美国一直有问题吗?还是过去更好?-网帖翻译-龙腾网

Toma? Vargazon
Yes.
Like any nation, America always had problems and some of the problems it has now are recent.
America in 1950s

当然。
和任何国家一样，美国也总是面临各种问题，其中一些是最近才出现的。
美国在1950年代

The 1950s and 60s, the ideolized golden age, were great, provided you were a white male. If you were a white female things were bearable I guess. You wouldn’t be independent and might need your husband to get money from a bank or do anything other than cook and care for children, but the life had upsides as well. Do you know the Simpsons house, from the Simpsons? It has three bedrooms, a large living room, a garage, a front yard … Simpsons have two cars and all that on a single salary of a worker without a college degree. This was normal at the time. Life for a white housewife in 1950s and 60s wasn’t terrible, it had downsides compared to today of course, but it also had upsides compared to today.

20世纪50年代和60年代被理想化为黄金时代，那时候确实很好，前提是你是白人男性。如果你是白人女性，生活也许还算过得去。虽然你可能没有独立性，需要依靠丈夫从银行借钱或处理其他事务，除了做饭和照顾孩子，但生活中也有其好的一面。你知道《辛普森一家》的房子吗？它有三间卧室，一个大客厅，一个车库，还有一个前院……辛普森一家拥有两辆车，而这一切都是靠一个没有大学学位的工人的薪水来维持的。这在当时是很正常的。对于20世纪50年代和60年代的白人家庭主妇来说，生活并不糟糕，当然和今天相比有其缺点，但相较于今天也有不少优点。

Being a minority on the other hand was terrible. Black in particular were singled out, held in appartheid conditions, refused the right to vote, with abysmal social mobility. Areas designated for their settlements were pretty much always the worst areas to settle, with little to no public spending devoted to those areas.

然而，如果你是少数族裔，尤其是黑人，生活就非常艰难。他们被单独挑出来，生活在种族隔离的条件下，被剥夺了投票权，社会流动性极差。为他们指定的居住区域通常是最不适合居住的地方，而且几乎没有公共资金投入到这些区域。

Since 1950s and 60s some things got worse, some got better. It’s now prime time to be a millionare or billionare, they were heavily taxed during the golden era. Ordinary workers have it worse, much worse. Women are more independent than they were back then, it’s now unthinkable to ask a woman for her husband’s signature when she tries to open a bank account and that’s a good thing. Things are better if you’re a minority too, although still far from ideal.

从1950年代和1960年代到现在，有些情况变得更糟，有些则有所改善。现在，成为百万富翁或亿万富翁是最佳时机，因为在那个黄金时代，他们会被征收重税。普通工人的处境则变得更糟，尤其是与过去相比。女性比过去更加独立，现在要求女性在开银行账户时提供丈夫的签名是不可想象的，这是一个积极的变化。如果你是少数族裔，尽管仍然有很多不足，情况也有所改善。

Bringing back the good things from 1950s and 60s while preserving the corrections of the downsides of that era is a worthy goal to strive for.

在保留20世纪50年代和60年代美好事物的同时，改正那个时代的缺点，是一个值得追求的目标。

Fredric Henning
Yeah, 50 years ago…. tell me about it. We could not buy a house, because my wife was the only one with a “permanent” job. That did not count. My teaching at the local university was on a year-to-year bases. That did not count. Racial riots broke out and the national guard trained all its guns on the ghetto. But, we lived within bullet range across the street. So, we packed up our shit and left for Europe, a more civilized place. Very peaceful here.

是啊，50年前的事……跟我说说吧。那时我们买不起房子，因为我妻子是唯一有“固定”工作的，但这并不算数。我在当地大学的工作是按年续约的，这也没什么用。种族骚乱爆发，国民警卫队将所有武器对准贫民区，而我们就住在对面，正好在子弹射程内。所以，我们收拾好行李，离开了，去了欧洲，一个更文明的地方，这里非常和平。

Kevin Goetz
The US race riots were .mostly 56–59 years ago,.except for LA, 1993

美国的种族暴动大多数发生在56到59年前——除了1993年的洛杉矶。

Thomas Jackson
1965 to 1968!

