英国和美国的关系有多好?（下）

Andreas Rankine
What is the "special relationship" between the United States and the United Kingdom?
I always assumed the ‘Special Relationship’ was an incredibly cringeworthy imaginary concept that British newspapers and politicians liked to refer to. My toes curl every time I hear the phrase. I think there probably is a very two-way intelligence-sharing arrangement, plus a military relationship via NATO and an unspoken rule to back each other up in public arenas (although that didn’t happen with Reagan over the Falklands conflict, so who knows). And the US exclusively supply the UK with a missile launch and delivery system for the UK’s nuclear warheads. Economically they are each other’s largest investors, and around a million people work for UK companies in the US, and more than one million people work for US companies in the UK. But I think the only country that could truly be regarded as having a legitimate ‘special relationship’ with the US is Israel.
 
美国和英国之间的“特殊关系”是什么回事？
我一直以为“特殊关系”是英国报纸和政客们喜欢提及的一个令人难以置信的令人尴尬的虚构概念。每次听到这个说法，我都感到不舒服。我认为，两国之间确实存在彼此情报共享机制，以及通过北约建立的军事联系，还有一个在公共场合互相支持的默契（尽管在福克兰群岛冲突期间，这一点并没有得到体现，所以具体情况也未可知）。美国还专门向英国提供用于英国核弹头的导弹发射和运载系统。在经济上，它们互为最大的投资方，约有一百万人在英国的美资公司工作。但我认为，唯一真正可以被视为与美国有合法‘特殊关系’的国家是以色列。
 
Ernest W. Adams
Do you think that the ‘special relationship’ still exists between the US and Britain?
Yes, because the Special Relationship is about geopolitical policy and intelligence-sharing. Our intelligence agencies still do this. However, it's not strong at present because the British government knows that Trump is in the pocket of the Russians. It's probably very careful about what it shares these days.
The United States Navy and the Royal Navy are partners in a number of important ongoing missions, especially keeping the Straits of Hormuz open. That's part of the Special Relationship too.
 
你认为美国和英国之间仍然存在‘特殊关系’吗？
是的，因为特殊关系涉及地缘政治和情报共享。我们的情报机构仍然在进行这些活动。然而，目前这种关系并不十分牢固，因为英国政府意识到特朗普受到了俄罗斯的影响。如今，英国在共享信息时可能非常谨慎。
美国海军和英国皇家海军在许多重要任务中是合作伙伴，尤其是确保霍尔木兹海峡（在伊朗和阿拉伯半岛之间）的畅通，这也是“特殊关系”的一部分。
 
on Diplomacy & Warfare ·
 How close is the relationship between the US and the UK?
It isn’t. Thank Senile Joe for that. From removing the bust of Churchill from the Oval Office to his ridiculous support of an incompetent German “politician” to head NATO, via his rejection of a UK/US trade deal, he has done his damnest to destroy our relationship.
Fifty years of idiocy in government, and in spite of his English ancestry he loathes the UK. The plastic paddy is a world-wide laughing stock, bringing the USA down with him.
His understanding of international relations, or indeed anything, would disgrace a five year old child (whom increasingly he resembles) . The sooner he is gone the better for the whole world, and the UK’s relationship with the US.
 
美国和英国之间的关系有多紧密？
并不紧密。这要感谢乔·拜登，从他移除白宫椭圆形办公室的丘吉尔半身像，到他荒谬地支持一个无能的德国人担任北约领导人，再到他拒绝英美贸易协议，他竭尽全力破坏了我们的关系。
尽管他有英国血统，但他讨厌英国，在政府里干了五十年的蠢事。这个虚伪的爱尔兰人已成为全世界的笑柄，拖累了美国。
他对国际关系的理解，或者说对任何事情的理解，都不如一个五岁小孩，而他越来越像那个五岁小孩。他越早下台，对整个世界，以及英国与美国的关系就越有利。
 
Jools Imrie
How close is the relationship between the US and the UK?
Well it WAS fairly good, but then we got a load of idiot questions on Quora (allegedly from Americans) and things have been going downhill since…
 
美国和英国的关系有多密切?
好吧，这是相当不错的，但后来我们在Quora上收到了一大堆愚蠢的问题(据称来自美国人)，从那以后，情况就每况愈下
 
Tanya-Dawn Hughes
How special is the USA and UK’s special relationship?
The US is our most important ally, a great democracy, a great country and right now the most powerful economic and military power in the world. But don’t be misled, the much vaunted ‘Special Relationship’ with the UK is one-sided, always favouring the US and characterised right from day one by their suspicion, duplicity and on more than one occasion outright hostility towards the UK.
I am NOT decrying the valour, courage and sacrifice of thousands of US troops who stood shoulder to shoulder with Britain and its allies in Europe during WWW1 & WW2. But let us not forget that the UK and Commonwealth also sent 2.5 Million troops to the far east and later 100,000 troops to Korea, tens of thousands of whom never came home. And terribly, repeated these adventures more recently in Iraq and Afghanistan.
 
