真正的野蛮人：法英两国如何"文明化"非洲？
The real barbarians: How the French and British civilized’Africa
译文简介
一些代理人如教育家托马斯·汤普森牧师，在1778年写了一本小册子，题为《非洲贸易中的黑人奴隶被证明与人性原则和启示宗教法则一致》。
正文翻译
The real barbarians: How the French and British ‘civilized’ Africa
野蛮人是谁：法英两国"文明化"非洲的真相
Both colonizers, despite their differences, aimed at squeezing profit for their imperial centers
两个殖民者虽有不同，但殊途同归都是为了给帝国中心榨取利益
两个殖民者虽有不同，但殊途同归都是为了给帝国中心榨取利益
The colonial footprints in Africa paint a bitter picture of socioeconomic exploitation and political repression, and at its heart are Britain and France. These countries operated different complex yet similar systems of colonial governance. To this end, unmasking their colonial games is necessary for a better understanding of how this complex chain of mechanisms impact the continent today.
非洲大陆上的殖民足迹，勾勒出一幅令人心痛的图景：社会经济遭受剥削，政治自由备受压制。这一切的始作俑者，正是英国和法国。这两个国家虽然采取了不同的殖民统治体系，但本质上却惊人地相似。要想真正理解这些复杂的殖民机制如何影响今日非洲，我们必须揭开他们的殖民面纱，直面历史的真相。
非洲大陆上的殖民足迹，勾勒出一幅令人心痛的图景：社会经济遭受剥削，政治自由备受压制。这一切的始作俑者，正是英国和法国。这两个国家虽然采取了不同的殖民统治体系，但本质上却惊人地相似。要想真正理解这些复杂的殖民机制如何影响今日非洲，我们必须揭开他们的殖民面纱，直面历史的真相。
Britain’s web
The 15th and 16th century marked an influx of colonial powers to Africa. By the early 16th century, the British under Queen Elizabeth I had deployed its ‘sea dogs’ (a group of notorious pirates) led by John Hawkins, whose duty initially was to attack and loot Spanish ships sent to Africa.
英国的殖民网
15、16世纪，殖民势力如潮水般涌入非洲。16世纪初，伊丽莎白一世统治下的英国已经派出了他们的"海狗"——一群臭名昭著的海上劫匪。这支队伍由约翰·霍金斯率领，最初的任务是袭击和掠夺西班牙派往非洲的船只。
The 15th and 16th century marked an influx of colonial powers to Africa. By the early 16th century, the British under Queen Elizabeth I had deployed its ‘sea dogs’ (a group of notorious pirates) led by John Hawkins, whose duty initially was to attack and loot Spanish ships sent to Africa.
英国的殖民网
15、16世纪，殖民势力如潮水般涌入非洲。16世纪初，伊丽莎白一世统治下的英国已经派出了他们的"海狗"——一群臭名昭著的海上劫匪。这支队伍由约翰·霍金斯率领，最初的任务是袭击和掠夺西班牙派往非洲的船只。
By 1564, the gang had changed its focus to capturing and selling Africans as slaves to the West Indies to work on plantations, the final products of which were sent to Britain in a triangular form of trade – a system of trade which became known as the transatlantic slave trade.
到了1564年，这帮家伙改变了主意。他们开始抓非洲人，把他们当奴隶卖到西印度群岛的种植园去干活。最后，种植园的产品又运回英国，形成了一个三角形的贸易链条。这就是后来大家所说的跨大西洋奴隶贸易。
到了1564年，这帮家伙改变了主意。他们开始抓非洲人，把他们当奴隶卖到西印度群岛的种植园去干活。最后，种植园的产品又运回英国，形成了一个三角形的贸易链条。这就是后来大家所说的跨大西洋奴隶贸易。
Colonial carve-up: The 1884 borders that still profit the West
Experiencing the lucrativeness of the expeditions by the sea dogs, the queen decided to sponsor the rest of their missions. The colonial crown further institutionalized this act by establishing the Royal African company in 1672 under the authorization of King Charles II to exclusively carry out trade in looted resources in Africa such as gold, slaves, and ivory.
海盗远征的丰厚利润让女王看到了商机，她决定资助他们的后续行动。殖民王室更进一步，在1672年在查理二世的授权下成立了皇家非洲公司。该公司专门经营从非洲掠夺而来的资源，如黄金、奴隶和象牙。
Experiencing the lucrativeness of the expeditions by the sea dogs, the queen decided to sponsor the rest of their missions. The colonial crown further institutionalized this act by establishing the Royal African company in 1672 under the authorization of King Charles II to exclusively carry out trade in looted resources in Africa such as gold, slaves, and ivory.
海盗远征的丰厚利润让女王看到了商机，她决定资助他们的后续行动。殖民王室更进一步，在1672年在查理二世的授权下成立了皇家非洲公司。该公司专门经营从非洲掠夺而来的资源，如黄金、奴隶和象牙。
Until 1884, when the concept of effective occupation was adopted as part of the General Act of Berlin during the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the British ambitions were not primarily territorial in nature, but rather to establish a web of trade posts dealing in looted obxts in a barbaric black market. This covert system of looting was in later years transformed into the system of ‘indirect rule’.
直至1884年，"有效占领"的概念在1884-85年柏林会议的《柏林总法案》中被采纳之前，英国的野心并非主要在于领土扩张。他们的目标是建立一个贸易站网络，专门经营被掠夺的物品，形成了一个野蛮的黑市。这种隐蔽的掠夺系统后来演变成了所谓的"间接统治"制度。
直至1884年，"有效占领"的概念在1884-85年柏林会议的《柏林总法案》中被采纳之前，英国的野心并非主要在于领土扩张。他们的目标是建立一个贸易站网络，专门经营被掠夺的物品，形成了一个野蛮的黑市。这种隐蔽的掠夺系统后来演变成了所谓的"间接统治"制度。
France’s ‘mission’
However, the French fancied both territorial expansionism and trade in looted obxts. This is proven by the establishment of the Saint-Louis trade post in Senegal in 1659 as part of a vision to create a North-West African dream with Senegal as its center.
法国的"使命"
然而，法国人的野心既包括领土扩张，也包括掠夺物品的贸易。这一点从1659年在塞内加尔建立圣路易贸易站可见一斑。这是法国人构建以塞内加尔为中心的西北非帝国梦想的一部分。
However, the French fancied both territorial expansionism and trade in looted obxts. This is proven by the establishment of the Saint-Louis trade post in Senegal in 1659 as part of a vision to create a North-West African dream with Senegal as its center.