1965年到1968年！

Maarten van den Driest
The group who had it great in that period wasn't exactly white males. It was white cis-gender heterosexual protestant males with the right political leanings.
Overall, your answer is right of course.
EDIT: Cis a slur? Really now. Doesn't your holy book forbid bearing false witness, by the way?
EDIT 2: The reply that accused me of hate speech and mentioned the ‘Netherlands police’ had been notified seems to be gone. Oh well.
For those who don't know yet, cis- means same. Cis-gender means that the gender identity of some person matches the physical body. Cis-lunar is the opposite of trans-lunar, referring to the position of the Moon. It's just a Latin preposition, people. The word cissy/sissy is entirely unrelated.

在那个时期，受益最多的群体并不仅仅是白人男性，而是那些拥有正确政治倾向的白人顺性别异性恋新教男性。当然，你的回答总体上是正确的。
编辑：顺性别是个侮辱词吗？真的？顺便问一下，你们的圣书不是禁止作假见证吗？
编辑2：那个指责我仇恨言论并提到“荷兰警方已被通知”的回复似乎不见了。好吧。
对于那些还不清楚的人来说，“cis-”是指“相同”。顺性别是指某人的性别认同与其生理性别一致。顺月球是与“跨月球”相对的，指的是月球的位置。这只是一个拉丁语前缀，词汇“cissy/sissy”完全没有关系。

Toma? Vargazon
They had it best of course. But all white males had it pretty good overall.

他们当然过得最好。但总的来说，所有白人男性都过得相当不错。

Maarten van den Driest
True.

确实。

Peter Park
In the 1950’s, I think most or at least quite many of us were sort of vaguely aware of Christine Jorgenson, one of our very first transgendereds, but I think she/he was seen as a super-rare once-ion-a-blue-moon oddity, a curious freak, but not a threat to anybody—I don;t think many people thought the “trans” phenomenon would ever become at all common or frrquent (except maybe a few science-fiction writers).

在1950年代，我想我们大多数人，或者至少相当多的人，都隐约听说过克里斯汀·乔治森，她是我们最早的跨性别者之一，但我认为她/他被视为一种超级罕见的、千载难逢的怪事，一个奇怪的怪物，但对任何人都不构成威胁——我不认为很多人会认为“跨性别”现象会变得普遍或频繁（也许只有少数科幻作家会这么想）。

Thomas Southerland
That is because they are weirdos

那是因为他们是怪人。

Ben Synnock
Is it reasonable to make up labels for groups of people without their consent?

在没有他们同意的情况下为人群编造标签是合理的吗？

John Boebinger
And his Catholicism was a major negative issue in that campaign. It would be 60 years before another Catholic would be elected President.

他的天主教信仰在那次竞选中是一个主要的负面问题。直到60年后才有另一位天主教徒当选总统。

J Schmidt
Wouldn’t “cis” and “hetero” be redundant? I don’t like being labeled by things I haven’t labeled myself as. Why would the labelers want to be so dramatically hypocritical?

“顺性别”和“异性恋”难道不是重复的定义吗？我不喜欢被贴上那些我自己没有选择的标签。为什么给别人贴标签的人会如此明显地表现出虚伪？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Kane
Do you identify with the gender you were assigned at birth? Then you are cisgender Are you exclusively attracted to people of the opposite gender? If so, you're likely heterosexual/romantic (you can identify otherwise, sexuality is just as odd as gender. However it's also more "open", by virtue of the fact that a door can swing any way it wants by virture of an accident) You don't get to pick the labels applied to you, you also don't just get to "opt out" of being heterosexual or "straight" if you prefer. Can't exactly stop your feelings, and everything needs a label

你认同自己出生时被赋予的性别吗？如果是，那你就是顺性别。你是否只对异性产生吸引？如果是，那你可能是异性恋者（当然，你可以有其他的认同，性取向就像性别一样复杂，但由于其本质，它通常更为“开放”，因为人们的情感可以向任何方向发展）。你无法选择被贴上的标签，也不能选择“摆脱”异性恋的身份。如果你产生的感觉就是那样，那就没法阻止。

Maarten van den Driest
Well, a transgender person who has had every possible treatment and operation is as close to their internal gender as they are going to get. It might with some reason be said they were transgender and are now cis-gender. I don't know if the transgender community itself agrees with that use of the word. In general, cis-gender just refers to people born with an innate experience that matches their body. The thing is that many people just think they are normal and then fell shocked there is even a term for them, for all it is neutral.

