苏联的宣传是如何描述美国在二战中的援助的?

Dima Vorobiev TLDR:We grudgingly acknowledged the fact whenever the geopolitical expediency dictated it.Look at how we nowadays acknowledge the supremacy of China in economic and industrial matters. It comes in occasional flashes when our President needs to please the Chinese comrades, but else is kept very subdued in our loyalist propaganda.

简短答复 每当地缘政治上的权宜之计要求我们承认这一事实时，我们都勉强承认。 看看我们现在是如何承认中国在经济和工业事务上的霸主地位的。当我们的总统需要取悦中国同志时，它偶尔会闪现出来，但在我们的忠诚宣传中，它被压制得很低。

LONGER ANSWER During WW2, our propaganda inside the country largely ignored the aid delivered by the US. Of course they’re for us The general message was that the US were our allies. The rest of the humankind was on our side anyways, so how could they not join us in the sacred struggle? Especially when the millions of American proletarians embraced our cause with all their hearts? Reports about the arriving lend-lease extremely rare and never specific. Loose lips sink ships, remember? After the war, the Allied effort in WW2 was presented in the USSR as supplementary and largely self-serving. How did Soviet propaganda view the Allied help after WW2?

长答复 二战期间，我们在国内的宣传在很大程度上忽略了美国提供的援助。当然是给我们的，但主要的态度是，美国是我们的盟友。其余的人类无论如何都站在我们这边，所以他们怎么能不加入我们的神圣斗争呢?尤其是当数以百万计的美国无产者全心全意地拥护我们的事业时? 关于即将到来的租借合同（注：美国为援助盟国而提供的贷款）的报道非常罕见，而且从来没有具体的报道。 二战结束后，盟军在二战中的努力在苏联看来是补充性的，很大程度上是自私驱动的。链接：《苏联的宣传是如何看待二战后盟军的帮助的?》

The guidelines Occasional reports told how American workers and “common people of good will” watched with fascination the struggle of the Soviet unx. These American people firmly required of the ruling classes in the West—the attribute “Capitalist” was usually omitted for the occasion—to support the USSR. Faced with such a firmness, the rulers could not help but heed. Posters showing the American support limited imagery to the Stars and Stripes, with no faces, weapons or items of lend-lease. Inside the perimeter For common Soviets, lend-lease as a program of war help was a non-subject. Evidently, they knew it was some kind of assistance coming from abroad. But the scale and value of it had never been widely advertised. My father told me they had perceived the American shoes, spam, tanks and trucks just like an act of nature—like the Sun that breaks through the clouds, for you to dry your soggy uniforms and boots a little bit. You don’t talk about it much, you pull off your things and hang them out in the sunshine.

边界内 对于普通的苏联人来说，租借法案作为一项战争援助计划是不可能的。显然，他们知道这是来自国外的某种援助。但它的规模和价值从未被广泛宣传过。 父亲告诉我，他们把美国的鞋子、垃圾食品、坦克和卡车看作是自然的行为——就像太阳冲破云层，让你把湿透的制服和靴子稍微晒干一样。你不怎么谈论它，你脱下你的东西，把它们挂在阳光下。

Hard items Canned beans and especially spam were well known among fighting troops. As were the American boots and the metal buttons on the Red Army uniforms. But the food and equipment that was to be distributed among troops, were stripped from American signage right after offloading in Soviet ports as much as possible. Generally, talking about America was not a very safe topic. Someone could be listening. Before the war, a lot of people worked with Americans and Germans who built our industries and infrastructure. Those who appreciated their work and their machines publicly were arrested for anti-Soviet propaganda in the form of “groveling” before Capitalism and denigrating the Soviet equipment and management.