法国的"使命"
然而，法国人的野心既包括领土扩张，也包括掠夺物品的贸易。这一点从1659年在塞内加尔建立圣路易贸易站可见一斑。这是法国人构建以塞内加尔为中心的西北非帝国梦想的一部分。
The dream entailed establishing effective control over territories from West Africa including present day Cote d’Ivoire, Niger, Guinea, Burkina Faso, and Mauritania to territories in the north, such as Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. To the French, this expansionist policy offered a competitive advantage in terms of trading in looted obxts and spreading French language and culture as part of the ‘mission civilisatrice’ (civilizing mission), an idea that permeated French society’s 18th century Age of Enlightenment.
这个梦想包括有效控制从西非（包括现今的科特迪瓦、尼日尔、几内亚、布基纳法索和毛里塔尼亚）到北部地区（如阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和摩洛哥）的广大领土。在法国人看来，这种扩张政策不仅能在掠夺物品贸易上占据优势，还能传播法语和法国文化。这正是18世纪法国启蒙时代所谓"文明使命"理念的体现。
这个梦想包括有效控制从西非（包括现今的科特迪瓦、尼日尔、几内亚、布基纳法索和毛里塔尼亚）到北部地区（如阿尔及利亚、突尼斯和摩洛哥）的广大领土。在法国人看来，这种扩张政策不仅能在掠夺物品贸易上占据优势，还能传播法语和法国文化。这正是18世纪法国启蒙时代所谓"文明使命"理念的体现。
Indirect rule by the British vs. assimilation by the French
The differences in their visions propelled the colonialists into operating different systems of colonial governance. The British took a self-righteous position in abolishing the slave trade because it began to raise antagonism among the people.
英国的间接统治与法国的同化政策
两国愿景的差异导致了不同的殖民统治体系。英国以一种自以为是的姿态废除了奴隶贸易，理由是这种做法开始引起民众的反抗情绪。
The differences in their visions propelled the colonialists into operating different systems of colonial governance. The British took a self-righteous position in abolishing the slave trade because it began to raise antagonism among the people.
英国的间接统治与法国的同化政策
两国愿景的差异导致了不同的殖民统治体系。英国以一种自以为是的姿态废除了奴隶贸易，理由是这种做法开始引起民众的反抗情绪。
However, under the guise of crushing leaders engaged in the slave trade, they covertly ceased the opportunity to depose political leaders such as Nana and Jaja in Nigeria who opposed British rule and had abolished the slave trade for trade in rubber and palm oil in the 1800s. This laid the foundation for the British system of indirect rule as it arguably instilled fear among opposing leaders and rallied support for British puppets. Through indirect rule, they governed the people through the elites and chiefs loyal to the British colonial crown.
然而，英国人以打击参与奴隶贸易的领导人为借口，暗中废黜了那些反对英国统治的政治领袖。如尼日利亚的纳纳和贾贾，他们在19世纪就已废除奴隶贸易，转而经营橡胶和棕榈油贸易。这一举动为英国的间接统治奠定了基础。它在某种程度上震慑了反对派领导人，同时为英国的傀儡争取了支持。通过间接统治，英国人借助忠于英国殖民王室的精英和酋长来统治民众。
然而，英国人以打击参与奴隶贸易的领导人为借口，暗中废黜了那些反对英国统治的政治领袖。如尼日利亚的纳纳和贾贾，他们在19世纪就已废除奴隶贸易，转而经营橡胶和棕榈油贸易。这一举动为英国的间接统治奠定了基础。它在某种程度上震慑了反对派领导人，同时为英国的傀儡争取了支持。通过间接统治，英国人借助忠于英国殖民王室的精英和酋长来统治民众。
The French had the governor general, appointed by a sext committee in France, an Advisory Council which predominantly consisted of the French and appointed local governors who were Africans.
法国人设立了由法国特别委员会任命的总督，一个主要由法国人组成的咨询委员会，以及由非洲人担任的地方长官。
法国人设立了由法国特别委员会任命的总督，一个主要由法国人组成的咨询委员会，以及由非洲人担任的地方长官。
To ensure the people trusted the colonial government, the French granted citizenship to Africans who reached a certain level in language proficiency and cultural assimilation. These people were often referred to as ‘évolués’,meaning ‘those who have evolved’. They were seen as second-class French nationals, possessed limited civil and political rights, and were often subjected to racism. Africans were allowed to elect their own governors periodically from candidates sexted by the French colonial government, and the ‘évolués’ in some instances, as in the case of Senegal, were allowed to elect their own representative to the French National Assembly. A notable example is Blaise Diagne, who served in the French National Assembly from 1914-34.
为了赢得民众对殖民政府的信任，法国给予那些在语言和文化上达到一定"法国化"程度的非洲人公民身份。这些人被称为"évolués"，意为"已进化者"。然而，他们仍被视为二等法国公民，只拥有有限的公民和政治权利，并经常遭受种族歧视。非洲人被允许从法国殖民政府选定的候选人中定期选举自己的长官。在某些情况下，如塞内加尔，这些"已进化者"甚至被允许选举自己的代表进入法国国民议会。布莱斯·迪亚涅就是一个著名的例子，他在1914-34年间在法国国民议会任职。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
为了赢得民众对殖民政府的信任，法国给予那些在语言和文化上达到一定"法国化"程度的非洲人公民身份。这些人被称为"évolués"，意为"已进化者"。然而，他们仍被视为二等法国公民，只拥有有限的公民和政治权利，并经常遭受种族歧视。非洲人被允许从法国殖民政府选定的候选人中定期选举自己的长官。在某些情况下，如塞内加尔，这些"已进化者"甚至被允许选举自己的代表进入法国国民议会。布莱斯·迪亚涅就是一个著名的例子，他在1914-34年间在法国国民议会任职。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Despite inner differences in their colonial policies, the British and French authorities were flexible and often borrowed from each other. The British operated a formally similar system. There was the governor general, resident commissioners, Christian missionaries, colonial officers, chiefs, and colonial agents.
尽管殖民政策存在内部差异，但英法两国的殖民当局都表现出了灵活性，常常相互借鉴。英国实行了一个形式上相似的系统，包括总督、驻地专员、基督教传教士、殖民官员、酋长和殖民代理人。
尽管殖民政策存在内部差异，但英法两国的殖民当局都表现出了灵活性，常常相互借鉴。英国实行了一个形式上相似的系统，包括总督、驻地专员、基督教传教士、殖民官员、酋长和殖民代理人。
The chiefs and colonial agents were predominantly Africans, while the rest were British. The Africans were responsible for collecting taxes, fees for enrollment in the slave trade to capture their fellow Africans and sell them to the British. They also assisted in hearing complaints for colonial justice as well as the work of the Christian missionaries. This was important because the Christian missionaries provided schools to train the locals in line with British colonial policies. In the Gold Coast (modern Ghana), the Wesleyan Methodist missionary established the Mfantsipim boys school and the Wesley Girls’ High School for this purpose, and agents such as Reverend Thomas Thompson, an educator who wrote a pamphlet titled ‘The African trade for Negro slaves shown to be consistent with the principles of Humanity and Laws of revealed Religion in 1778’.
