外网热议：唐太宗是如何统治唐朝的？-网帖翻译-龙腾网

George Hu
Many people would talk about the Xuanwu Gate incident where Li Shimin killed his brothers, and in a few months seized the throne to become Emperor Taizong. But this did not happen in a vacuum. Let us go way back to what he did before that…

许多人会谈到玄武门之变，李世民杀死了他的兄弟，并在几个月内夺取王位，成为唐太宗。但这并非凭空发生。让我们回溯到他之前所做的事情……

Li Yuan was from a prestigious family serving the Sui Dynasty as governor to a region, and was also distantly related to the royal family.

李渊出身于一个在隋朝担任地方总督的显赫家族，并且与皇室有远亲关系。

The Sui Dynasty at the time was falling apart. Li Shimin saw this opportunity, and tricked his father by getting him drunk and throwing him in bed with some of the Sui Emperor's concubines. When Li Yuan woke up horrified of his crime, Li Shimin convinced his father to rebel, otherwise he might be sentenced to death anyway.

当时隋朝正在逐渐瓦解。李世民看到了这个机会，他设计让他的父亲喝醉，然后把他和隋朝皇帝的妃子们放在一起睡觉。当李渊醒来后对自己的罪行感到恐惧时，李世民说服他的父亲造反，否则他可能也会被判处死刑。

(This story was well known but might be false, it portrayed Li Yuan too cowardly. In reality, as an experienced governor, he wouldn't have been THAT easily manipulated by his own son.)

（这个故事广为人知，但可能是假的，它把李渊描绘得过于懦弱。实际上，作为一位经验丰富的总督，他不会那么容易被自己的儿子操纵。）

Li Shimin was an excellent general, personally leading many campaigns himself while his father secured their home territory. His most prominent victory was defeating Wang Shichong and Dou Jiande’s alliance at the Battle of Hulao Pass (the same place where the fictional Lü Bu fought Liu/Guan/Zhang).

李世民是一位杰出的将军，在他父亲巩固根据地的时候，他亲自率领多次战役。他最著名的胜利是在虎牢关之战中击败了王世充和窦建德的联军（也是虚构人物吕布与刘备、关羽、张飞战斗的地方）。

(There was an orchestral ballad written for Li Shimin, named “Prince Qin’s Formation Breaker Song.” This was his title before becoming Emperor.)

（曾有一首为李世民创作的管弦乐歌谣，名为《秦王破阵乐》。这是他成为皇帝之前的头衔。）

Because Li Shimin had huge popularity and support from the military, his older brother Li Jiancheng feared that their father, now Emperor Gaozu, might make Li Shimin his successor. So he too frequently requested to lead an army on campaigns (his main victory was against Liu Heita). He also build a relation with Li Yuanji, the third of the Li brothers.

因为李世民在军中拥有极高的人气和支持，他的哥哥李建成担心他们的父亲，现在的唐高祖，可能会立李世民为继承人。所以他也经常请求率军出征（他的主要胜利是击败了刘黑闼）。他还与李氏兄弟中的老三李元吉建立了联盟关系。
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Li Jiancheng was made Crown Prince after the Tang was founded, but he was always wary of Li Shimin. There was an incident where one of Li Jiancheng’s generals gathered and organised an army in his name, and attempt a coup. However, the plan was exposed, the rebellion was crushed, and the Emperor verbally promised Li Shimin that he would make Li Shimin his successor instead. But afterwards, the Emperor changed his mind again and just dismissed this incident as sibling rivalry without punishing Li Jiancheng.

唐朝建立后，李建成被立为太子，但他一直对李世民心存戒备。曾发生过这样一件事：李建成手下的一位将军以他的名义聚集并组织了一支军队，企图发动政变。然而，计划败露，叛乱被镇压，皇帝口头上答应李世民将立他为继承人。但之后，皇帝又改变了主意，只是将此事视为兄弟阋墙，并未惩罚李建成。

In another later time, Emperor Gaozu felt the brothers would never truly resolve their hatred. He told Li Shimin that he would like to take his army to the east capitol Luoyang, and be a Regent Prince or governor. If this were to happen, the nation could potentially be split into a West Tang owned by Li Jiancheng and an East Tang owned by Li Shimin. But eventually he changed his mind on that idea too.