接受了所有可能治疗和手术的跨性别者，与他们内心性别的匹配程度是他们能达到的极限。从某种意义上说，可以说他们曾是跨性别者，现在是顺性别者。我不知道跨性别者社区是否认可这种用法。通常来说，顺性别指的是那些与自己身体的内在体验相匹配的人。问题在于，许多人认为自己是正常的，当他们发现还有一个术语来描述自己时，会感到震惊，尽管这个术语是中性的。

A.S.
No such a thing as cisgender.

没有“顺性别”这种说法。

Just a Nother Joe
The 50’s and the 60’s were very different times. Combining the two is not easy because they were so different. The fifties was General Motors, Dow Chemical, IBM corporate life and rapid growth of the middle class. (A catchphrase of the day What’s good for GM, is good for the country. Paraphrase of CE Wilson) GI’s were using the GI Bill to get educated and others expanded family businesses etc. TV was taking over radio and movies as family entertainment. The main idea was to keep things going along as they were. Keep the consumer culture alive. Buy an “automatic” appliance and get rid of that old thing- whatever it was.

上个世纪50年代和60年代是两个截然不同的时代，将它们相提并论并不容易，因为它们的差异实在太大。50年代是通用汽车、陶氏化学、IBM等大公司的时代，也是中产阶级迅速壮大的时期。那时流行一句话：“通用汽车好，国家就好”，这是通用汽车CEO威尔逊的名言。二战老兵们利用退伍军人福利法案接受教育，其他人则扩展家族生意。电视开始取代广播和电影，成为家庭娱乐的新宠。当时的主流思想是保持现状，维持消费文化的活力，鼓励人们购买“自动”电器，淘汰旧物品。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Along with the growing popularity of TV was a teenager culture. Kids began pushing for independence. Targeted by the entertainment industry, the disposable income of teens was irresistible. Top 40 radio was born and aimed at kids. A Disc Jockey from that time, Bruce Morrow once said “if they ever find a cure for pimples, we’re out of business!” And the civil rights movement was just noise to most people.

随着电视的普及，青少年文化也应运而生。孩子们开始追求独立，娱乐业看中了青少年的可支配收入，这笔钱对他们来说是无法抗拒的。于是，针对青少年的Top 40广播应运而生。当时的一位著名DJ布鲁斯·莫罗曾开玩笑说：“如果有人找到治疗青春痘的方法，我们就要失业了！”而民权运动在当时大多数人看来，不过是些噪音。

The sixties really began with John F Kennedy. Young, handsome, and a beautiful young wife, two cute kids, they heralded a whole new direction for America. The “Youth Movement” was underway! The Beatles appeared on the Ed Sullivan Show in 1964. That was the beginning of huge cultural change in hair, clothes, music, everything else. Sex Drugs and Rock and Roll and the first Human Be-in in’67 and the country was exposed to hippies. It was the Summer of Love.

60年代真正开始于约翰·F·肯尼迪的当选。他年轻、英俊，有着美丽的妻子和可爱的孩子，他们象征着美国全新的方向。“青年运动”开始了！1964年，披头士乐队在埃德·沙利文秀上亮相，这标志着在发型、服饰、音乐等各个方面的巨大文化变革的开始。性、药品和摇滚乐成为时代的标志，1967年的“爱之夏”让这个国家接触到了嬉皮士文化。

On the dark side of the sixties were the assassinations of JFK and MLK. Race riots were all over the country. 27 in 1967 alone according to Wikipedia. The war in Vietnam and the anti war protests in college campuses. The Hard Hats pelted protesters with bottles and pulled on their long hair for fun. Lyndon Johnson chose not to run for reelection because the Democrats were tearing themselves apart while rioting was going on outside the ‘68 convention in Chicago.
The 1950s were quite tame compared to the upheavals of the 60s. I was alive for both decades and I remember seeing all kinds of stuff.