酋长和殖民代理人主要由非洲人担任，而其他职位则由英国人担任。非洲人的职责包括征税、为奴隶贸易收取费用（这意味着他们要捕获自己的同胞并卖给英国人）。他们还协助处理殖民司法投诉和支持基督教传教士的工作。这一点很重要，因为基督教传教士通过开办学校来培训当地人，使其符合英国殖民政策。在黄金海岸（现今的加纳），卫理公会传教士建立了姆凡齐皮姆男子学校和卫斯理女子高中。一些代理人如教育家托马斯·汤普森牧师，在1778年写了一本小册子，题为《非洲贸易中的黑人奴隶被证明与人性原则和启示宗教法则一致》。
酋长和殖民代理人主要由非洲人担任，而其他职位则由英国人担任。非洲人的职责包括征税、为奴隶贸易收取费用（这意味着他们要捕获自己的同胞并卖给英国人）。他们还协助处理殖民司法投诉和支持基督教传教士的工作。这一点很重要，因为基督教传教士通过开办学校来培训当地人，使其符合英国殖民政策。在黄金海岸（现今的加纳），卫理公会传教士建立了姆凡齐皮姆男子学校和卫斯理女子高中。一些代理人如教育家托马斯·汤普森牧师，在1778年写了一本小册子，题为《非洲贸易中的黑人奴隶被证明与人性原则和启示宗教法则一致》。
By employing this strategy, the British sought to maintain intermediaries to assist them instill trust in the colonial administration, avoid resistance, and reduce administrative cost.
采用这种策略，英国人意在维持一批中间人，以帮助他们在殖民管理中建立信任，避免抵抗，同时降低管理成本。
采用这种策略，英国人意在维持一批中间人，以帮助他们在殖民管理中建立信任，避免抵抗，同时降低管理成本。
In situations in which the French policy of assimilation encountered challenges, the French practiced a similar indirect system as in the case of French Sudan (present-day Mali). The highly Islamic-centered north in French Sudan rejected French culture, as they considered it to be contrary to their values. To address this, the French collaborated with the chiefs and elites to indirectly govern them according to the French colonial rules and consequently indirectly forced them to adopt French practices.
在同化政策遇到挑战的地方，法国也采取了类似的间接统治方式，如在法属苏丹（现今的马里）。该地区北部深受伊斯兰文化影响，拒绝接受法国文化，认为它与自身价值观相悖。为了应对这一情况法国与当地酋长和精英合作，通过他们间接实施法国殖民规
在同化政策遇到挑战的地方，法国也采取了类似的间接统治方式，如在法属苏丹（现今的马里）。该地区北部深受伊斯兰文化影响，拒绝接受法国文化，认为它与自身价值观相悖。为了应对这一情况法国与当地酋长和精英合作，通过他们间接实施法国殖民规
Britain’s ‘common’ wealth: How London ensures that Africa never prospers
In a nutshell, the French policy of assimilation was geared towards creating second-class French nationals who would adhere to French values, culture, and instructions, while the British indirect rule policy sought to create ‘puppets on the string’ by allowing traditional rulers to maintain their culture while they govern the colonies through them.
更多详情敬请阅读：英国的"共同"财富：伦敦如何确保非洲永远无法繁荣
简言之，法国的同化政策旨在创造一批遵循法国价值观、文化和指令的二等法国公民，而英国的间接统治政策则试图打造一批"傀儡"，表面上允许传统统治者保持其文化，实则通过他们来统治殖民地。
In a nutshell, the French policy of assimilation was geared towards creating second-class French nationals who would adhere to French values, culture, and instructions, while the British indirect rule policy sought to create ‘puppets on the string’ by allowing traditional rulers to maintain their culture while they govern the colonies through them.
更多详情敬请阅读：英国的"共同"财富：伦敦如何确保非洲永远无法繁荣
简言之，法国的同化政策旨在创造一批遵循法国价值观、文化和指令的二等法国公民，而英国的间接统治政策则试图打造一批"傀儡"，表面上允许传统统治者保持其文化，实则通过他们来统治殖民地。
Socioeconomic influence
The infrastructural development was strategically taken as part of a colonial policy. The Congo-Ocean Railway line, for instance, was constructed in the 1920s to transport timber and minerals from Congo-Brazzaville to the port of Point-Noire, to be exported to Paris.
社会经济影响
基础设施建设被战略性地纳入殖民政策。例如，20世纪20年代修建的刚果-海洋铁路线，其目的是将木材和矿产从刚果-布拉柴维尔运送到黑角港，再出口到巴黎。
The infrastructural development was strategically taken as part of a colonial policy. The Congo-Ocean Railway line, for instance, was constructed in the 1920s to transport timber and minerals from Congo-Brazzaville to the port of Point-Noire, to be exported to Paris.
社会经济影响
基础设施建设被战略性地纳入殖民政策。例如，20世纪20年代修建的刚果-海洋铁路线，其目的是将木材和矿产从刚果-布拉柴维尔运送到黑角港，再出口到巴黎。
In the Gold Coast, the British in 1898 began construction of a cargo railway line lixing the Port of Sekondi to Tarkwa (a gold mining community in Ghana) to exploit minerals to be exported to Britain.
在黄金海岸，英国于1898年开始修建一条货运铁路线，连接塞康迪港和塔夸（加纳的一个金矿区）。这条铁路的目的是为了开采矿产并将其运往英国。
在黄金海岸，英国于1898年开始修建一条货运铁路线，连接塞康迪港和塔夸（加纳的一个金矿区）。这条铁路的目的是为了开采矿产并将其运往英国。
However, infrastructural developments were carried out by coerced Africans who had to work for free for some days in a year. The French, in particular, introduced the ‘prestation policy’, which involved 12 days of compulsory free labor of Africans for what was described as public works. Forced labor, including for juveniles, became so widespread that an international labor convention prohibiting it was signed in 1930, but the colonial powers blatantly ignored it. The French further extended this practice by compulsorily enlisting Africans in the Armee d’Afrique (African Army) and using them for these types of projects.