在后来的某个时候，高祖皇帝觉得兄弟俩的仇恨永远无法真正化解。他告诉李世民，他想率军前往东都洛阳，担任摄政王或总督。如果那样的话，国家可能会分裂成由李建成控制的西唐和由李世民控制的东唐。但最终，他改变了主意。

There were also incidents where Li Jiancheng attempted to assassinate Li Shimin as well, such as gifting him with a wild horse to make him fall, and another time he invited Li Shimin for a drink and poisoned his cup. However, some of these stories were questionable. For example, some historians questioned whether Li Shimin would even trust his brother enough to have a drink with him at this time, and how he somehow “vomited litres of blood” yet survived.

也发生过李建成试图暗杀李世民的事件，例如送给他一匹烈马想让他摔下来，还有一次他邀请李世民喝酒并在酒里下毒。然而，其中一些故事是值得怀疑的。例如，一些历史学家质疑李世民当时是否会信任他的哥哥到和他一起喝酒，以及他如何“吐出几升血”却活了下来。

Eventually, Li Jiancheng’s plan was to nominate Li Yuanji out on a military campaign, and for Li Shimin’s best soldiers and generals to be assigned to his command. When Li Shimin was without his best soldiers, they could assassinate him. Li Shimin’s followers, most notably Yuchi Jingde and Zhangsun Wuji, urged him to take action, and that they would eventually be killed too if Li Shimin were killed. So Li Shimin agreed and set this plan. They reported to the Emperor that Li Jiancheng and Li Yuanji were “having inappropriate relations” with some concubines. The Emperor ordered the two to come to the palace and explain themselves.

最终，李建成的计划是让李元吉率军出征，并将李世民最精锐的士兵和将领调到李元吉的指挥下。当李世民身边没有精锐部队时，他们就可以暗杀他。李世民的追随者，尤其是尉迟敬德和长孙无忌，敦促他采取行动，并说如果李世民被杀，他们最终也会被杀。所以李世民同意并制定了这个计划。他们向皇帝报告说李建成和李元吉与一些妃子有“不正当关系”。皇帝命令他们二人进宫解释。

When the two Princes came to the palace, they were ambushed by Li Shimin and his soldiers at the Xuanwu Gate, and were killed in action after a fight. He then sent Yuchi Jingde to the Emperor’s quarters, told him that the two Princes attempted a rebellion, and the Emperor would be kept under his protection (a high context threat). Emperor Gaozu reluctantly accepted this, and in 3 days, passed power to Li Shimin, and in 3 months, officially abdicated the throne. Li Shimin was thus crowned as Emperor Taizong.

两位亲王来到宫门时，在玄武门遭到了李世民及其士兵的伏击，并在战斗中阵亡。然后他派尉迟敬德去皇帝的寝宫，告诉皇帝两位亲王企图叛乱，皇帝将受到他的保护（一种高情商的威胁）。高祖皇帝无奈地接受了这一点，三天后将权力移交给李世民，三个月后正式退位。李世民因此登基为唐太宗。
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Of particular note, it was generally agreed that Li Shimin did censor or exaggerate some parts of this incident, such as the claim that Li Jiancheng poisoned him. Also, some historians argued that Li Jiancheng was not as bad or incompetent as described in the history books…but Li Yuanji definitely was. There was also a story where he challenged Yuchi Jingde to a spear duel and lost, then wanted to pay Yuchi Jingde to serve him instead, then when he refused, Li Yuanji sent an assassin for him. Yuchi Jingde however just left the door open and kept his spear by his side, and scared the assassin away. Also, there were speculation that if the two Princes did successfully eliminate Li Shimin, Li Yuanji would then backstab his brother at first opportunity.

尤其值得注意的是，人们普遍认为李世民确实审查或夸大了一些事件的细节，例如他声称李建成毒害他的说法。此外，一些历史学家认为，李建成并不像史书上描述的那样糟糕或无能……但李元吉肯定是的。还有一个故事说他与尉迟敬德挑战长矛决斗并输了，然后想收买尉迟敬德为他效力，当尉迟敬德拒绝后，李元吉派了一个刺客去杀他。然而，尉迟敬德敞开大门，把长矛放在身边，吓跑了刺客。还有人猜测，如果两位亲王成功除掉李世民，李元吉会在第一时间背叛他的哥哥。

Also, Wei Zheng, who would eventually become one of Emperor Taizong’s trusted advisor, actually served Li Jiancheng originally. After this coup, Li Shimin interrogated him and asked if he was involved with Li Jiancheng’s plotting. Wei Zheng gave him the most gangster answer ever:

此外，后来成为唐太宗最信任的顾问之一的魏徵，最初实际上是为李建成效力的。政变后，李世民审问他，问他是否参与了李建成的阴谋。魏徵给了他一个最“黑帮”的回答：

“Yes, and he would’ve gotten away with it, if he had actually listened to me.”