然而，60年代也有其阴暗面，包括肯尼迪和马丁·路德·金的遇刺，以及遍布全国的种族暴动。仅1967年，根据维基百科的记录，就有27起暴动。越南战争和大学校园里的反战抗议也是那个时代的特色。“安全帽”向抗议者投掷瓶子，扯他们的长发取乐。林登·约翰逊选择不竞选连任，因为民主党人正在分裂，而1968年在芝加哥举行的全国代表大会外发生了骚乱。
与60年代的动荡相比，50年代显得相当平静。我亲身经历了这两个十年，目睹了各种变迁。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Save Your Bacon
It is important in recognising why the 1950’s in the USA were a much better time for most Americans than today. The new deal increased taxes on the rich, and they paid their fair share, with the highest marginal rate of tax being 91%. World War 2, following on from the depression, had spurre the growth of the national debt to a historic high of 120% of GDP in 1946.
But 1947 to 1949 were surplus years, and by 1951, the debt had been paid down to 78% of GDP. The debt continued to shrink, with four surpluses during the 1950’s, so by 1960 it had fallen to 54% of GDP.

理解为什么1950年代对大多数美国人来说比现在好得多是重要的。新政对富人增税，他们支付了公平的份额，最高的边际税率达到了91%。继大萧条之后，第二次世界大战使得国债在1946年达到了GDP的120%的历史最高点。
但是1947年到1949年是财政盈余的年份，到了1951年，债务已经降至GDP的78%。随着1950年代的四次财政盈余，债务继续减少，到1960年已经降到了GDP的54%。

During this period, the right combination of fiscal, monetary and tax policies ensured a distribution of the national income and tax burden which was fair to everyone, as long as they were white, so all (white) groups had a share in the nation’s prosperity. This afforded the maximum possible economic growth, leading to an upward trend in living standards.
The recession starting in 1959 led to the highest unemployment since the war, so the new Administration needed to get the economy moving.

在这段时间里，恰当的财政、货币和税收政策组合确保了国民收入和税收负担的公平分配，至少对于白人来说是这样，因此所有（白人）群体都能分享国家繁荣的成果。这带来了最大的经济增长，生活水平呈现上升趋势。
1959年开始的经济衰退导致了自战争以来最高的失业率，因此新一届政府需要让经济重新运转。

President Kennedy asked for across-the-board tax cuts which reduced the maximum marginal rate to 78%. These were the last tax cuts which were affordable for the USA (the cuts implemented by Reagan, George W. and Trump were not affordable and had disastrous consequences for the economy) because they brought revenue and outlays into balance, with small deficits.

肯尼迪总统提出了全面的减税措施，将最高边际税率降至78%。这是美国最后一次能够负担得起的减税（里根、乔治·W·布什和特朗普实施的减税措施是无法负担的，并对经济造成了灾难性后果），因为它们使收入和支出达到了平衡，只产生了微小的赤字。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Importantly, although the deficits caused the debt to grow each year in the dollar amount, it continued to shrink as a proportion of GDP, although at a slower rate than when the budget was in surplus, because the economy was growing faster than the debt. Moreover, in this situation, although interest on the debt also grew each year, it was shrinking as a proportion of each year’s budget outlays, because taxes were growing faster than interest. The national debt was a problem which was contained.
The extra demand spurred by these tax cuts caused economic growth to surge, and set the economy up for the prosperity of the mid- to late 60’s.

重要的是，虽然赤字导致债务总额每年都在增加，但相对于国内生产总值（GDP）的比例却在缩小，不过缩小的速度没有预算盈余时快，因为经济增长速度超过了债务增长速度。此外，在这种情况下，尽管债务利息每年也在增加，但它在年度预算支出中所占的比例却在减少，因为税收增长速度超过了利息增长速度。国债问题得到了有效控制。
这些减税措施带来的额外需求促使经济增长迅猛，为60年代中期到晚期的繁荣打下了基础。

The tax cuts implemented under Reagan, George W. and Trump were disastrous because they caused the growth of the national debt to surge, with it growing much faster than the economy, and the cost of interest to also surge, growing muchg faster than tax revenues. In this situation, and ever-increasing proportion of the national income must be expended servicing the debt, leaving an ever-reducing proportion to serve as the national income. The rich continue to get their oversized share, while most other Americans are plagued with ever-declining living standards.

