可能是因为次大陆人民不喜欢冒险，人们喜欢腐败、压力小、有保障的工作，比如政府工作。甚至政府也乐于让年轻人的心思都花在准备这类政府考试上，年轻人满足于追求为数不多的政府职位空缺。

4）India have many labour unxs, that tries to disrupt progress of local industries, and have socialist mindset. communist in India , unlike communist of China ,still have socialist mindset and they stand with these trade unx. Politics is another reason.

4）印度有许多工会，它们试图阻碍本地工业的进步，并且抱有社会主义心态。印度的共产党人，不同于中国的，仍然抱有社会主义心态，并且他们支持这些工会。政治是另一个原因。