网友热议：像印度和中国这样的国家，在粮食产量不足以养活所有人的情况下，是如何维持如此庞大的人口的？

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
With all our outdated agricultural practices and our literally zero effort to improve efficiency in the last 35–40 years
India still produces more food than we consume
尽管我们的农业实践陈旧过时，并且在过去35-40年里，我们在提高效率方面几乎毫无作为，
印度生产的粮食仍然超过我们自身的消费量。


We have almost 52% of Land under Cultivation which is why we can manage this
This is fast shrinking
It's estimated that by 2030, you will have only 40% Land under Cultivation and unless you improve Yield by 25% or more, you will start to be forced to improve foodgrains
我们拥有近52%的土地用于耕种，这就是我们目前还能维持的原因。
但这个比例正在迅速萎缩。
据估计，到2030年，仅有40%的土地可用于耕种。除非将产量提高25%或更多，否则我们将被迫进口粮食（原句有笔误，根据上下文推断应为“import foodgrains”）。

The Reason for India's ability to sustain itself includes:—
High Yield Seeds over Lousy 'Naatu’ Seeds as advocated by 90% of Kollywood movies
Beautiful Inorganic Fertilizers and Pesticides loaded with Nitrates over 'Organic’ manure fertilizers
Huge Percentage of Land Area under Cultivation
印度能够维持自给自足的原因包括：—
使用高产种子，而非泰米尔电影90%所鼓吹的劣质“本地”种子；
使用富含硝酸盐的高效无机化肥和农药，而非“有机”粪肥；
拥有极高比例的土地用于耕种。

India's greatest challenges:—
Lesser Land under Cultivation by the day due to Urbanization and Industrialization
Outdated Agricultural Practices
Small & Unsustainable Landholdings
印度面临的最大挑战：—
由于城市化和工业化，耕地面积日益减少；
农业实践陈旧过时；
土地持有规模小且不可持续。

China is already slowly in trouble
China is much much more efficient than India in every facet of Agriculture
Yet China imports between 9–11% Foodgrains, 15%-20% Pork & Beef , 30% Corn and almost 65% Soybeans
中国已经慢慢陷入困境。
中国在农业的各个方面都比印度高效得多。
然而，中国仍需进口9-11%的粮食、15%-20%的猪肉和牛肉、30%的玉米以及近65%的大豆。

The reason is that they only have 11.4% Land under Cultivation due to their rapid industrialization of the last 35 years
Its entirely due to their efficiency that they still produce an aggregate of 76% of their Foodgrains domestically
原因在于，由于过去35年的快速工业化，他们只有11.4%的土地用于耕种。
完全得益于其高效率，他们国内生产的粮食总量仍能满足自身需求的76%。

They focus on Higher Yield Seeds, Urban farming, Vertical Farming and Focus on Storage etc to ensure they can maximize their food security
他们专注于高产种子、城市农业、垂直农业以及注重仓储等，以确保最大限度地保障粮食安全。




Ayyappan Ambati
Wrong India produce more than what is needed.
“印度生产超过需求”的说法是错误的。

Only time India was food insecure was during colonial British era and that too from 1857 to 1947. How does India do that when just 75 years back on the eve of independence from the British, British induced artificial famines had killed 45 million Indians in 75 years from 1852 to 1947? How did India achieve self sufficiency in food grain production in a mere 20 years after independence.
印度唯一出现粮食不安全是在英国殖民时期，确切地说是从1857年到1947年。想想看，就在75年前脱离英国独立前夕，在1852年至1947年的75年间，英国人造成的人为饥荒已导致4500万印度人死亡，印度是如何在独立后短短20年内就实现粮食自给自足的呢？

It was another shameful famine just after Independence, and so called American charity food aid (actually in return for access to rare earth Thorium in Kerala sands) which made PM Lal Bahadur Shastri and later on Indira Gandhi realize that food security is paramount for the world’s 2nd largest population (approx. 450 million at that time).
独立后不久又发生了一次可耻的饥荒，以及所谓的美国慈善粮食援助（实际上是为了换取喀拉拉邦沙滩中的稀土元素钍），这使得拉尔·巴哈杜尔·夏斯特里总理以及后来的英迪拉·甘地认识到，对于当时世界第二大人口（约4.5亿）的国家，粮食安全至关重要。