“是的，如果他当时听了我的话，他就成功了。”

And to set a good example, Li Shimin did actually spare him and say it was all in the past now.

为了树立一个好榜样，李世民确实饶了他，并说一切都过去了。

Yevgeniy Leto
I am highly suspicious of the historical record of the Xuanwumen coup. Li Shimin made sure that the narrative is in favor of him. As the saying goes, history is written by the victor.

我非常怀疑玄武门政变的历史记载。李世民只是想确保描述对他有利。正如俗话所说，历史是胜利者书写的。
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George Hu
It happened semi-often in many prestigious families. Even in Dream of the Red Chamber and Thunderstorm. In fact even Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga) died indirectly due to this, his first grandson was actually born from an affair between his son and one of his concubines. He suffered from a heat-stroke induced madness, and clawed his own face off yelling “I have no face to see the Emperor in death!” This was rarely mentioned due to his heroic status.
Edit: I made a mistake, Zheng Jing had an affair with Lady Chen, who was not his father's concubine. She was the wet nurse (servant who breastfeed) of his baby brother. Although this was considered an inappropriate relationship (Zheng Jing supposedly had a fetish for middle-aged women), I'm not sure if it would be considered incest? Meh.

这在许多显赫的家庭中半经常发生。甚至在《红楼梦》和《雷雨》中也有。事实上，郑成功（国姓爷）也间接死于此，他的第一个孙子实际上是他儿子和他的一个妾所生的。他患上了中暑引起的疯狂，抓破了自己的脸，喊着“我死后无颜见先帝！”由于他的英雄地位，这件事很少被提及。
注：我犯了一个错误，郑经与陈夫人有染，但她不是他父亲的妾。她是他的弟弟的乳母（负责哺乳的仆人）。虽然这被认为是不正当的关系（据说郑经迷恋中年妇女），但我不知道这是否会被认为是乱伦？嗯。

Yugan Talovich
Taizong was a fascinating, brilliant character. His father, Li Yuan, a powerful military leader in the Sui dynasty, took advantage of the decay and collapse of the Sui to establish his power base (later historians assigned him a passive role, but that does not bear scrutiny). His second son, Li Shimin, had a talent for strategy, and was plotting campaigns and leading armies in his teens.

太宗是一位令人着迷、才华横溢的人物。他的父亲李渊是隋朝一位强大的军事领袖，他利用隋朝的衰落和崩溃来建立自己的权力基础（后来的历史学家认为他扮演的是被动角色，但这经不起推敲）。他的第二个儿子李世民在战略方面很有天赋，十几岁时就开始策划战役并率领军队。

He was also extremely lucky. One battle did not go well for him and he was running away for his life. Finally he was exhausted and he figured he had a good enough lead, so he found a place to lie down and sleep a bit. Just as the enemy were catching up with him, a snake bit a rabbit (or something, I forget exactly what) next to the sleeping Shimin and roused him from his sleep. He escaped to fight another day.

他也极其幸运。有场战役失利后，他正拼命逃亡，最终精疲力竭，觉得已甩开追兵足够远，便找了地方躺下小憩。就在追兵即将赶上时，一条蛇咬了只野兔（具体细节记不清了），动静惊醒了睡梦中的世民，使他得以逃脱，日后得以卷土重来。
His contribution to establishing the Tang was invaluable, which caused a conflict of interest, since he was the second son, not the heir apparent. To make a long story short, Shimin ambushed the heir at the Hsuanwu /Xuanwu Gate and killed him: fratricide. Their father, the emperor, had been enjoying himself on a boat in his pond, and was taken by surprise but accepted the turn of events. (This is followed by a really weird part that I don’t understand: ‘世民跪而吮上乳 Shimin knelt down and sucked on the emperor’s teat.’ ) He retired gracefully and Taizong ascended to the throne.
他对建立唐朝的贡献无可限量，这引发了利益冲突——身为次子而非储君的他，最终在玄武门设伏诛杀了兄长（骨肉相残）。当时他们的皇帝父亲正在池塘中泛舟取乐，面对变故虽始料未及，却也只能接受现实。（接着发生了令人费解的记载："世民跪而吮上乳"）最终高祖禅位，太宗顺利登基。

