为什么罗马人没有广泛使用弓箭手？
Why didn't the Romans make extensive use of archers?
译文简介
网友：罗马人有弓箭手。在早期帝国时期，罗马军队中出现了常规的步兵和骑兵弓箭手辅助部队。大多数部队可能配备了一些弓箭手，以增强其独立作战的能力。那个时期的浮雕似乎显示了普通部队中的人员使用弓箭。大约三分之二的弓箭手是步兵，三分之一是骑兵弓箭手。这些比例在罗马人同东部敌人冲突后有所调整，尤其是与依赖骑射的帕提亚人作战，帕提亚人在公元前1世纪的卡拉埃战役中对克拉苏的灾难性失败起到了决定性作用。
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The Romans had archers. Regular auxiliary units of foot and horse archers appeared in the Roman army during the early empire. Most formations probably possessed some archers to increase their capacity for independent operations. Bas reliefs from the period appear to show personnel in ordinary units employing bows. Roughly two thirds of all archers were on foot and one third were horse archers. These proportions were revisited after the Romans came into conflict with eastern enemies who relied heavily on mounted archery, notably the Parthians, who were decisive in Crassus's disastrous defeat in the Battle of Carrhae in the 1st century BC.
罗马人有弓箭手。在早期帝国时期，罗马军队中出现了常规的步兵和骑兵弓箭手辅助部队。大多数部队可能配备了一些弓箭手，以增强其独立作战的能力。那个时期的浮雕似乎显示了普通部队中的人员使用弓箭。大约三分之二的弓箭手是步兵，三分之一是骑兵弓箭手。这些比例在罗马人同东部敌人冲突后有所调整，尤其是与依赖骑射的帕提亚人作战，帕提亚人在公元前1世纪的卡拉埃战役中对克拉苏的灾难性失败起到了决定性作用。
Sagittarii units in the Roman forces recorded in the 2nd Century AD were: eight alae sagittariorum (mounted archers), eighteen cohortes sagittariorum (foot archers) and six cohortes sagittariorum equitatae (mixed foot/mounted archers). These 32 units (of which four were miliaria of 1000 men) would have comprised officially 17,600 archers. They were predominantly of Syrian origin, just one unit, Cohors I Cretum Equites Sagittarii bearing the name of the Cretan archers who had traditionally served the Republic. Of the 32 sagittarii units attested in mid 2nd century AD, thirteen have Syrian names, seven Thracian, five from Asia Minor, one from Crete, and the remaining six of other or uncertain origin. There was at least one Equites Sagittarii unit in Britain during the Late Roman period, the Equites Syri, almost certainly a detachment (vexillatio).
在公元2世纪的罗马军队中，记录了以下Sagittarii部队：八个骑兵弓箭手连（alae sagittariorum）、十八个步兵大队（cohortes sagittariorum）和六个混合步兵大队（cohortes sagittariorum equitatae）。这32个单位（其中四个为1000人的miliaria）官方统计共有17600名弓箭手。他们主要来自叙利亚，只有一个单位，即Cohors I Cretum Equites Sagittarii，以传统上服务于共和国的克里特弓箭手命名。在公元2世纪中期所证实的32个弓箭手单位中，十三个有叙利亚名字，七个有色雷斯名字，五个来自小亚细亚，一个来自克里特，其余六个来源不明确或其他。在晚期罗马时期，英国至少有一个Equites Sagittarii单位，即Equites Syri，几乎可以肯定是一个分遣队（vexillatio）。
弓箭手配备了复合弓（arcus），这种弓由角、木材和筋腱制成，并用动物皮胶粘合在一起，射出的箭（sagitta）由木头制成，箭头类似于中世纪时期使用的金属箭头。每名弓箭手通常携带30至40支箭在箭袋中。
弓箭手有时被用作游击队员，或者部署在重步兵的后方提供掩护火力。除了全尺寸的箭矢，罗马弓箭手还可以发射小箭或飞镖，通过一个称为“片箭”的木质通道发射。这些飞镖的射程约为全尺寸箭矢的两倍，但缺乏空气动力学稳定性，无法击中特定目标。无论如何，同时有成千上万的箭矢或飞镖雨点般落在敌军头上，肯定是噩梦般的场景。
The Romans made good use of everything that could kill an enemy.