The green revolution under an able Tamil agroscientist MS Swaminathan - a Kerala university graduate (famous later years for his work on World famous Kerala Kuttanad wetland package Programme report), lifted food grain production to unseen heights. Nehruvian Dam building spree had already diminished the effects of perennial droughts.
由能干的泰米尔农学家M.S.斯瓦米纳坦（一位喀拉拉大学毕业，晚年因参与世界著名的喀拉拉库塔纳德湿地综合规划报告而闻名）领导的绿色革命，将粮食产量提升到了前所未有的高度。尼赫鲁时期的大坝建设热潮已经减轻了长期干旱的影响。

Similarly “white revolution” under a Keralite bureaucrat and scientist named Kurian, provided Milk and diary sufficiency besides creating a new model of Diary business - Public cooperatives through the famous AMUL cooperative.
同样，在喀拉拉邦官僚兼科学家Verghese Kurian领导下推行的“白色革命”，不仅实现了牛奶和乳制品的自给自足，还通过著名的阿穆尔合作社（AMUL）开创了乳制品业务的新模式——公共合作社。

But India and China became two great civilizations even before that by being able to feed huge populations because of one single factor -the colossal HIMALAYAS and its Indian foothills to its south and the vast Tibetan plateau to its north east (approx. 8000 feet average height).
然而，印度和中国之所以在那之前就成为能够养活庞大人口的伟大文明，都源于一个单一因素——巨大的喜马拉雅山脉及其南麓的印度山麓地带和东北部广袤的青藏高原（平均海拔约8000英尺）。

This so called “roof of the world” is also the world’s water tower -the largest fresh water source of the world (other than probably Antarctica). Himalayas easily sustain agriculture year round in the Indian subcontinent even before dams and man made irrigation systems were made. Read on if you want to know how?
这座所谓的“世界屋脊”也是世界的水塔——世界上最大的淡水来源（可能仅次于南极洲）。即使在修建水坝和人工灌溉系统之前，喜马拉雅山脉就轻易地维持着印度次大陆全年的农业活动。想知道它是如何做到的吗？请继续阅读。

The Himalayas during peak summer (May onwards) first attract then block moist air sucked up from the Indian ocean in south (south west monsoon) and gives rain in the entire subcontinent for 3 to 4 months triggering the south east monsoon rains from June to Sept depending on the location.
在盛夏时节（五月起），喜马拉雅山脉首先吸引然后阻挡从南部印度洋吸上来的湿润空气（西南季风），给整个次大陆带来持续3到4个月的降雨，从六月到九月（具体时间因地点而异）引发东南季风雨。

Agriculture becomes easy during this period due to the intense rains in the Gangetic plains of north and deccan plateau and coastal highlands (the ghats) of the south.
由于北部恒河平原、德干高原以及南部沿海高地（西高止山脉）的强降雨，这一时期农业变得容易。

In addition a large number of rivers emanating from the Himalayas and crisscrossing the Gangetic northern plains and rivers emanating from the deccan plateau and southern coastal highland ghats and cutting across the southern plains add to the water available for agriculture.
此外，众多发源于喜马拉雅山脉、纵横交错于恒河北部平原的河流，以及发源于德干高原和南部沿海高地山脉（高止山脉）、横穿南部平原的河流，都增加了可用于农业的水资源。

Come mid Sept &Autumn and Himalayas does an about turn and reverses the now moisture less dry cold air from its slopes back to the Indian ocean from where the monsoons originally started.
到了九月中旬和秋季，喜马拉雅山脉来个急转弯，将现在已失去水分的干燥冷空气从其斜坡推回季风最初起源的印度洋。

On the way this air picks up moisture from the Bay of Bengal and gives even more rain over the southern Deccan plateau well into November end, feeding rain fed rivers there.
在返回途中，这股气流从孟加拉湾吸收水分，给南部德干高原带来更多降雨，一直持续到十一月底，滋养了那里的雨源河流。

