国外热议：汉文化可以说是楚文化吗？

George Hu
That is not entirely correct. The Han Culture in its original form was a hybridisation of many cultures.

这不完全正确。汉文化在其最初形态就是多种文化的混合体。

Consider the background of xiang Yu in contrast to Liu Bang. Both their core teams were mostly people of Chu. Ultimately, they went on a different path after the fall of Qin.

考虑一下项羽和刘邦的背景对比。他们的核心团队大部分都是楚人。最终，在秦朝灭亡后，他们走上了不同的道路。

xiang Yu was much more of a localism supporter. He re-divided the lands amongst various generals and nobles who supported the war, and crowned himself “Overlord of Western Chu.” This became a huge metaphorical land mine he buried, when some lords believed they deserved more, and went back to war with each other.

项羽更倾向于地方主义（乡土观念）。他将土地重新分封给支持战争的各路将领和贵族，并自立为“西楚霸王”。这成了他埋下的一个巨大的隐喻性地雷，当一些诸侯认为自己应得更多时，便互相开战。

Someone advised him to build his government on the lands of Qin, which was wealthier and had geographical advantage. xiang Yu said:

有人建议他在更富裕且具有地理优势的秦地建都。项羽说：

“Not returning home after obtaining glory, would be like walking at night wearing luxurious clothes.” (錦衣夜行)

“富贵不归故乡，如衣锦夜行。”

The person who advised him sighed: “People once said Chu people were like monkeys feeling proud simply from wearing a big crown, now I see this is true.” (沐猴而冠)

劝说他的人叹息道：“人们都说楚人像是猴子戴了顶大帽子就自以为了不起（沐猴而冠），如今看来果然如此。”

xiang Yu executed him. He subsequently built his base in Pengcheng, in modern Jiangsu.

项羽处死了他。随后，他将自己的根据地建在了彭城（今江苏境内）。


(A map depicting the re-divided China, now controlled various Kings and Lords promoted by xiang Yu. xiang Yu wanted his hometown advantage; he first gathered his armies in Jiangdong.)

(一张描绘重新划分后的中国的地图，此时由项羽分封的诸王和诸侯控制。项羽想要家乡的优势；他最初在江东集结了他的军队。)

Liu Bang's circumstances were quite interesting.

刘邦的处境则相当有趣。

The original promise was that the first to enter the Qin capital would be promoted King of Qin. Liu Bang's army did this, but xiang Yu's army fought and defeated the majority of the Qin army. He then massacred the Qin army after their defeat.

最初的约定是，先入秦都咸阳者为秦王。刘邦的军队做到了这一点，但项羽的军队却击败了秦军主力。随后，他在秦军战败后进行了屠杀。

xiang Yu subsequently denied Liu Bang all of Qin, but made him King of Han, situated in Hanzhong, separated to the main area of Qin by mountains. xiang Yu also killed King Ziying despite surrendering, burnt the Qin palaces, and promoted 3 surrendered Qin generals as Lords stationed in Qin to prevent Liu Bang from advancing (Yong 雍, Zhai 翟 and Sai 塞, collectively called 3 Qin 三秦).

项羽随后剥夺了刘邦拥有整个秦地的权利，只封他为汉王，领地在汉中，与秦地主体隔着山脉。项羽还杀死了投降的秦王子婴，焚毁了秦朝宫殿，并分封了三位投降的秦将为诸侯，驻守秦地以阻止刘邦东进（雍、翟、塞，合称三秦）。

The people of Qin hence hated xiang Yu and saw the 3 Qin Lords as traitors. They would accept and welcome Liu Bang as their leader. Liu Bang’s first strategy was therefore captured all of Qin, and this started changing the cultural makeup of Han.

因此，秦地人民痛恨项羽，并将三秦王视为叛徒。他们愿意接受并欢迎刘邦作为他们的领袖。刘邦的首要战略便是夺取整个秦地，而这开始改变汉的文化构成。

While Liu Bang's cabinet was still mostly from Chu, many of their base population was Qin people. In the upcoming Chu-Han wars, Liu Bang's backline was rock solid. He gave greatest credit to xiao He's management, but it was obvious the people of Qin were firmly behind him.