美国和英国之间的特殊关系究竟有多特殊？
美国是我们最重要的盟友，是一个伟大的民主国家，是一个强大的国家，目前也是世界上经济和军事上最强大的国家。但不要被误导，与英国的所谓“特殊关系”实际上是一边倒的，始终倾向于美国，从一开始就是充满猜疑、两面派，并且不止一次地对英国表现出明显的敌意。
我并不是贬低在一战和二战期间与英国及其欧洲盟友并肩作战的成千上万美军士兵的勇敢、勇气和牺牲精神。但我们也不应忘记，英国和英联邦也向远东派遣了250万军队，后来又向朝鲜派遣了10万军队，其中许多人再也没有回家。而且，我们最近在伊拉克和阿富汗重复了这些军事行动。
 
It is my conclusion - regrettably - that we simply can’t trust US Politicians. Perhaps that is a legacy of the War of Independence which remains in the US psyche? ( Do you know that the US demanded we hand over Canada because a private British shipyard had the temerity to build a Confederate vessel? ). So when Trump - and many Presidents before him - say ‘America first’, that has often meant the UK last. Perhaps it is the US Military / Industrial complex, which I admit sounds all lefty ( which I’m not ) but I have come to believe that it is real and anyone who has visited Washington will be knocked sideways by the number of full-dress Military brass rubber-necking in grand hotels with sharp suited characters. So the following is not a diatribe against the US, but some unpleasant facts, which I think illustrate where we stand.
 
遗憾的是，我的结论是，我们根本不能相信美国政客。也许这是独立战争遗留在美国人心里的问题?（你知道吗，美国曾因为我们一个私人英国造船厂建造了一艘邦联军舰，就要求我们交出加拿大。）所以当特朗普——以及他之前的许多位总统——说“美国优先”时，这通常意味着英国排在最后。也许是美国的军事/工业复合体在起作用，我承认这听起来有点左倾（尽管我不是左派），但我开始相信这是真实存在的，任何到过华盛顿的人都会被那些在大酒店里穿着全套军装、衣着光鲜的军人所震惊。因此，以下不是对美国的抨击，而是一些令人不快的事实，我认为这些事实说明了我们的立场。
 
For example when the UK stood alone against Fascism the British Empire’s entire reserves were transferred secretly to the US via Canada. This was not a question of putting our wealth in safe hands, because if that was the case it could have stayed in Canada. This huge handover of wealth, in gold and securities, was first used to get round Congressional rules forbidding us to buy war material on credit. Some of ultra-secret shipments of gold actually went in the warships which accompanied George VI and Queen Elizabeth on their tour of Canada and the USA a few months before war broke out. Later, increasingly heavy payments, most of which are still in vaults in Fort Knox, were used to persuade an unsentimental US Congress that Britain was so broke that if Congress did not support Lend-Lease (under which the US supplied Allied nations with defence materials), Hitler would win and they would face an untamed Germany across the Atlantic. Some estimate that ￡500,000,000 at 1940 prices went to the US, completely shifting the balance of wealth for ever.
 
例如，当英国独自对抗法西斯主义时，英帝国的全部储备通过加拿大秘密转移到了美国。这不是为了把我们的财富放在安全的人手中，如果是那样的话，它可以留在加拿大。这些以黄金和证券形式的巨大财富转移，最初是用来绕过国会禁止我们赊购战争物资的规定。在战争爆发前的几个月，乔治六世和伊丽莎白女王出访加拿大和美国的时候，一些高度机密的黄金运输议程实际上就在军舰上进行。这些沉重的支付款项，许多至今仍储存在诺克斯堡的金库中，曾被用来说服冷静且不感情用事的美国国会：英国当时已经财政破产，如果国会不支持《租借法案》（该法案允许美国向盟国提供军事物资），希特勒将会取得胜利，而美国将不得不面对横跨大西洋的、无法驯服的德国。据估计，以1940年的货币价值计算，大约有5亿英镑的资金转移到了美国，彻底改变了财富的平衡状态。
 
One particularly bitter incident caused Churchill to rage that America was acting like a bailiff seizing goods when Britain was brusquely ordered by Franklin Roosevelt to hand over all the gold we had gathered in South Africa, and an American cruiser was dispatched to collect it.
British businesses in the USA, were sold off at knock-down prices. Lord Beaverbrook, then Minister of Aircraft Production and Churchill’s close friend, wrote to Churchill: ‘The Americans have conceded nothing. They have exacted payment to the uttermost for all they have done for us. They have taken our bases without valuable consideration. They have been given our secrets and offered us a thoroughly inadequate service in return.’
 