Thus from May to Nov some or the other part of India is receiving heavy rainfall. This in nutshell is the story of the Monsoons (southeast and northwest monsoons joined together in a fertile rainy tango).
因此，从五月到十一月，印度的某些地区总会迎来强降雨。简而言之，这就是季风的故事（东南季风和西北季风共同演绎了一场丰饶的雨之探戈）。

This endless supply of rains occasionally causes floods over vast and numerous river flood plains, but also blesses them by depositing these plains with large tracts of fertile alluvial soil from where else but the Himalayas and the southern ghats, thus fulfilling the second most important requirement for agriculture after water i.e. fertile soil.
这无尽的雨水供应偶尔会在广阔众多的河流泛滥平原上引发洪水，但也赐福于这些平原，从喜马拉雅山脉和南部高止山脉带来了大片肥沃的冲积土壤沉积其上，从而满足了农业仅次于水的第二重要需求——肥沃的土壤。

Then during peak winters (Dec to Jan) the Himalayan rainfed rivers still has enough discharge left to sustain agriculture and life..
然后在严冬时节（十二月至一月），喜马拉雅山脉的雨源河流仍有足够的流量来维持农业和生计。

Meanwhile the Himalayas also blocks high altitude western disturbances from the Mediterranean Sea from West from Oct to Feb.
与此同时，喜马拉雅山脉也阻挡了十月份到二月份从西面地中海来的高空西风扰动。

They creates snowfall at the peaks which stores the water during winter as snow & glaciers in the higher reaches, while some precipitation in the lower reaches and foothills fall as rain which continues to feed the rain fed rivers in lesser quantity till Feb end.
这些扰动在高峰处形成降雪，将水以冰雪和冰川的形式储存在高海拔地区；而在低海拔地区和山麓地带，部分降水则以降雨形式落下，继续以较少的量补给雨源河流，直到二月底。

But it is still winters when water is otherwise not needed too much for human and agriculture use, so this limited quantity is still sufficient for another crop to be raised during winters.
但此时仍是冬季，人类和农业用水需求本就不大，所以这有限的水量仍足以在冬季种植另一季作物。

Come summer beginnings (end Feb to April) and rain fed rivers of the Himalayas becomes snow fed now.
夏季伊始（二月底至四月），喜马拉雅山脉的雨源河流现在变成了雪源河流。

The snow and ice in the higher reaches starts melting and feeds the same Himalayan rivers in the Indo Gangetic plains that were rainfed till Feb.
高海拔地区的冰雪开始融化，滋养着印度恒河平原上的那些直到二月份还是雨源补给的喜马拉雅河流。

By April end most of the snow other than those above the permanent snow line and glaciers, has already melted and the rivers are running low starting from April.
到四月底，永久雪线和冰川以上的雪大部分已经融化，河流从四月起开始水位下降。

But agriculture still goes on because now the circle repeats itself and the monsoon cycle starts with pre=monsoon showers starting from May and full monsoons from June beginning turning the same rivers from snow fed back to rain fed.
但农业活动仍在继续，因为现在循环重新开始，季风周期随着五月的季风前降雨拉开序幕，六月初的全面季风又将同样的河流从雪源补给变回雨源补给。

Thus even before dams and irrigation canals existed, the Indian subcontinent could easily sustain 2 crops in an year and even a third crop during winters in the gangetic plains.
因此，即使在修建水坝和灌溉渠之前，印度次大陆就能轻松维持一年两熟，甚至在恒河平原的冬季还能种第三季作物。

After dams and irrigation network even Central India which was most deficient in rains could sustain 2 crops while rest of India could easily sustain 3 crops.
在水坝和灌溉网络建成后，即使是降雨最稀缺的中印度地区也能维持两熟，而印度其他地区则能轻松实现三熟。

All this made agriculture and sustaining huge population easy. Add to this mix, new techniques, hybrid seeds, modern fertilizers. Now growing food for a huge population no longer becomes an insurmountable problem.
所有这一切使得农业和养活庞大人口变得容易。再加上新技术、杂交种子、现代化肥的引入。现在，为庞大人口生产粮食不再是一个无法克服的问题。