里根、乔治·W·布什和特朗普实施的减税政策是灾难性的，因为这些政策导致国家债务迅速增长，增速远远超过经济增长，利息成本也随之飙升，增长速度大大超过税收。在这种情况下，国家收入中越来越大的一部分必须用于偿还债务，而留给其他用途的比例则不断减少。富人们继续获得超额的财富，而大多数美国人的生活水平却在不断下降。

This is the principal reason for the slide in living standards which most Americans have had to endure since 1981.
No country has ever been able to continue indefinitely with its government debt growing faster than its economy. Greece, for example. Throughout history, this has been the classic cause of end-of-empire, where a great nation projects its military might around its region or the world, but eventually it must borrow in ever larger amounts due to the ever-expanding military budget. The eventual consequence is that it loses control of its debt and military spending has to be slashed, leading to reduced influence and diminished importance among the community of nations.

这就是自1981年以来大多数美国人不得不忍受生活水平下降的主要原因。没
有哪个国家能在政府债务增长速度超过经济增长的情况下无限期维持下去，比如希腊。纵观历史，这一直是帝国衰落的经典原因：一个大国在其地区或全球展示军事力量，但最终由于不断扩大的军事预算，它不得不借入越来越多的资金。最终的结果是，它失去了对债务的控制，必须削减军事支出，从而导致在国际社会中的影响力和重要性下降。

This is the fate in store for the USA unless it moves its budget towards balance by raising a great deal more revenue. The economy must be restored to a sustainable fiscal trajectory where the economy is growing faster than the debt and tax revenue is growing faster than interest (a budget in surplus, so the debt can shrink in the dollar amount as well would be even better.
If this is not done, the USA will continue in decline towards eventual total collapse, and then the world order will be remade to suit the tastes of * and Vlad.

除非美国通过增加大量收入来实现预算平衡，否则它将面临这样的命运。经济必须恢复到可持续的财政轨道，确保经济增长速度快于债务增长，税收增长速度快于利息增长（实现预算盈余，债务金额也能减少则更好）。如果不采取这些措施，美国将继续走向衰退，最终可能导致全面崩溃，届时世界秩序将会被重新塑造，以适应*和普京的利益。

I regard the year 1962 as the high point of the American Experiment, and the American Dream. I can’t imagine any ordinary American saying that conditions today are better than they were then, in terms of affordability of a decent lifestyle for most people.
So the question which needs to be asked is this: What caused this to happen?

我认为1962年是美国实验和美国梦的巅峰。我无法想象任何普通美国人会说今天的生活条件在大多数人能负担得起的体面生活方面比那时更好。因此，我们需要问的问题是：是什么导致了这种变化？

The rich nowadays and for many years have been using their wealth and power through their lobbyists to ensure the process of government puts their interests ahead of the common good of all, with ever-lower taxes and ever-greater tax breaks. This has shifted the distribution of the national income overwhelmingly in their favor and resulted in revenue being slashed, spurring the growth of the national debt.
This guarantees ever-declining living standards for most Americans. And yet, they continue to vote Republican, contrary to their own vital interests. Why would ordinary people vote for the same candidates as the rich? It doesn’t make any sense.

如今，富人们多年来通过游说者利用他们的财富和权力，确保政府的决策优先考虑他们的利益，而不是全体人民的共同利益，享受越来越低的税率和更大的税收减免。这使得国家收入的分配极大地偏向他们，导致政府收入大幅减少，进一步加剧了国家债务的增长。
这使得大多数美国人的生活水平持续下降。然而，他们仍然选择投票给共和党，这与他们自身的切身利益背道而驰。为什么普通人会和富人投票给同样的候选人呢?这怎么都说不通啊。

Peeter P?ldmaa
When billionaires and millionaires were heavily taxed there were less inequality in society and workers had better lives. Nowadays billionaires pay almost no taxes at all while workers and customers pay for everything.

在亿万富翁和百万富翁受到重税时，社会的不平等现象较少，工人的生活也更好。如今，亿万富翁几乎不需要缴纳任何税款，而工人和消费者却要承担所有的费用。

Bill Pelton
In 1966, skilled unx craftsmen earned $ 3.00/ hour, laborers $ 2.00/ hour. Our laborers bought houses in San Francisco with that wage.

在1966年，工会熟练的工匠的时薪为3.00美元，劳工的时薪为2.00美元。我们的劳工凭借这份工资在旧金山买得起房子。