一个特别痛苦的事件使丘吉尔愤怒地宣称美国的行为就像一个扣押货物的法警，当时富兰克林·罗斯福粗鲁地命令英国交出我们在南非收集的所有黄金，并且派出了一艘美国巡洋舰来收集它。
在美国的英国企业被以极低的价格出售。时任飞机生产部长、丘吉尔的密友比弗布鲁克勋爵写信给丘吉尔：“美国人没有让步。他们为我们所做的一切要求了极致的回报。他们没有经过充分考虑就占领了我们的基地。他们得到了我们的秘密，却给我们提供了完全不适当的服务作为回报。
 
This bleak unsentimentality was not accidental or isolated. It continued throughout the war and beyond. The Bretton Woods conference in 1944 made it clear the USA would usurp Britain’s economic dominance once the war was over. Only later did it emerge that the USA’s negotiator, Harry Dexter White, was a Soviet agent who had no interest whatsoever in helping Britain.
This shift extended to deliberately reneging on agreements. During the war the UK 'Hazard Mission' gave the US huge amounts of technical information including our world-leading innovations in Radar, munitions, aircraft and Jet engines, and absolutely vital research on Nuclear Weapons. It was supposed to be a two-way traffic - but it wasn’t. We were ruthlessly shut out of US research. We even abandoned development of advanced aircraft in deference to US pressure to buy theirs.
 
这种冷酷无情的做法并非偶然或孤立。它在战争期间和之后持续存在。1944年的布雷顿森林会议明确表明，战后美国将篡夺英国的经济主导地位。只有后来才显现出，美国的谈判代表哈里·德克斯特·怀特实际上是苏联的代理人，他对帮助英国没有任何兴趣。
这种转变延伸到了故意违背协议。在战争中，英国通过“危险使命”向美国提供了大量的技术信息，包括我们在雷达、弹药、飞机和喷气发动机方面的世界领先创新，以及绝对关键的核武器研究。这本应该是双向的——但事实并非如此。我们被无情地排除在美国研究之外。迫于美国的压力，我们甚至放弃了先进飞机的研发，而从美国那购买。
 
Which brings us to our national humiliation at Suez. US aircraft openly harassed our forces and Admiral Sir Robin Durnford-Slater complained: ‘We have twice intercepted and have been continually menaced by US aircraft.’ General Sir Charles Keightley, commander of Middle East land forces, wrote afterwards: ‘It was the action of the US which really defeated us in attaining our obxt.’ Washington, in the end, pulled the plug on our Suez adventure by threatening a run on the Pound Sterling.
And so it goes on. It was the US who imposed savage economic sanctions on Iran ( ring any bells? ) which inevitably led to tit for tat nationalising of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company - now BP - in 1953, so the UK lost out again. This was followed by the engineered fall of the democratically elected Mossadegh Government, and the US installation of the Shah Reza Pahvlavi, We know how that worked out
 
这让我们回想起在苏伊士运河事件的国耻。美国飞机公开骚扰我们的军队，海军上将罗宾·登福德-斯莱特爵士曾抱怨说：“我们的部队两次被拦截，不断受到美国飞机的威胁。” 中东地面部队指挥官查尔斯·凯特利将军事后写道：“实际上是美国的行为，真正使我们未能达到我们的目标。” 最终，华盛顿威胁要对英镑进行挤兑，从而终止了我们在苏伊士运河的冒险。
如此类推。是美国对伊朗实施了野蛮的经济制裁(记得吗?)这不可避免地导致了1953年英伊石油公司(现在的英国石油公司)的国有化，英国再次遭受损失。此后，美国策划了民选的摩萨台政府的倒台，并扶植了礼萨·巴列维国王，我们都知道那最终的结果如何。
 
Five years later, across the border in Iraq, the British sponsored Iraqi Government was overthrown and Abdel Karim Kassem installed, which is not how the CIA planned it. It took them five years to bring about another Government, but once again they picked the wrong collaborators, because it was Saddam Hussein who was now Vice President with the CIA’s blessing, and guess what? He embarked on nationalising the oil industry, much of which was UK owned. So now it was President Nixon and Henry Kissinger who schemed to arm the Kurds and weaken the Iraqi government. Saddam and the Shah quietly came to a mutually beneficial agreement to by-pass the Americans - and all aid to the Kurds was cut. Not for the last time, as we have seen recently.
 
