外网热议：为什么尽管中国生产和制造了几乎所有的东西，但美国经济仍然比中国大？

Michael X
GDP was calculated base on total transitions. If China just privatize education, healthcare. The GDP is going to larger than the US instantly. If we do that, the poor students would never get equal opportunities, and 20% of the people wouldn’t be able to afford medicare.
GDP是基于总交易额来计算的。如果中国仅仅将教育和医疗私有化，其GDP将立刻超过美国。但如果我们那样做，贫困学生就永远得不到平等的机会，而且20%的人将负担不起医疗。

If China develop a porn industry and legalize prostitution, weed, gambling…etc, and counting all that as services. The GDP is going to be twice as large as the US very quickly.
如果中国发展色情产业，并将卖淫、大麻、赌博等合法化，并把所有这些都算作服务业，那么其GDP将很快达到美国的两倍。


Doug Breckman
It all has to do with problems of measuring the economic output of countries. The USA actually makes less stuff than China, but we use a statistic called Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to compare the two. GDP is the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a given year, measured in US dollars. So GDP doesn’t count up the real quantities of things made, instead it counts how much money was spent to buy them.
这都与衡量国家经济产出的问题有关。美国实际生产的物品确实比中国少，但我们使用一个名为国内生产总值（GDP）的统计数据来比较两者。GDP是指一个国家在特定年份内生产的所有商品和服务的总价值，以美元计量。因此，GDP并不计算实际制造的产品数量，而是计算人们花了多少钱去购买它们。

China measures its own output in Chinese money, and we then do a currency conversion to see what the equivalent value is in US dollars.
中国用本国货币衡量其产出，然后我们进行货币换算，以得出其等值的美元价值。

Countries around the world keep a reserve fund in US dollars, and businesses want to invest in the USA. Demand for US dollars drives up the value in currency exchange markets. In contrast, China keeps the trading value of its own money low, so that Chinese goods will be cheaper and they can sell more to other countries. Differences in currency exchange rates distort the value of GDP, and make it look like the US economy is bigger. The USA has a bigger GDP but actually produces less.
世界各国都持有美元作为储备资金，且企业希望在美国投资。对美元的需求推高了其在货币兑换市场上的价值。相比之下，中国则保持其本国货币的交易价值较低，这样中国商品就更便宜，能向其他国家销售更多。汇率差异扭曲了GDP的价值，使得美国经济看起来更大。美国的GDP更高，但实际生产却更少。

For example, if a factory in China made 100,000 cars m, and a factory in the the USA made 75,000, the cars in the USA would cost a lot more to make. 75,000 American built cars would add more to the American GDP than 100,000 much cheaper Chinese cars would add to Chinese GDP.
例如，如果中国一家工厂生产10万辆汽车，美国一家工厂生产7.5万辆，那么在美国制造汽车的成本要高得多。7.5万辆美国制造的汽车对美国GDP的贡献，将超过10万辆便宜得多的中国汽车对中国GDP的贡献。

if we look at the actual numbers of things produced, the European unx collectively has the biggest economy, China second, the USA third.
如果我们看实际生产的产品数量，欧盟整体拥有最大的经济体量，中国第二，美国第三。


Emmanuel-Francis Nwaolisa Ogomegbunam
China doesn’t produce or manufacture almost everything. That said, the straightforward answer to your question is that one dollar equals seven renminbi. Therefore — all else being equal — Chinese annual gross domestic production would need to be more than seven times larger than equivalent US production, in dollar terms, for the Chinese economy to surpass the USA’s.
In sum, it’s all a matter of currency valuations.
中国并非几乎生产或制造所有东西。话虽如此，您问题的直接答案是：1美元等于7元人民币。因此——在其他条件相同的情况下——按美元计算，中国的年度国内生产总值需要比美国同等的生产总值高出七倍以上，中国经济才能超越美国。
总之，这完全是一个货币估值的问题。


Jonathan Kang
Because in this and age, physical goods are not the only thing of value people can produce.
因为在这个时代，实物商品并非人们能生产的唯一有价值的东西。

Have you heard of computer software? Or business plans? Or search engines? How about logistics analysis? Scientific research? Transportation?
你听说过计算机软件吗？或者商业计划？搜索引擎呢？物流分析如何？科学研究？交通运输？

The same 2 factories can have vastly different outputs and quality of product depending on management and R&D.
两家相同的工厂，根据管理和研发水平的不同，其产出和产品质量可能有天壤之别。

Semiconductor factories can make or break depending on a single critical piece of software.
半导体工厂的成败可能取决于一个关键软件。

Car factories can be 100x more or less efficient depending on how the assembly line is organized.
汽车工厂的效率高低可能相差百倍，这取决于组装线的组织方式。

The US dominates in high value output. The physical product may be made elsewhere, but the know-how to design both the product and the factory itself comes from workers in the US.
美国在高价值产出方面占据主导地位。实物产品可能在别处制造，但设计产品及工厂本身的技术诀窍则来自美国的劳动者。