For India the problems are wastage during harvesting, transportation and storage, and inefficiency in the Public distribution system (PDS), much of which has been mitigated to a large extent by Modi govt’s Aadhar ID enabled PDS.
对印度来说，问题在于收获、运输和储存过程中的浪费，以及公共分配系统（PDS）的低效率，其中大部分问题已通过莫迪政府启用阿达尔身份认证（Aadhar ID）的PDS在很大程度上得到了缓解。

If you look at a Google globe view you will notice most of the deserts in the world are that around the Tropic of Cancer which actually bisects India into North and South India.
如果你看一下谷歌地球视图，你会注意到世界上大多数沙漠都位于北回归线附近，而这条线正好将印度分为北印度和南印度。

The famous Sahara, Sahel, Gobi and Mexican deserts are a few. Most areas around this latitude are dry savannahs or deserts and are colored yellow on the globe. Only the huge Indian subcontinent and few small coastal countries and some highlands on this latitude are marked green indicating forests and agriculture.
著名的撒哈拉沙漠、萨赫勒地区、戈壁沙漠和墨西哥沙漠就是其中几个。这条纬度线周围的大部分地区都是干燥的稀树草原或沙漠，在地球仪上显示为黄色。只有巨大的印度次大陆以及少数几个沿海小国和该纬度上的一些高地显示为绿色，表示森林和农业。

The Himalayas is the key here since it acts like a screen and block all moisture coming from Indian ocean stores it and releases it into the Indian subcontinent as required.
喜马拉雅山脉是这里的关键，因为它像一道屏障，阻挡并储存所有来自印度洋的水汽，然后根据需要将其释放到印度次大陆。

It also blocks extreme cold winds coming from the north from Siberia and Mongolian cold deserts, keeping Indian winters mild and thus still amenable to winter crops.
它还阻挡了来自西伯利亚和蒙古寒冷沙漠的北方严寒气流，使印度的冬季较为温和，因此仍然适合种植冬季作物。

Miami, Beirut and Delhi lies almost on the same latitudes but Delhi rarely gets snow or goes below 0 Celsius because of the Himalayas blocking these cold northerly winds.
迈阿密、贝鲁特和德里几乎位于同一纬度，但由于喜马拉雅山脉阻挡了这些寒冷的北风，德里很少下雪或气温低于零摄氏度。

India’s economic growth is so closely entwined with this dance of the monsoons, that monsoons are called the real budget maker of the country.
印度的经济增长与这场季风之舞如此紧密地交织在一起，以至于季风被称为国家真正的预算制定者。

Actually it is the Himalayas (who stands tall above all and conducts this rainy orchestra with such finesse) that really deserves to be called the Finance minister of India.
实际上，是喜马拉雅山脉（它巍然屹立，以如此精妙的方式指挥着这场雨季交响乐）才真正配得上被称为印度的财政部长。


Glenn Lee
Please remember it is the food supply that drives the population instead of the other way around. Large food supply is possible when there is stable political system. A large population is directly related to a stable government and an adequate food supply over a longer period
请记住，是粮食供应驱动人口增长，而不是相反。只有在政治体系稳定的情况下，才可能有大量的粮食供应。庞大的人口与稳定的政府和长期充足的粮食供应直接相关。


Elizabeth Wang
India theoretically can feed its population despite the low crop yields compared to the international standards.
尽管印度的作物产量低于国际标准，但从理论上讲，印度可以养活其人口。

Yet, the India government still allows food export when part of the Indian population can't meet their minimum required calories of the day.
然而，当部分印度人口无法满足其每日最低所需热量时，印度政府仍然允许粮食出口。

According to the global hunger index, India is placed 107th of 136 countries where data was collected (developed countries are excluded)[1] . I guess parts of the Indian population are barely surviving.
根据全球饥饿指数，在有数据收集的136个国家中，印度排在第107位（发达国家除外）[1]。我猜部分印度人口只是在勉强生存。

On contrast, China can feed its population without relying on imports. China even has strategic food reserves.
相比之下，中国可以不依赖进口养活其人口。中国甚至拥有战略粮食储备。

Food is imported as a mean to spend the trade surplus. Since China can't spend earned money on the latest foreign gadgets, why not focus on improving the food variety?
进口食品是消耗贸易顺差的一种手段。既然中国无法将赚来的钱花在最新的外国小玩意上，何不专注于改善食品种类呢？