虽然刘邦的班底仍多来自楚地，但其治下的基础人口很多是秦人。在随后的楚汉战争中，刘邦的后方坚如磐石。他把最大功劳归于萧何的管理，但显然秦地人民坚定地支持着他。

When he defeated xiang Yu, he was given similar advice to take capital in Qin, in Chang'an. Unlike xiang Yu, he accepted this advice and thus, the Han Dynasty started its reign.

当他击败项羽后，他得到了类似的建议，即在秦地的长安建都。与项羽不同，他接受了这个建议，于是汉朝开始了它的统治。

On this regard, Liu Bang had his greed and ambitions set higher. He wasn’t keen on being a King in his own home region; he was set on becoming Emperor of a unified world, and his homeland would only be one amongst many lands. Any bias towards his home was only personal favouritism at most (he gave his town a few years of tax exemption).

在这方面，刘邦的贪婪和野心更大。他并不热衷于只在家乡当个王；他决心要成为统一天下的皇帝，而他的家乡只是众多疆土中的一块。他对家乡的任何偏爱最多只是个人徇私（他免除了家乡几年的赋税）。

And with a unified Empire, he must accept and incorporate culture of all different areas as part of the one territory. Not with cruelty and brutally like Qin Shi Huang, but the ultimate goal was the same.

并且，拥有一个统一的帝国，他必须接受并融合所有不同地域的文化，使之成为这个统一疆域的一部分。虽然不像秦始皇那样残酷和暴虐，但最终目标是一样的。



「游子悲故鄉。吾雖都關中，萬歲後吾魂魄猶樂思沛。」

(A wandering son always longs for his hometown! Although I’ve set my capital in Guanzhong/Qin, after ten thousand years my soul will still be thinking of Pei.)

“游子悲故乡！我虽然定都关中（秦地），但千秋万岁之后，我的魂魄依然思念着沛地。” - 刘邦晚年返乡沛地时所说

Freddie Chen
Different thing.

这是两码事。

Chu only refers the region of nowadays Hunan province and Hubei Province while Han is a great unified dynasty.

楚仅指如今的湖南、湖北地区，而汉是一个大一统的王朝。

At that time, Chu culture is very different with Central Chinese Plains culture which was the Zhou Dynasty‘s culture. In a very long period of time, Chu was regarded as barbarians which was far away from Central China’s culture.

当时，楚文化与作为周朝文化的中原文化截然不同。在很长一段时期内，楚被视为远离中原文化的蛮夷。

Han culture is much complicated. It is a culture absorbing and melting with different culture along the history.

汉文化则复杂得多。它是一种在历史长河中吸收并融合了不同文化的文化。

To be more precise, some or part of Chu Culture shall be contained or say melted into the Han culture.

更准确地说，是楚文化的某些或部分内容被包含或者说融入了汉文化之中。

L.K.
Far from that.

远非如此。

Whether by Han you mean Han nationality or Han Dynasty, Chu culture is only a small part of Han culture.
Han culture originated from the Central Plains of China, and Chu was a backward civilization in the south. It was not until the Warring States Period that Chu culture was assimilated into the mainstream culture of the Central Plains.
After Qin Shi Huang unified China, Chu culture completely became part of Han culture.

无论你指的是汉族还是汉朝，楚文化都只是汉文化的一小部分。
汉文化起源于中原，而楚是南方一个相对落后的文明。直到战国时期，楚文化才被同化融入中原的主流文化。
秦始皇统一中国后，楚文化完全成为了汉文化的一部分。

Pher Kimhuat
It doesn’t matter whether Han (汉) or Chu (楚) culture as long as this culture is most suitable and applicable to the progress and prosperity of Chinese with sensible virtue (道德), sense of justice and righteousness (正义) like the teachings of Confucianism.

无论是汉文化还是楚文化都不重要，重要的是这种文化最适宜、最能促进中国人的进步和繁荣，具备儒家思想所倡导的明智的德行（道德）、正义感和道义感（正义）。

Halfman Huang
Yes, but Chu culture was also one part of Huaxia culture (ancient Chinese culture before Qin Dynasty).
So, it was just a story on one branch of Huaxia states united all others again.