Taizong had always had a wide range of talent; he was an excellent author and calligrapher. He attracted the best talent and respected their abilities. Wei Cheng/Zheng in particular did not care a bit about what Taizong thought, he called the shots as he saw them. One time Taizong was playing with a new hunting falcon when Wei Cheng’s arrival was announced. Wei would not approve of the Emperor spending too much time or energy on hunting instead of governing, so Taizong thrust the falcon inside his clothes so Wei wouldn’t find out. By the time Wei was finished, the poor falcon had been smothered.

太宗一直以来都才华横溢；他是一位优秀的作家和书法家。他吸引了最优秀的人才，并尊重他们的能力。尤其是魏徵，他一点也不在乎太宗的想法，他按照自己的想法行事。有一次太宗正在玩一只新猎鹰，这时有人通报魏徵来了。魏徵不会赞同皇帝把太多时间和精力花在打猎上而不是治理国家，所以太宗把猎鹰塞进衣服里，以免被魏徵发现。等魏徵说完话，可怜的猎鹰已经被闷死了。

(Taizong’s calligraphy)

（太宗的书法）

Pk Leong
The sucking part might be to remind his father that he was the only son left . So li yuen had no choice but to accept the fact .

吮吸的部分可能是为了提醒他的父亲，他是唯一的儿子了。所以李渊别无选择，只能接受这个事实。

Yugan Talovich
That could be. This is, as far as I can recall, the only time anybody was recorded sucking on his father’s teat. As an unabashed modern person, I have to say it’s kind of gross.

有可能。据我所知，这是唯一一次有人被记录吸吮他父亲的乳头。作为一个毫不掩饰的现代人，我不得不说这有点恶心。

Pk Leong
His advisers did considered this point before they decided to act . Betting on the fact that he would be the only son left . If Li yuen killed li Si Min then he won’t have any sons to inherit the throne . So the old man was caught in a catch 22 situation n better to retire instead of seeing more killings . The daughter supported Li Si Min .

他的顾问们在决定行动之前确实考虑到了这一点。他们赌定他会是唯一的儿子。如果李渊杀了李世民，他就没有儿子继承王位了。所以这个老人陷入了两难境地，与其看到更多的杀戮，不如退位。女儿支持李世民。

wangjc
Taizong made a serious mistake, elevating a girl that become Wu Zetian.

太宗犯了一个严重的错误，提拔了一个后来成为武则天的女子。
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Yugan Talovich
He didn’t really elevate her, he just accepted her into the haram because her father was influential. He didn’t like her, because she was so harsh. I wouldn’t really blame him.
But think how different history would be if she had stayed home and married some (unlucky) common person!

他其实并没有特别抬举她，只是因为她父亲位高权重，才将她纳入后宫。他并不喜欢她，因为她太强势了。我倒也不愿责怪他。
但试想一下，如果她当初留在家中，嫁给某个（倒霉的）平民，历史将会多么不同！

Frank Peterson
Regardless of what one thinks of Wu Zetian and her reign, she represents a fascinating period in Chinese history, arguably the peak of Buddhist cultural influence in China.

无论人们如何看待武则天和她的统治，她都代表了中国历史上一个引人入胜的时期，可以说是佛教文化在中国影响力的顶峰。

Yugan Talovich

I’ve never heard it, but I doubt it. 達摩 Damo (Bodhidarma, Daruma), who founded the Shaolin monastery, lived a couple centuries before the Tang, but I don’t know of accurate records saying that the monks practiced martial arts at that time. ~assuming the story says the monk kept him safe by means of martial arts.

From what I can think of right now, Damo was noted during his lifetime, but during the Tang, the Shaolin Temple was not particularly prominent.
I’m afraid that’s the best I can do for now. Can you give me a source for that story?

我从未听说过，但我对此表示怀疑。达摩（菩提达摩）是少林寺的创始人，生活在唐朝之前几个世纪，但我不知道是否有准确的记载说当时的僧侣练习武术。~假设这个故事说僧侣通过武术保护了他。
就我目前所知，达摩在世时虽有名望，但到唐朝时少林寺并不特别受重视。恐怕这就是我能提供的全部信息了。能否告知这个故事的出处？

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