Manan Anand
India and China are two of the world's most populous countries, with India being the second-most populous country in the world and China being the most populous.
印度和中国是世界上人口最多的两个国家，印度是世界第二大人口国，中国则是第一大人口国。

Both countries face challenges in feeding their large populations, but they have managed to maintain food security through a combination of factors, including agricultural practices, trade, and government policies.
两国在养活其庞大人口方面都面临挑战，但它们通过结合农业实践、贸易和政府政策等多种因素，成功维持了粮食安全。

In India, the population is estimated to be around 1.39 billion people, and the country is the second-largest producer of food in the world after China.
在印度，人口估计约为13.9亿，该国是仅次于中国的世界第二大粮食生产国。

India's agricultural sector accounts for around 17% of the country's GDP and employs approximately 50% of the workforce.
印度的农业部门约占该国GDP的17%，并雇佣了大约50%的劳动力。

The country is self-sufficient in producing enough food to meet the needs of its population.
该国在生产足够粮食以满足其人口需求方面是自给自足的。

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), India produced 305.4 million tons of food in 2020, which includes 108.8 million tons of cereals, 186.7 million tons of vegetables, and 60.5 million tons of fruits.
根据联合国粮食及农业组织（FAO）的数据，印度在2020年生产了3.054亿吨食物，其中包括1.088亿吨谷物，1.867亿吨蔬菜和6050万吨水果。

However, despite the country's ability to produce enough food, there are still challenges in ensuring that everyone has access to it.
然而，尽管该国有能力生产足够的粮食，但在确保每个人都能获得粮食方面仍然存在挑战。

According to the World Food Programme (WFP), approximately 194.4 million people in India are undernourished, which accounts for around 14% of the country's population.
根据世界粮食计划署（WFP）的数据，印度约有1.944亿人营养不良，约占该国人口的14%。

Similarly, in China, the population is estimated to be around 1.4 billion people.
同样，在中国，人口估计约为14亿。

China is the world's largest producer of food, and its agricultural sector accounts for around 9% of the country's GDP and employs approximately 25% of the workforce.
中国是世界最大的粮食生产国，其农业部门约占该国GDP的9%，并雇佣了约25%的劳动力。

According to the FAO, China produced 663.9 million tons of food in 2020, which includes 260.3 million tons of cereals, 567.7 million tons of vegetables, and 31.9 million tons of fruits.
根据粮农组织的数据，中国在2020年生产了6.639亿吨食物，其中包括2.603亿吨谷物，5.677亿吨蔬菜和3190万吨水果。

Despite being the world's largest producer of food, China still faces challenges in ensuring food security for its population.
尽管是世界最大的粮食生产国，中国在确保其人口的粮食安全方面仍面临挑战。

According to the WFP, approximately 5.5 million children under the age of five suffer from malnutrition in China, and around 89 million people live below the poverty line.
根据世界粮食计划署的数据，中国约有550万五岁以下儿童营养不良，约8900万人生活在贫困线以下。

To address these challenges, both India and China have implemented various policies and programs to improve food security.
为应对这些挑战，印度和中国都实施了各种政策和计划以改善粮食安全。

For example, India has implemented the National Food Security Act, which aims to provide subsidized food grains to two-thirds of the country's population.
例如，印度实施了《国家食品安全法案》，旨在向该国三分之二的人口提供补贴粮食。

China has implemented the "grain for green" program, which aims to convert farmland into forests and grasslands to prevent soil erosion and improve the environment.
中国实施了“退耕还林”计划，旨在将农田转化为森林和草地，以防止水土流失并改善环境。

In conclusion, India and China have managed to maintain food security for their large populations through a combination of factors, including agricultural practices, trade, and government policies.
总之，印度和中国通过结合农业实践、贸易和政府政策等多种因素，成功地为它们庞大的人口维持了粮食安全。

While challenges remain in ensuring that everyone has access to food, both countries have made progress in improving food security for their populations.
尽管在确保每个人都能获得食物方面仍存在挑战，但两国在改善其人口的粮食安全方面都取得了进展。