然而，这些基础设施的建设是由被强迫的非洲人完成的，他们每年都被迫无偿工作数天。法国特别引入了"prestation政策"，要求非洲人每年进行12天的强制无偿劳动，声称是为了公共工程。强迫劳动，包括对青少年的剥削，变得如此普遍，以至于1930年签署了一项禁止强迫劳动的国际劳工公约。但殖民大国公然无视这一公约。法国更进一步，强制征召非洲人加入非洲军（Armee d'Afrique），并将他们用于这类项目。
然而，这些基础设施的建设是由被强迫的非洲人完成的，他们每年都被迫无偿工作数天。法国特别引入了"prestation政策"，要求非洲人每年进行12天的强制无偿劳动，声称是为了公共工程。强迫劳动，包括对青少年的剥削，变得如此普遍，以至于1930年签署了一项禁止强迫劳动的国际劳工公约。但殖民大国公然无视这一公约。法国更进一步，强制征召非洲人加入非洲军（Armee d'Afrique），并将他们用于这类项目。
The British West African Frontier Force and the West African Force, on the other hand, were extensively used to suppress nationalist movements that opposed British rule and the imposition of taxes, such as the Hut Tax. This was a tax imposed on residents of British colonies to fund the colonial administration based on the size of their houses – that is, huts. In Sierra Leone, attempts to suppress dissent against this tax led to the Hut Tax War of 1898.
另一方面，英国西非边防部队和西非部队被广泛用于镇压反对英国统治和征税的民族主义运动，如反对小屋税的运动。小屋税是英国对殖民地居民征收的一种税，目的是为殖民管理筹集资金，税额基于居民房屋的大小。在塞拉利昂，试图镇压反对这种税收的异议最终导致了1898年的小屋税战争。
另一方面，英国西非边防部队和西非部队被广泛用于镇压反对英国统治和征税的民族主义运动，如反对小屋税的运动。小屋税是英国对殖民地居民征收的一种税，目的是为殖民管理筹集资金，税额基于居民房屋的大小。在塞拉利昂，试图镇压反对这种税收的异议最终导致了1898年的小屋税战争。
Did British and French ways of economic exploitation differ?
Despite the differences, there were stark similarities between the economic policies, as both economic mechanisms perpetuated a sense of dependency.
英国和法国的经济剥削方式是否有所不同？
尽管存在差异，但两国的经济政策之间有着惊人的相似之处，因为这两种经济机制都延续了一种依赖关系。
Despite the differences, there were stark similarities between the economic policies, as both economic mechanisms perpetuated a sense of dependency.
英国和法国的经济剥削方式是否有所不同？
尽管存在差异，但两国的经济政策之间有着惊人的相似之处，因为这两种经济机制都延续了一种依赖关系。
Will Africa take its gold from a greedy West?
Different currencies – the British West Africa’s pound and the East Africa’s shilling, as well as the CFA Franc (Colonies Françaises d’Afrique) – were imposed on the colonies. By the beginning of the 20th century, both countries were operating through corporations, such as the French controlled Compagnie Francaise d’Afrique Occidentale (CFAO) and the British controlled United Africa Company (UAC), which was a subsidiary of the Anglo-Dutch company Unilever.
更多详情敬请阅读：非洲能否从贪婪的西方手中夺回属于自己的黄金？
不同的货币被强加于殖民地——英属西非的英镑、东非的先令，以及法郎（用于法属非洲殖民地）。到20世纪初，两国都通过公司来运作，如法国控制的法属西非公司（CFAO）和英国控制的联合非洲公司（UAC），后者是英荷公司联合利华的子公司。
Different currencies – the British West Africa’s pound and the East Africa’s shilling, as well as the CFA Franc (Colonies Françaises d’Afrique) – were imposed on the colonies. By the beginning of the 20th century, both countries were operating through corporations, such as the French controlled Compagnie Francaise d’Afrique Occidentale (CFAO) and the British controlled United Africa Company (UAC), which was a subsidiary of the Anglo-Dutch company Unilever.
更多详情敬请阅读：非洲能否从贪婪的西方手中夺回属于自己的黄金？
不同的货币被强加于殖民地——英属西非的英镑、东非的先令，以及法郎（用于法属非洲殖民地）。到20世纪初，两国都通过公司来运作，如法国控制的法属西非公司（CFAO）和英国控制的联合非洲公司（UAC），后者是英荷公司联合利华的子公司。
Africans were forced to form cooperatives to grow specific cash crops that the colonial states needed. The colonial corporations later fixed the price of these crops at a minimum, which were later exported to the colonial states. Secondary goods were later imported from the colonial states for the colonies by the colonial corporations at higher prices. This ensured two things. First, that the colonies remain ‘offshore plantations’ for the colonial power, and second, that the colonies remain economically poor while clamoring for secondary goods from the colonial power.
非洲人被迫组建合作社，种植殖民国家指定的经济作物。殖民公司随后以最低价格收购这些作物，并将其出口到殖民国家。紧接着，殖民公司又以更高的价格将二级商品从殖民国家进口到殖民地。这种做法确保了两点：首先，殖民地始终是殖民大国的"离岸种植园"；其次，殖民地在经济上持续贫困，同时渴望从殖民大国获得二级商品。
非洲人被迫组建合作社，种植殖民国家指定的经济作物。殖民公司随后以最低价格收购这些作物，并将其出口到殖民国家。紧接着，殖民公司又以更高的价格将二级商品从殖民国家进口到殖民地。这种做法确保了两点：首先，殖民地始终是殖民大国的"离岸种植园"；其次，殖民地在经济上持续贫困，同时渴望从殖民大国获得二级商品。
After French colonies had gained independence, France desired to keep these policies through series of agreements under an arrangement known as Françafrique. However, this created antagonism against Charles De Gaulle for several reasons, particularly his failure to provide justifications that resonated with the Africans. He created a sense of entitlement to the colonies that were determined to gain independence, as in the case of Guinea under Sekou Toure.
法国殖民地获得独立后，法国试图通过一系列协议，在"法兰西非洲"的框架下维持这些政策。然而，这引发了对戴高乐的敌意，原因有几个，尤其是他未能提供非洲人认可的理由。他对那些决心获得独立的殖民地表现出一种权利感，如在塞古·图雷领导下的几内亚就是如此。
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法国殖民地获得独立后，法国试图通过一系列协议，在"法兰西非洲"的框架下维持这些政策。然而，这引发了对戴高乐的敌意，原因有几个，尤其是他未能提供非洲人认可的理由。他对那些决心获得独立的殖民地表现出一种权利感，如在塞古·图雷领导下的几内亚就是如此。
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The efforts to become independent in 1958 and adopt its own currency angered the French government and led to ‘Operation Persil’. This was blatant sabotage by France to destabilize Guinea for voting for complete independence from France’s influence on three fronts. Economically – by flooding Guinea with fake banknotes to create hyperinflation, politically – through mass shipments of weapons into Guinea and transforming the opposition into paramilitaries to cause chaos and eventually overthrow the president, Sekou Toure. And lastly, socially – by destroying critical civilian infrastructure in Guinea, including telecommunications and sewage systems.