Aknowledging the use of the bow… whilst riding or on foot.. Was not their strong point they made good use of Allies who were born in the saddle and a bow in their hands.
罗马人善于利用所有可以杀死敌人的武器。虽然弓箭的使用——无论是骑马还是步行——并不是他们的强项，但他们充分利用了那些骑术高超、擅长使用弓箭的盟友。
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罗马人擅长的，是利用更加致命的专业散兵部队——投石器。投石器致命、准确，而且可以放在口袋里。根据我的了解，大多数罗马军团士兵都能以不同的技能水平使用投石器，但他们的侦察投石手和游击队员能在50码的距离内有9次中的10次将石块或铅弹射中敌人的眼睛。
Once you fire all your arrows your pretty much snookered… with the sling a little round rock can keep you in the fight.
在公元9年德意志森林对决中，当阿米尼乌斯带领的部落联合起来击败罗马的三个军团时，最终的战斗场景中，第一批战斗迹象和最后的抵抗都被投石器散落在四周。投石器的快速发射和轻便性在被胜利的部落战士不断骚扰的情况下显得尤为重要。投石器可以用小石块持续打击敌人，而弓箭用完后就基本无用。
The Romans actually did make extensive use of archers, especially during the later periods of the Roman Empire. Archery was an important component of Roman military tactics, and archers were commonly used in various roles within the Roman army.
However, the Romans are perhaps more famous for their highly disciplined infantry, particularly the legions, which were the backbone of the Roman military. The Roman legions were renowned for their organization, training, and effectiveness in close combat. As a result, the Roman army placed a strong emphasis on infantry tactics and formations.
罗马人确实广泛使用弓箭手，特别是在罗马帝国后期。弓箭术是罗马军事战术的重要组成部分，弓箭手在罗马军队中常常担任各种角色。
然而，罗马人更为人知的是他们高度纪律化的步兵，特别是罗马军团，后者是罗马军队的骨干。罗马军团以其组织性、训练有素和近战中的有效性而闻名。因此，罗马军队非常重视步兵战术和阵型。
While the Roman army did not rely solely on archers, they were an important component of Roman military strategy and were used in various capacities throughout the history of the Roman Empire.
弓箭手在罗马军队中确实存在，并在战斗中发挥了重要作用，尤其是在交战前提供远程支援或在围攻战中。罗马弓箭手通常使用复合弓，这种弓在近程和远程作战中都很有效。弓箭手通常与步兵和骑兵等其他部队配合使用，以创建一个全面而多功能的军事力量。
虽然罗马军队并不完全依赖弓箭手，但弓箭手是罗马军事战略的重要组成部分，在罗马帝国的历史中以各种方式被使用。
Rome simply did not have a tradition for archery. It was only with the introduction of Greek, Persian and Gaulish auxiliaries that archers came to the Roman armies.
Furthermore, bows in this period were far from the power they later demonstrated. By comparison, a skilled slinger, like those from Rhodes, could send a ball of lead faster, further and harder than an arrow. In the Gallic Wars, a type of lead shot was used that had a hole drilled through its center. When hurled it produced a haunting whine, like a bird from Hades.