五年后，在伊拉克，英国支持的伊拉克政府被推翻，阿卜杜勒·卡里姆·卡塞姆上台，这并非中情局的计划。中情局花了五年时间促成了另一个政府，但他们再次选错了合作伙伴，因为当时的副总统是萨达姆·侯赛因，得到了中情局的支持，你猜怎么着？他开始将石油工业国有化，其中很多是英国拥有的。于是，尼克松总统和亨利·基辛格开始策划武装库尔德人以削弱伊拉克政府。萨达姆和伊朗国王礼萨·巴列维悄悄地达成了一个互惠的协议，绕开了美国人——对库尔德人的所有援助都被切断了。这不是最后一次，正如我们最近所看到的。
 
Meanwhile in a different hemisphere in 1960 President Dwight D. Eisenhower ordered the CIA to train and arm a force of Cuban exiles for an armed attack on Cuba. Kennedy inherited the programme and failed to stop it. The following year in October 1962 the world came perilously close to nuclear war when the Soviet unx secretly began establishing offensive nuclear ICBM’s in Cuba. Russia was completely in the wrong and America’s resolve and Kennedy’s great courage and diplomacy saw the Soviets back down. It was a terrifying period when UK households were advised to hide in basements or Tube stations if we heard the 10 minute ( hah! ) warning siren. But there is a but. What is little remembered is that the US had been doing the same thing ( installing offensive ICBM’s ) in Turkey and Italy, aimed at Russia. Although this was not mentioned in the negotiated agreement to withdraw the Russian missiles, which included a US public declaration not to invade Cuba again. Secretly, the United States agreed that it would dismantle all Jupiter MRBMs deployed in Turkey & Italy against the Soviet unx.
 
与此同时，在1960年的另一个半球，艾森豪威尔总统下令中央情报局训练和武装一群古巴流亡者，对古巴进行武装攻击。肯尼迪接手了这个计划，但未能阻止它。1962年10月，当苏联秘密开始在古巴部署进攻性核洲际弹道导弹时，世界险些爆发核战争。苏联完全错了，美国的决心、肯尼迪的勇气和外交手段让苏联让步了。这是一段可怕的时期，当时英国家庭被建议，如果我们听到10分钟的预警警报，就躲到地下室或地铁站。但有一点不同。很少有人记得美国也曾在土耳其和意大利做过同样的事情（部署进攻性洲际弹道导弹），瞄准俄罗斯。虽然这在撤走俄罗斯导弹的谈判协议中没有提及，但美国公开声明不再入侵古巴，并秘密同意拆除所有部署在土耳其和意大利针对苏联的木星中程弹道导弹。
 
As an aside few realise that the USA offered Polaris missiles to France before it offered them to us. And how much control do we really have over our modern Trident missiles. Are they even ours?
The Falklands is often quoted as an example of the US quietly helping the UK. In fact Alexander Haig secretly briefed Galtieri after meeting Margaret Thatcher, and US Ambassador to the UN Jeane Kirkpatrick argued that it was in America’s national interest to support Galtieri and wanted Reagan to side with the Argentines because they feared that a defeat could lead to a left-wing Government there. One consequence was that the USA refused to supply us with sidewinders in sufficient numbers and another that most of the Argentine kit was made in USA - .even the Belgrano was supplied by the US. Of course we know about France’s supply of Excocets and Super Eternards to Argentina ( we sold them weapons too ), but France were very helpful to the UK during the war, loaning Britain some of their own equipment so our Armed Forces could train against them, halting all sales to the Argentians once the crisis began, and providing Britain with the codes necessary to render Exocets useless if we could get to them.
 
顺便说一句，很少有人意识到美国先向法国提供了北极星导弹，然后才向我们提供。我们对现代三叉戟导弹的控制程度到底有多大？它们真的属于我们吗？
福克兰群岛战争常被引用为美国暗中帮助英国的一个例子。实际上，在与玛格丽特·撒切尔会面之后，亚历山大·黑格私下向阿根廷总统莱奥波尔多·加尔铁里提供了情报。同时，美国驻联合国大使珍妮·柯克帕特里克主张，支持加尔铁里符合美国的国家利益，她劝说罗纳德·里根总统站在阿根廷这边，因为他们害怕如果阿根廷政府战败，可能会导致那里出现一个左翼政权。一个后果是美国拒绝向我们提供足够数量的“响尾蛇”导弹，另一个后果是阿根廷的大部分装备都是美国制造的——甚至“贝尔格拉诺将军号”(ARA General Belgrano)巡洋舰也是由美国供应的。当然，我们知道法国向阿根廷提供了飞鱼导弹和“超军旗”战斗机（我们也向他们出售了武器），但在战争中，法国对英国非常有帮助，借给英国一些自己的装备，以便我们的武装部队能够进行对抗它们的训练，一旦危机开始就停止了所有对阿根廷的销售，并给我们提供了必要的代码，使我们能够使飞鱼导弹失效——如果我们能够探测到它们的话。