1958年，几内亚争取独立并采用自己的货币的努力激怒了法国政府，导致了"潘趣酒行动"。这是法国对几内亚投票完全脱离法国影响的公然破坏，从三个方面进行：经济上，通过向几内亚大量投放假钞造成恶性通货膨胀；政治上，大规模运送武器到几内亚，将反对派转变为准军事组织，制造混乱并最终试图推翻总统塞古·图雷；社会上，破坏几内亚的关键民用基础设施，包括电信和污水系统。
1958年，几内亚争取独立并采用自己的货币的努力激怒了法国政府，导致了"潘趣酒行动"。这是法国对几内亚投票完全脱离法国影响的公然破坏，从三个方面进行：经济上，通过向几内亚大量投放假钞造成恶性通货膨胀；政治上，大规模运送武器到几内亚，将反对派转变为准军事组织，制造混乱并最终试图推翻总统塞古·图雷；社会上，破坏几内亚的关键民用基础设施，包括电信和污水系统。
On the other hand, after a series of agitations with the colonies, such as the Gold Coast, Britain and other Western countries decided to grant power to the colonies to govern their own affairs to a large extent after gaining independence. By this, African states could adopt their own currencies as well as developing independent economic and security policies, but Britain maintained engagements with its former colonies through the Commonwealth of Nations. Through this, former colonies maintain British structures, such as language and common legal systems. Unlike France, Britain also strategically positioned its firms, such as De La Rue, as a better alternative to print currencies of its former colonies through commercial agreement rather than political intimidation.
另一方面，在与殖民地（如黄金海岸）发生一系列争端后，英国和其他西方国家决定在殖民地获得独立后，赋予它们在很大程度上管理自身事务的权力。这样，非洲国家可以采用自己的货币，制定独立的经济和安全政策，但英国通过英联邦维持与其前殖民地的联系。通过这种方式，前殖民地保留了英国的某些结构，如语言和共同的法律体系。与法国不同，英国还战略性地将其公司（如德拉鲁公司）定位为通过商业协议而非政治恐吓来印刷其前殖民地货币的更佳选择。
另一方面，在与殖民地（如黄金海岸）发生一系列争端后，英国和其他西方国家决定在殖民地获得独立后，赋予它们在很大程度上管理自身事务的权力。这样，非洲国家可以采用自己的货币，制定独立的经济和安全政策，但英国通过英联邦维持与其前殖民地的联系。通过这种方式，前殖民地保留了英国的某些结构，如语言和共同的法律体系。与法国不同，英国还战略性地将其公司（如德拉鲁公司）定位为通过商业协议而非政治恐吓来印刷其前殖民地货币的更佳选择。
Undoubtedly, despite the differences, both the French policy of assimilation and British indirect rule perpetuated a sense of dependency aimed to impoverish African colonies. The glaring effects of this barbarism are still deeply felt in Africa today.
无疑问，尽管存在差异，法国的同化政策和英国的间接统治都延续了一种依赖关系，旨在使非洲殖民地持续贫困。这种野蛮行为的影响至今仍在非洲深深感受到。
无疑问，尽管存在差异，法国的同化政策和英国的间接统治都延续了一种依赖关系，旨在使非洲殖民地持续贫困。这种野蛮行为的影响至今仍在非洲深深感受到。
By Maxwell Boamah Amofa, research officer at the West Africa Transitional Justice Center (WATJ) and coordinator for International Partnerships for African Development (IPAD)
作者：Maxwell Boamah Amofa，西非过渡司法中心（WATJ）研究官员，非洲国际发展伙伴关系（IPAD）协调员
作者：Maxwell Boamah Amofa，西非过渡司法中心（WATJ）研究官员，非洲国际发展伙伴关系（IPAD）协调员
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Just like all empires. Why should the British and French be singled out for committing the same evils as all empires? What is the difference between them and the Ghananian Empire, or the Japanese or the Ottoman, or the Roman, Mongol, Persian, Babylonian, Assyrian….
帝国本质相同。何必单单指责英法犯下相似罪行？罪恶如出一辙，细究历史加纳、日本、奥斯曼、罗马、蒙古、波斯、巴比伦、亚述有何不同?
Everyone seems to have a very shor and highly sextive memory. For nearly two THOUSAND years, african and arab savages were raiding European coasts and taking white people into slavery. When that "enterprise" fell apart, most afroarabs were only to happy to hunt each other and sell them to jewish East and West India companies. White people were a minor involvement and were the ones who put an end to slavery within 300 years of its start.How do the nearly two thousand years of white slavery not dwarf the measle 300 years???I demand reparations from african savages for two illennia of terror and enslavement.Where is the outrage to these crimes that dwarf everything the Europeans had done in africa, the land of bananas, sand and a few apes?
人们的记忆似乎都很短暂且高度选择性。近两千年来非洲和阿拉伯蛮族不断侵扰欧洲海岸掳掠白人为奴。及至这一"行当"衰落多数非洲阿拉伯人又乐于自相残杀,将同胞贩卖给犹太人的东西印度公司。白人参与甚少反倒在300年内终结了奴隶制，两千年的白人奴役岂不远胜区区300年?我要求非洲野人为两千年的恐怖与奴役作出赔偿。对于这些远超欧洲人在非洲所为的罪行那块香蕉、沙漠与猿猴之地为什么没人愤怒?
Wait to read "How the British civilized Australia" and...How their descendants "Conquered" North America
且看"英国人如何文明化澳大利亚"，再看他们的后代如何"征服"北美
Not only that these colonizers killed most of the knowledge the different cultures had developed in their areas and forced their own garbage on them, which was copied as such by the traitors of the places and later on copied by others.
殖民者的罪过不仅在于扼杀了各地文化积累的智慧,更在于强加自己的糟粕给他们。当地叛徒竟甘愿照搬这些糟粕，其他人又盲目跟从。
And now the Brits and France have allowed the rest of the world to control it! It should be noted that the word "slave" comes from Slavic.......people enslaved by Musli...!
如今英法已让世界其他地方来掌控了!值得深思的是,"奴隶"一词源自斯拉夫人......那些被穆斯林奴役的人!
editor33, Yes. Being ‘civilized’ means lying, cheating, stealing and murder to the colonized countries. If the Africans didn’t accept European rulers, they were murdered. Any more questions?
确实如此。对被殖民国家而言,"文明"这个词背后隐藏着说谎、欺骗、掠夺和杀戮。非洲人若不屈从于欧洲统治就会遭到无情屠戮。你还有什么想问的吗?
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France Spain UK Belgium Portugal Netherlands Germany are all POOR country
法国、西班牙、英国、比利时、葡萄牙、荷兰、德国,这些国家如今都已是贫穷国家。
Thank you for sharing the knowledge. It is important to learn from the past.
谢谢你分享这些知识。汲取历史教训至关重要。
That's true, but RT forgets to mention that Arabs were selling Africans into slavery long before Europeans came and for 1000 + years. More than that. All male slaves were castrated. Arabs were treating Africans with extreme brutality for 1000+ years yet, it is all the West. Yes, the west did terrible things in Africa but also due to introduction of medicine, vaccinations, basic sanitation rules the West allowed Africans to increase in numbers form few tens millions to more than a billion. Not all is black, while Arabs , were bringing only suffering and nothing else. Arabs were also buying Slavic slaves who were captured by Crimean Tatars. RT should be more obxtive in this case.