罗马确实没有弓箭的传统。只有在引入希腊、波斯和高卢的辅助部队后，弓箭手才进入了罗马军队。
此外，在那个时期的弓箭远没有后来的强大。相比之下，一名熟练的投石者，比如来自罗得岛的投石者，可以将铅球投得更快、更远、更有力，比箭矢更具威力。在高卢战争中，一种铅弹被使用，其中心有一个孔。当它被投掷时，会发出一种令人毛骨悚然的嗡嗡声，像是来自地狱的鸟鸣。
罗马自共和国成立之前就已经使用投石手（funditores）。他们非常清楚投石器的使用方法和地点。需要注意的是，这并不是贬低弓箭，而是当时很少有文化能拥有能够超越熟练投石手的弓。
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You’re kidding, right? Roman archers were legendary for their long-distance firepower. Using insane 175-lb-draw recurve bows, they could rain arrows down on the enemy at over a mile away, long before close-quarter combat commenced.
你在开玩笑吧？罗马弓箭手以其远程火力而闻名。他们使用拉力高达175磅的复合弓，可以在接近战斗之前，从超过一英里远的地方向敌人射箭。
They did. The Romans were the most advanced Army of their time. Much like the American Soldier is today. They used archers a great deal. Along with catapults , and other aerial assault devices.
确实如此。罗马是当时最先进的军队，就像今天的美军一样。他们大量使用弓箭手，除了弓箭手，还有投石机和其他空中攻击装置。
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Roman legionary training included training in the use of both bows and slings. In the Later Empire, Justinians Brucelarii were a combined arms formation which included bows as part of the standard equipment and as others have commented, they made use of auxillary units of archers both foot and mounted.
罗马军团的训练包括弓箭和投石器的使用。在后期帝国时期，贾斯丁尼安的布鲁塞拉里（Brucelarii）是一个综合兵种部队，其中包括弓箭作为标准装备。正如其他人所评论的，他们利用了包括步兵和骑兵的弓箭手辅助部队。
Simply, the Romans were practical people and wanted an effective army. Speaking about pre-gunpowder warfare, the real job on the battlefield was done by the infantry.
Cavalry was extremely useful in some situations, but it was not the spearhead of the operations.
Archers were sometimes rather effective, but, in general, wars were not won by the armies with the best archers. They were often used as a support unit. That is what the Romans did. They focused on their infantry and used other units as support.
简单来说，罗马人是实用主义者，追求有效的军队。在没有火药的战争时代，战场上的真正战斗主要由步兵完成。骑兵在某些情况下非常有用，但它不是作战的主力。
弓箭手有时也相当有效，但一般来说，战争的胜利并不是由拥有最强弓箭手的军队决定的。弓箭手通常作为支援部队使用，这正是罗马的做法。他们专注于步兵，利用其他部队作为支援。
一些军队拥有非常强大的弓箭手，甚至是骑射手，无论在古代还是中世纪，这些弓箭手在一些战斗中能够击败步兵和骑兵，但这种情况比较少见。战争（以及现在的战争）往往由能够组建一支平衡部队的军队获胜。历史教训我们，这意味着军队主要由强大且训练有素的步兵组成，骑兵和弓箭手作为有用的辅助部队。就像黄金时代的罗马军队一样。
Probably because they had not been invented.
The Romans were never big on archery, they preferred to fight with javelin and sword. When they did have archers on hand, they usually came from foreign auxiliaries such as the Cretan bowmen provided by King Heiro of Syracuse during the Second Punic War.
Other cultures of the time did not disdain archery and it was a big factor in the Roman defeat at the Battle of Carrhae, and probably the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest as well. It is amazing to me that the Romans were so successful at battle without significant use of archery.
这可能是因为弓箭当时还没有被发明。罗马人对弓箭并不热衷，他们更喜欢使用标枪和剑作战。当他们需要弓箭手时，通常来自外国辅助部队，比如第二次布匿战争期间由叙拉古的希罗王提供的克里特弓箭手。其他当时的文化并不轻视弓箭，这也是罗马在卡拉埃战役以及可能在德意志森林战役中失败的一个重要因素。令我惊讶的是，罗马人在没有显著使用弓箭的情况下还能如此成功地作战。
They kind of did… they used these mini ballista’s called Scorpions that were cool.