The US also takes the biggest share of the profits. An iPhone sells for $1500 and an American company pockets 70% of that. Despite the fact that it’s “made in China”.
美国也拿走了利润的最大份额。一部iPhone售价1500美元，一家美国公司就拿走了其中的70%。尽管它“在中国制造”。

And up until recently (well, 2016) other nations were ok with being bottom bitch so long as they got some too. But that doesn’t seem to be the case anymore.
而且直到最近（嗯，2016年），其他国家只要能分得一杯羹，也甘愿处于产业链底端。但现在似乎不再是这种情况了。


Feng Lu
In US, a 2-liter bottle of Coca-Cola costs $2.99;
在美国，一瓶2升装可口可乐售价2.99美元；

In China, a 2-liter bottle of Coca-Cola costs $1.
在中国，一瓶2升装可口可乐售价1美元。

For the same bottle of Coca-Cola, the GDP generated by the United States is three times that of China.
对于同一瓶可口可乐，美国产生的GDP是中国的三倍。

The United States wins GDP, while China wins more products.
美国赢了GDP，而中国赢了更多产品（指实物产量）。


John Binkley
Because the US economy is largely a service economy. Manufacturing accounts for a very small proportion of US GDP. Comparatively few people in the US work in factories. China is not a service economy, and relies on manufacturing for most of its GDP. That’s why. You do the math.
因为美国经济主要是服务型经济。制造业在美国GDP中占比很小。在美国，在工厂工作的人相对较少。中国不是服务型经济，其GDP大部分依赖于制造业。这就是原因。你行你算啊。


Dan Gibbs
Why is the US economy still larger than China's even though China produces and manufactures almost everything?
既然中国几乎生产和制造一切，为何美国经济规模仍大于中国？

It’s not. It only looks that way because of issues with the way that we measure economic output.
事实并非如此。只是因为我们衡量经济产出的方式存在问题，才看起来如此。

A lot of economists think that the proper way to measure economic output is by looking at what that output can actually purchase. This is a metric known as Gross Domestic Product by Purchasing Power Parity. For this metric, you don’t measure the GDP using a country’s own money, but you actually measure it by using international units of currency.
许多经济学家认为，衡量经济产出的正确方法是看该产出实际能购买什么。这个指标被称为按购买力平价计算的国内生产总值（GDP (PPP)）。使用这个指标时，你不是用一国自己的货币来衡量GDP，而是使用国际货币单位来衡量。

This metric says that China is the largest economy in the world (it’s about 25% larger than the USA). The IMF says that China is sitting with a GDP (PPP) of 40.7 trillion international money units. The USA is at 30.507 trillion international money units. India is at 17.6 trillion international money units. Every other country is less than 10 trillion (Russia is #4 at 7.2 trillion).
按此指标，中国是世界最大经济体（比美国大约25%）。国际货币基金组织（IMF）数据显示，中国的GDP（购买力平价）为40.7万亿国际元。美国为30.507万亿国际元。印度为17.6万亿国际元。其他所有国家都低于10万亿（俄罗斯排第四，为7.2万亿）。

This is a better way of measuring gross domestic product because it adjusts for the fact that prices are a whole lot higher in the USA. As such, a single unit of production doesn’t go as far. You can get a 1-bedroom, 1-bath apartment in Shanghai, China for about $1,300 per month. Good luck getting that in any major American city. It costs about $10 for a good, high quality restaurant meal in China:
这是衡量国内生产总值的更好方法，因为它考虑到了美国物价水平高得多这一事实。因此，同样一个生产单位在美国的实际购买力就没那么强。在中国上海，你每月花大约1300美元就能租到一套一室一卫的公寓。在美国任何主要城市，想用这个价格租到这样的房子？祝你好运。在中国，一顿优质美味的餐厅餐食大约花费10美元：

This is what it means. In terms of what a country’s actual economic output can buy, China has the USA beat (and it has for about 10 years).
这就是其含义。就一国实际经济产出所能购买的东西而言，中国已经超越了美国（而且这种情况已经持续了大约10年）。


Yong Jian-Yi
Because an economy based upon consumption will always be larger than an economy that produces. An iPhone that is produced in China cost around $500, this is money that is paid for the materials, assembly, etc. China makes $500 off the production of the iPhone. This iPhone is sold in the USA at the retail cost of $1000, this is money that is spent on the marketing, development, distribution, etc. the USA makes $1000.
因为一个基于消费的经济体总会大于一个基于生产的经济体。一部在中国生产的iPhone成本约为500美元，这笔钱支付了材料、组装等费用。中国从iPhone的生产中赚取了500美元。这部iPhone在美国以1000美元的零售价售出，这笔钱用于营销、开发、分销等环节。美国赚取了1000美元。

At the final accounting, the GDP is the the measure of the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced/consumed within a country's borders in a specific period. For that same iPhone, China makes $500 and the USA makes $1000.
在最终核算时，GDP衡量的是一个国家在特定时期内在其境内生产/消费的所有最终商品和服务的总货币价值。对于同一部iPhone，中国创造了500美元的GDP，而美国创造了1000美元的GDP。