这确实是事实,但RT忽略了一个重要细节:在欧洲人踏足非洲之前阿拉伯人已经奴役非洲人长达千年之久。更为残酷的是,所有男性奴隶都被强制阉割。阿拉伯人对非洲人施加的残暴统治持续了千年之久,却鲜少被提及,反而将所有罪责归咎于西方。诚然西方在非洲犯下了诸多罪行,但也不可否认正是由于西方引入了医学、疫苗和基本卫生规则,非洲人口才从几千万增长到超过十亿。历史并非只有黑暗一面,而阿拉伯人除了带来苦难,似乎别无贡献。阿拉伯人还购买被克里米亚鞑靼人掳掠的斯拉夫奴隶。在这个问题上RT应该采取更为客观的立场。
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I'm glad my ancestors grabbed these french soldiers off their horses for kicking old people over in the streets! They smashed their heads like pumpkins and when the French army came looking for them nobody knew where they went! Have you tried the next village? Lol
我为祖先的勇气感到骄傲。他们抓住了那些在街上肆意踢打老人的法国士兵,把他们的头砸得稀烂,就像砸南瓜一样。法军来搜寻时,竟无人知晓他们的下落!你们何不去下一个村子找找?哈哈
Britain outlawed slavery but kept buying slave-produced cotton from the U.S.
英国表面上废除了奴隶制,却暗地里继续从美国购买奴隶生产的棉花。
'taboo' - Tom Hardy.
"禁忌" - 汤姆·哈迪
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It's disgusting to most English people now, what was done by the English back then. The government would do it again given half a chance!!! They still have the superiority complex & think they should be able to waltz into any country & spread their 'better way of life'
如今,绝大多数英国人对其祖先的所作所为深感羞耻和厌恶。然而,令人担忧的是,若有机会,现今的英国政府似乎还会重蹈覆辙!!!他们仍然保持着那种根深蒂固的优越感,妄想可以随意闯入任何国家,强行推广他们所谓的"更优越的生活方式"
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Evgeny, When truth is distorted or hidden tragedies go unpunished & no lessons are learned so will repeat.. Is this what the decievers, erasing history actually want???
当真相被扭曲或隐藏,悲剧便不受惩罚,教训也无从汲取,历史终将重演..这是否正是那些欺骗者、试图抹杀历史的人所期望看到的???
British history is too important to get wrong. Mr. Maxwell Boamah Amofa, Esq. stated "By the early 16th century, the British under Queen Elizabeth I..." However, Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. The years 1500-1550 are early 16th Century. H.R.H. Queen Elizabeth I did not rule until late 16th Century.
英国历史的重要性不容忽视,更不容许出现错误。Maxwell Boamah Amofa先生声称"16世纪初伊丽莎白一世女王统治下的英国..."这一说法存在明显谬误。其实伊丽莎白一世自1558年11月17日起才登基成为英格兰和爱尔兰女王,直至1603年仙逝。16世纪初应指1500-1550年这段时期。伊丽莎白一世的统治时期实际上是16世纪末。
Why do these essays continue to appear on the pages of RT? If sub-Saharan Africans are happy to be free of Europe then why to they flood into Europe illegally every single day? When Europeans arrived in sub-Saharan Africa, black Africans had not invented the wheel or the plow or the sail. They had no written language. African tribes were engaged in perpetual warfare with one another and cannibalism was common. It was European Imperialists that brought technology and development to sub-Saharan Africa. By far, more lives were saved and enriched by Europeans in Africa than were harmed or taken. Of course, some European Imperialists mistreated aboriginal Africans (i.e. Belgium in the Congo) but overall European Colonialism was a net benefit to black Africans possessing an average IQ of ~ 70.
为何这类文章仍不断出现在RT页面?若撒哈拉以南非洲人真的乐于摆脱欧洲影响,为何他们每日仍在非法涌入欧洲?回顾历史,当欧洲人初至撒哈拉以南非洲时,当地黑人尚未发明轮子、犁或帆,也无书面语言。部落间战争不断,食人习俗盛行。正是欧洲帝国主义者为该地区带来了技术和发展。总体而言,欧洲人在非洲拯救和丰富的生命远多于造成伤害或夺走的生命。诚然,部分欧洲帝国主义者确实存在虐待土著非洲人的行为(如比利时在刚果的所作所为),但从整体来看,欧洲殖民主义对平均智商约70的黑人非洲人而言,可能是一种净收益。
Jn418, Because the 'exalted' tribe - which already back then was the most influental factor - hates Europeans with a passion. Although the tribe controlled the European slave trade, its leaders managed to hide their role in the eslavement of blacks and put the blame on the entire white race.
这是因为那个所谓"高贵"的部落 - 早在那时就已是最具影响力的因素 - 对欧洲人怀有深深的仇恨。讽刺的是尽管该部落实际上控制了欧洲奴隶贸易,其头头却巧妙地隐藏了他们在黑人奴役中扮演的角色,转而将所有责任归咎于整个白人种族。
To add the Anglo=Saxon colonial Nazi Jewish cabals and their deep state cronies did STEAL 7000YEARS of black African civilization and legacy from Egypt whether this comment is dexeD or NOT. That is the TRUTH. Whether you HIDE it or NOT.
还需补充的是,盎格鲁-撒克逊殖民纳粹犹太阴谋集团及其深层政府同伙确实从埃及窃取了长达7000年的黑人非洲文明和遗产,这一事实无论这条评论是否被删除都将存在。这就是不可否认的历史真相,无论有人试图隐藏与否。
I read from New African magazine about 10yrs ago in one of the vol how ancient Egyptians saw the various peoples they encountered . .notably ancient Egyptians saw the pale skinned man as closest to savage written on tablets found in more than 14 burial complexes archeological excavations around Egypt! . .so it shouldn't be a surprise for anyone who encountered that info. To instigate wars is nothing to them as bloodletting!!!
大约十年前,我在《新非洲》杂志上读到一篇关于古埃及人如何看待他们遇到的各种民族的文章。其中最引人注目的是,古埃及人竟然认为浅肤色的人最接近野蛮人,这一惊人记载被发现在埃及各地14多个墓葬群考古发掘出的石碑上!对于任何接触过这些信息的人来说,这不应该是一个惊喜。更令人震惊的是,对这些人而言,挑起战争就像流血一样自然而然!!!
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HenryJonesJr, Mr. Jones, your comment seems a bit hateful. Can you provide us with your sources please. Thank you
您的评论似乎带有一些仇恨的色彩。您能否为我们提供您的信息来源?谢谢
Kind of like every known society besides maybe china has done for as far back as the written word goes? Why harp and harp about centuries of the past when Israel who Russia helped establish is bombing children in an unprecedented GENO.... as we speak?