是的，但楚文化本身也是华夏文化（秦以前的中国古代文化）的一部分。
所以，这只是一个华夏诸国中的一支再次统一了其他分支的故事。

Noel Leong
It’s actually the other way round. The Chu culture was a branch of the Han/Huaxia (华夏) Culture. The Chu culture was a hybrid of the Huaxia culture and the culture of the natives living in the Hunan/Hubei region.

其实情况正好相反。楚文化是汉/华夏文化的一个分支。楚文化是华夏文化与居住在湖南/湖北地区的土著文化相融合的产物。

Gilbert Doan
Brigitta, he would not know as sum one birth, age, and die in life cycle of china 国中， while they could say 联邦中。To them, 中，华, similar for people and lang such as 语中 和 人华。 But 汉 would dynasty triều đại 王朝 king dynast or may be sover, or may be 帝国 hoàng triều for dế chế empire, royal, dynast. Because cult ure in latin root and funct affix mean, end result or consequence of cultivating or with out reusing root, planting, growing, tending, and then harvesting, in plant sense or like live stock too, or just fish in small ping pong pond lake. Văn hoá literate or cause liter 文化 sound same sense as flower or cultivated people 人华，but differed tone upward to downward, where by sum time they just say same syllab and tone for differ stroke eo graph. They would call it more like 汉文化 or 楚文化 han or chu culture for this agri aqua cultivating and duct irrigatos sense, or 楚国 for chu kingdom in like more than farm sense and like feudal milit sense in their time, unknown to engler because its own age only like 4+ cent year old while they few mill old. He don’t know much about chu, may be competing or differed kingdom in their time to han, or simple that 汉字，词，文 what they known for, may be chu 楚 differed. If talking about as whole between dynast 朝, then 文明 （中，华，东，亚, etc.) What they say in 2+ mill year old word, written or said in modern phono syllabo morph, match what viet still know. Văn hoá 文化, 文明 văn minh, 人华 người hoa, 语华 ngữ hoa, but in gener if they want to say 普通话 mandarin modern han lang written and ora, they still smaller syllab than viet, who when han translate between bi lang, would just say han-viet word that 3+ mill old etc. like one han-viet word or many sense viet modern mono-tri+ syllab sense per strokeograph, they could say in differ lang and main stream 750+ mill in mandarin any where.

Brigitta，他不会知道，因为有人在中国（国中）生老病死，而他们可能会说在联邦中。对他们来说，中、华，对于人和语言也类似，比如语中、人华。但“汉”指的是朝代（triều đại 王朝），可能是国王的朝代（king dynast），或是君主（sover），也可能是帝国（帝国 hoàng triều）对应帝国（dế chế empire）、皇室（royal）、朝代（dynast）。因为“文化”（culture）源于拉丁词根，其功能词缀意指耕种的结果或产物，或者在不重复词根的情况下，指种植、生长、照料然后收获的过程，应用于植物，也像牲畜，或仅仅是在小池塘/湖泊里养鱼。Văn hoá（越南语：文化）指有文化的（literate）或导致有文化（cause liter），发音与“文化”相同，意义如同花朵或开化的人（人华），但声调有上有下，有时他们即使声调和音节相同，对应的汉字（笔画）也不同。他们更常称之为“汉文化”或“楚文化”，指这种农业、水产养殖和水渠灌溉意义上的文化，或者称“楚国”为楚王国，意义超出农耕，更接近他们那个时代的封建军事意义。Engler（可能指提问者）不知道这些，因为其自身文明才约400多年历史，而他们有几千年。他不太了解楚，它可能曾是与汉竞争或不同的王国，或者简单地说，汉字、词、文是他们所熟知的，而楚（楚）可能不同。如果谈论朝代（朝）之间的整体（文明），那么是“文明”（中、华、东、亚等）。他们用这个有2000多年历史的词，在现代语音音节形态下书写或说出，与越南人仍知晓的词语相符。Văn hoá（文化）、文明（văn minh）、人华（người hoa）、语华（ngữ hoa）。但通常，如果他们想说普通话（Mandarin），即现代汉语书面语和口语，其音节仍比越南语少。当汉人在双语间翻译时，他们会直接使用汉越词，这些词有3000多年历史等等。就像一个汉越词在越南现代语中可能对应单音节或多音节词义（每个汉字），他们可以用不同的语言表达，主流是任何地方说普通话的7.5亿多人。