But like, actual, man portable crossbows were a Medi invention. And also, the Romans just plain didn’t need a crossbow, they had Pilum for their mainline troops and plenty of archer cultures to draw from for auxiliary ranged troops. So, something were most of the effort is spent making the thing and then you can train a dude to be decent in like, a month or less, wasn’t valuable to them.
他们确实有类似的东西……他们使用了一种叫做“蝎子”的小型弩，挺酷的。不过，真正的便携式弩是中世纪的发明。而且，罗马人根本不需要弩，他们有皮鲁姆作为主力部队的武器，还有许多弓箭文化可以用作辅助远程部队。因此，对于罗马人来说，那些花费大量精力制作的武器并不值当，因为他们可以在一个月甚至更短的时间内训练出一个合格的士兵。
They had something similar - although there is little physical evidence of their arcuballistas to be any more conclusive.
他们确实有类似的东西——尽管几乎没有实物证据能确认他们的弓弩是否更为明确。
If you mean the Roman army, they had no great tradition of archery, so they used to hire mercenaries as auxiliaries to perform that function. Often people from the island of Crete. It takes a long time to train a decent archer, and if you haven’t got the tradition it simply easier and cheaper to hire other people. On the other hand, they did have small arrow throwing artillery, which was mechanical so it didn’t need any great expertise or strength to operate.
如果你指的是罗马军队，他们没有强大的弓箭传统，因此他们通常雇佣雇佣兵作为辅助兵种来执行弓箭任务。这些弓箭手通常来自克里特岛。培养一名优秀的弓箭手需要很长时间，而如果你没有这个传统，那么雇佣其他人更容易、更便宜。另一方面，他们确实有一些小型箭射机械装置，这些装置是机械化的，因此操作时不需要特别大的专业技能或力量。
Ancient armies didn’t use bowmen more often because bowmen are practically helpless against cavalry, once it reaches them and bowmen are of limited use against heavily armored cavalry. Having said that, bowmen saw plenty of action in ancient battles and even more in the defense of fortified cities and castles.
古代军队没有更频繁地使用弓箭手，因为弓箭手在骑兵接近后几乎无能为力，而且弓箭手对重装骑兵的效果有限。尽管如此，弓箭手在古代战斗中还是经常出现，尤其是在防守有堡垒的城市和城堡时。
Archers were a feature of the Eurasian steppes. Fast moving militia on horseback.
The Hyksos from Phoenicia introduced the chariot into Egypt in the 16th century BC.
The Romans were essentially foot soldiers. Their equipment was a shield, sword and 2 spears.
弓箭手是欧亚大草原上的一种兵种。快速移动的骑兵民兵。公元前16世纪，腓尼基的希克索斯人将战车引入埃及。罗马人基本上是步兵，他们的装备包括盾牌、剑和两支长矛。
Archers were largely superfluous on the Roman battlefield.
Archers were tactically clumsy for the Romans. They were always positioned behind the shield wall to indirectly launch arrows at the enemy.
Ancient bows were not very powerful and there really weren't that many archers in Roman lands.
Stone slingers we're just as useful in far less expensive.
弓箭手在罗马战场上基本上是多余的。弓箭手在战术上对罗马人来说比较笨拙。他们总是被安排在盾墙后面，以间接方式向敌人发射箭矢。古代弓的威力不大，而且罗马地区的弓箭手数量并不多。石子投掷器的效果一样好，而且成本更低。
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Oh, they most certainly did use bows and arrows as ranged weapons quite often.
The problem is that you were just not around to see it, and unlike people who know this, you were unwilling to do research.
I can assure you, bows and arrows were used often enough, until black-powder and later modern gun-powders were developed, along with the weapons they were used in.
哦，他们确实很常使用弓箭作为远程武器。问题在于你可能没机会看到这一点，而不像那些了解这情况的人，你不愿意做研究。我可以向你保证，弓箭在黑火药和后来现代火药及其武器发展之前被使用得非常频繁。