这不正是我们所知的每个社会,自有文字记载以来就一直在重复的行为吗?我们为何要不断翻旧账,纠结几个世纪前的事情,而对以色列 - 这个俄罗斯曾帮助建立的国家 - 正在前所未有地轰炸儿童,进行种族灭绝视而不见?
joed, Open your eyes and think for yourself. Do that a year and the source is revealed
睁眼看世界,独立思考。坚持一年,真相自会浮现。
Jn418, Empires die. The Europeans are the latest manifestation of evil empires that are still exploiting the countries they colonized. The European empire is destined to fail and may be a footnote in the history of the world.
帝国终将消亡。欧洲人代表了最新一批仍在剥削其曾经殖民国家的邪恶帝国。欧洲帝国注定失败,或许只会成为世界史上的一个脚注。
And see what is happening now in Gaza and West Bank? The whole Western world approves. Are they jelous of Israeli methods of colonial extermination? Had British and French deployed those strategies in Africa, they would have owned the land. Success in North America and Australia is an example of settler takeover of land snd population replacement. French and British may yet resort to this. Who would stop then?
看看现在加沙和约旦河西岸正在发生的事情。整个西方世界竟然对此表示认同。他们是否在嫉妒以色列的殖民灭绝手段?如果英国和法国当年在非洲采用这些策略,他们恐怕早就完全占有那片土地了。北美和澳大利亚的"成功"就是定居者接管土地和人口替代的典型例子。法国和英国可能还会重复这种做法。但问题是,谁能阻止他们呢?
RT shouldn't touch this subject, because it might lose many British and French readers. They don't like to be remainded about their history. Populations of colonial nations have been coded with the conviction that their grandfathers saved half of the planet from poverty and backwardness. They are convinced that brits built railroad tracks to help African people not to transport African goods and resources quickly and efficiently to Europe for profits.
RT或许不该触及这个敏感话题,因为这可能会导致许多英国和法国读者的流失。这些国家的人民往往不愿被提醒自己的历史阴暗面。殖民国家的民众长期以来被灌输了一种信念:他们的祖辈拯救了半个地球,使之摆脱贫困和落后。他们坚信英国人修建铁路是为了帮助非洲人,而非为了快速、高效地将非洲的商品和资源运往欧洲以谋取巨额利润。
I am hearing the French24 restarting to bark on Algeria, taking on the Algerian President to divide the country. It seems, the president of Algeria didn't give an inch to the former colonizer recent requests. Algeria is also going to be in BRICS, as well!
我听说法国24台开始重新对阿尔及利亚发起攻击,针对阿尔及利亚总统,意图分裂该国。看来,阿尔及利亚总统对前殖民者最近的要求没有丝毫让步。值得注意的是,阿尔及利亚还将加入金砖国家!
8-8-2008, The same tribe already played a major role in the Atlantic slave trade, same in the opium wars against China, and today's "Françafrique" is mostly Jewish (Charles Michel head of the EU was most likely placed there to prevent any investigation about the shady business of his father with Kabila, the head of France's Palais de l'Elysee is Olivier Kohler, ex MSC, a company that is also very active in Africa, etc...)
这同一个部落在大西洋奴隶贸易中就已经扮演了重要角色,在对中国的鸦片战争中也是如此。而今天的"法兰西非洲"主要由犹太人控制(欧盟首脑查尔斯·米歇尔很可能被安插在那个位置是为了阻止任何对他父亲与卡比拉之间可疑交易的调查,法国爱丽舍宫的负责人是奥利维尔·科勒,他曾是MSC公司的成员,该公司在非洲也非常活跃,诸如此类...)
HenryJonesJr, And whoo has measured IQ? Seriously, you believe in this nonsense. How about letting people live their lives without benefastors to civikize them? We can play this game today sll they long? Why do not more technologically advanced countries take over “less advanced”. Why cannot Israel exterminate Arab population to spread their covilizing mission? The reason people are migrating is simple. No African country until today is free. Their trade and development have been chicked off by Western trade and financial controls. What will change is tge influx of affordable Chinese cars, refridgerators, aiir conditionersz. And construction of roads and ports. But colonial powers are alx to that, and try to stop it. It has been inky recently that sub-Saharan Africa revolted against French, and France has already tried seven assasination attempts at new rulers. Things will changevinly when predators are prevented to roan the glibe and are kucked out for real from every sslot on earth.
究竟是谁测量了智商?说实在的,你竟相信这种荒谬之说。为何不让人们自主生活,无需所谓文明化的施恩者?我们今天能一直玩这种游戏吗?为何技术更先进的国家不去接管"不那么先进的"国家?为何以色列不能消灭阿拉伯人口来传播他们的文明使命?人们迁移的原因其实很简单。至今无一非洲国家真正自由。西方贸易金融控制扼杀了他们的发展。变化将来自廉价中国车、冰箱、空调的涌入。及道路港口建设。但殖民大国对此保持警惕,并试图阻止。直到最近,撒哈拉以南非洲才开始反抗法国,而法国已经对新统治者进行了七次暗杀企图。只有阻止掠夺者全球游荡,将其彻底驱逐,情况才会改变。
waldhaim, So be it. Who wants to bank on people that can't face the wrong doings of their dad or grandfather! So goes for the young Israeli who need to reconcile what their fathers choices meant for the Palestinians!
就这样吧。谁愿依靠那些不敢面对父辈或祖辈错误的人!同理于年轻以色列人,他们需要反思父辈的选择对巴勒斯坦人的影响!
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waldhaim, Facts.
这就是事实。
It's what Jews have always done, and still doing or trying to do. They have a one-track mind, terminally.
这正是犹太人一贯所为,如今仍在进行或企图为之。他们思维单一,固执己见。
waldhaim, a narrow vision and incorrect, we are well aware of our history over which i had no influence, so i feel no shame when we are reminded of our dreadful activities carried out long before my birth and i am sure your own country has questionable periods in its own history as every country has
你的看法狭隘且错误。我们深知自身历史,虽无力改变,但不因先辈在我出生前的恶行而羞愧。我相信你的国家历史上也有争议之处,就像每个国家都有一样。
Before the European enter Africa the inter continent could not read or write they did not have a language or literature they learned all this knowledge from European
在欧洲人进入非洲之前,整个大陆的人都不会读写,他们没有语言或文学,这些知识都是从欧洲人那里学到的。
HenryJonesJr, Your comments qualify you to be one among the most ignorant within your tribes,hhh
你的评论使你有资格成为你部落中最无知的人之一,呵呵
Darkness, that's a very loose interpretation of the word "civilization".
你对"文明"一词的解释过于宽泛了。
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Alex B, Go back to your history book little guy, you're so ignorant.
Alex B啊，还是回去翻翻你们的历史书吧。小家伙，你太无知了。
"Money for (almost) nothing, and (black) chicks for (almost) free..." M. Knopfler
"差不多白要的钱，还有几乎不用花钱就能得到的黑人姑娘..."这话是诺普弗勒说的。
4Ru, I don't need a history book to read I can see the black culture and society with my own eyes they destroy anywhere you take them their languages comprises of clicks and Whistles you need to read history and please don't use only country in Africa Egypt as an example because that town was build by Hebroew slaves
我不用看历史书，用自己的眼睛就能看到黑人的文化和社会。他们去哪儿，哪儿就遭殃。他们的语言听起来就像咔嗒声和口哨声。你才当研读史实，勿总以埃及为例，那城市希伯来奴隶所建。
4Ru, If he's referring to the tribal societies, then he's right. But Africa also had some high cultures.
要是他说的是那些部落社会，言之有理。不过你要知道，非洲也是有些很了不起的文明。
MilgramWasRight, We specifically said Black African Civilization from Egypt. You can check our YOUTUBE channel called dark matter1801 and watch Ancient Egyptian Pharaohs. We break it down. Seeing is believing?
我们特指埃及黑非文明。你可以去看看我们的YouTube频道，叫dark matter1801，里面有个"古埃及法老"的视频。我们在里面做了详细的分析。眼见为实？
Thank you RT to bring out these for those that needs to be taught what the history had been and how we get to the present situation of a war of the two world. There are people around the world who have not forgotten and won't forget.
感谢RT为需要了解历史及当前两极世界形成原因的人带来这些。世上有人未忘,也不会忘。
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Let's not forget the Belgians in the Congo and mass murderer Leopold II.
不要忘记比利时人在刚果的所作所为,以及那个大屠杀者利奥波德二世。
Imperialism seeks domination, not democracy.
帝国主义追求的是统治,而非民主。
they did the same thing to usa ... operating through corporations, remain ‘offshore plantations’ for the colonial power, remain economically poor while clamoring for secondary goods from the colonial power.. and suppress nationalist movements that opposed British rule and the imposition of taxes, such as the Hut Tax. ... creating second-class citizens... maintain intermediaries (ADVISORS ) to assist them instill trust in the colonial administration, avoid resistance, and reduce administrative cost... a president appointed by a sext committee in britain...
他们对美国故技重施...通过公司运作,维持"离岸种植园"地位,保持经济贫困,渴求殖民国次要商品..压制反英统治和征税(如小屋税)的民族主义运动...制造二等公民...保留中间人(顾问)助其建立对殖民管理的信任,避免抵抗,降低行政成本...由英国特选委员会任命总统...
Alex B, You see nothing, Alex, if you can't see the hand of oppression or the white man's knee on the throat of Africa. You see nothing, if all you see are the consequences of injustice and abuse and blame the victim. You don't need a history book; you need a primer in moral courage.
若你看不到压迫之手或白人膝盖压在非洲喉咙上,你便什么也没看到。若你只见不公和虐待的后果,还责怪受害者,你依然视而不见。你需要的不是历史书,而是道德勇气的启蒙。
All of human history is one of constant conflict and competition for resources. This article is another whine fest over the Europeans and British being better at the contests than other races and seeking apologies and reparations from people who were stronger and smarter than you, from people who unequivocally won. Not sorry. Owe you nothing. Deal with it.
人类全史皆为冲突与资源争夺。此文不过又一篇抱怨欧洲人和英国人在竞争中胜过他族,向更强更智、无可争议的胜利者索要道歉和赔偿。不道歉。不欠你们什么。接受现实吧。
Timely article & well-researched. 2X Crucial matters stand out: 1. "trading in looted obxts and spreading French language and culture[was] part of the ‘mission civilisatrice’ (civilizing mission), an idea that permeated French society’s 18th century Age of Enlightenment." Is this correct, as it currently stands? was the Age of Enlightenment not concerned primarily with the Age of Scientific Discovery & the Bursting forth of New Knowledge? Post-Modernist neo-liberal petit-bourgeois Quacks are all pushing this line - that the Age of the Enlightenment sparked the age of Human Slavery. At best the magnificent discoveries of the Age of Enlightenment may have been utilised for the purposes of human bondage & wealth extraction. 2. "they governed the people through the elites and chiefs loyal to the British colonial crown." A crucially important observation that calls for far more indepth exposure. Not that without the warm embrace of the local chiefs and their blind uneducated impi followers, western colonialism would not have reached its goals and aims to the extent that it did. In S-Africa the British colonists promised the afrikaner boer sovereignty, if he could win over the loyalty of indigenous tribes. Tribal leaders were well rewarded - and given vast tracks of land; and when the Bantustans came, they were ready to take up the throne. But the colonists simply LOVED Mr Nelson M, above all others, i.e., the father of the nation. Why. Today S-Africa is known as the most unequal country in the world.
文章及时且研究充分。两大关键点:1."贩卖掠夺品和传播法语文化[是]'文明使命'的一部分,这观念渗透了18世纪启蒙时代的法国社会。"此说法是否准确?启蒙时代不是主要关注科学发现和新知识迸发吗?后现代新自由主义小资产阶级骗子都在推这观点 - 启蒙时代引发人类奴隶制。顶多,启蒙时代的伟大发现可能被用于奴役和榨取财富。2."他们通过忠于英国殖民王室的精英和酋长统治人民。"这关键观察需更深入揭露。若无当地酋长热情拥抱和盲从追随者,西方殖民主义难以如此程度实现目标。在南非,英国殖民者承诺给予非洲白人主权,以换取土著部落忠诚。部落领袖获丰厚回报 - 大片土地;当班图斯坦出现时,他们已准备好登上王位。但殖民者最喜欢的是纳尔逊·M先生,即所谓的国父。为什么今天南非被称为世界上最不平等的国家。
Alex B, You still need your history book guy, what you tend to see now with your said two eyes are the result of those chapter you ignore.
你仍然需要你的历史书,伙计。你现在用你所谓的两只眼睛看到的,只是你忽视的那些历史章节的结果。
Aderyn, There is nothing uncivilized about Tribal Societies. Washington DC, a tribal society, is the exception.
部落社会并没有什么不文明的地方。华盛顿特区这个部落社会才是例外。
The Brits like to hold themselves out to be highly civilized. In fact, the Royals and their minions are nothing but pirates, cutthroats, murderers, thieves, swindlers, fraudsters, gangsters, thugs, and worst of all bankers.
英国人爱标榜自己高度文明。实则,皇室及其爪牙不过是海盗、刽子手、杀人犯、小偷、骗子、诈骗犯、黑帮、暴徒,最可恶的是银行家。
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