艰难的项目 罐头豆子，尤其是午餐肉在战斗部队中是众所周知的。美国人的靴子和红军制服上的金属纽扣也是如此。但是，分发给军队的食物和装备，在苏联港口卸货后，就被尽可能多地把美国的标志撕掉了。 一般来说，谈论美国不是一个很安全的话题。可能有人在偷听。战前，很多人和美国人和德国人一起工作，他们为我们建造了工业和基础设施。那些公开赞赏他们的工作和机器的人，因为在资本主义面前“卑躬屈膝”、诋毁苏联设备和管理的反苏宣传而被捕。

Imported beauties According to war memoir, the perception was somewhat different among the troops who were using a lot of American battle equipment, e.g. in the air force and tank forces. American Shermans played a major role in taking Berlin, for example. Estimates of the beasts’ battle capacity varied. What was uniformly appreciated was the ergonomics for the battle crews and the quality of manufacturing. The sneaky bunch Ameica came up much more often when political commissars talked to soldiers and officers about the absence the Allied troops fighting Germans in the West. The fact of Britain fighting the Nazis from the beginning was ignored. “Where is that frigging second front already?” was the recurring complaint that met much understanding among soldiers and civilians. Commissars used to present the Allies as cynical players who waited for us to bleed ourselves dry fighting the Nazis, just to jump in at very end, and grab the spoils of victory. Look at our President Putin’s twisted lip whenever he talked to us about “our Western partners”, and you get the mood.

进口的靓丽的东西 根据战争回忆录，在空军和坦克部队等大量使用美国作战装备的部队中，这种看法有所不同。例如，美国谢尔曼坦克在占领柏林的过程中发挥了重要作用。 对这种野兽战斗能力的估计各不相同。人们一致赞赏的是战斗人员的人体工程学和制造质量。 鬼鬼祟祟的一群人 当政委与士兵和军官谈论盟军在西线与德军作战的缺席时，美国被提及的频率要高得多。英国从一开始就与纳粹作战的事实被忽视了。“那该死的第二前线在哪里?”这是反复出现的抱怨，在士兵和平民中传播很广。委员们过去常常把盟军描绘成愤世嫉俗的一群人，等着我们在与纳粹的战斗中榨干自己的血，然后在最后一刻加入进来，攫取胜利的战利品。 看看我们的普京总统每次谈到“我们的西方伙伴”时扭曲的嘴唇，你就知道他的心情了。

Toward the end of 1944, posters started to consistently show anonymized figures of Western soldiers, like on the poster below. “Let’s finish the beast in its lair!” From the spring ’45 until the capitulation of Japan, there were even some posters showing smiling faces of the Allies. Newspapers also printed photos with happy faces of Brits and Americans socializing with our troops. At all times, the narrative consistently stressed the leading role of the USSR as a conqueror of Nazism. The US and Britain were marginal players, involved in auxiliary battles, offering some vague, undefined help. On the poster below from before the Stalingrad battle, only the Soviet soldier is facing Hitler to deal him a devastating blow. The American and the Brit seem to be too scared to look Hitler in the face and rather look to the Soviet man for guidance and leadership.

到1944年底，海报上开始不断出现匿名的西方士兵，如下图所示。“让我们在它的巢穴里干掉这只野兽!”



从1945年春到日本投降，甚至出现了一些盟军笑脸的海报。报纸上还刊登了英国人和美国人与我军官兵交往的笑脸照片。



在任何时候，叙事都一贯强调苏联作为纳粹主义征服者的领导作用。美国和英国是边缘参与者，参与辅助战斗，提供一些模糊的、不明确的帮助。下面这张斯大林格勒战役前的海报（见最上图）上，只有一名苏联士兵面对希特勒，给他一个毁灭性的打击。美国人和英国人似乎太害怕了，不敢直视希特勒的脸，而是指望这位苏联人来指导和领导他们。

When I went to school, the lend-lease was usually mentioned in one sentence, or two as an example of the role of our Western allies in WW2. No statistics that could give an idea of the volume of help were given, apart from the number of shipments and sometimes the total value of help in US dollars. The bravery of British sailors dispatching the help was given more place. The demise of convoy PQ17, along with the D-Day, became one of the most known episodes among our public.

当我上学的时候，租借法案通常会在一两句话中被提及，作为我们西方盟友在二战中所扮演角色的一个例子。除了运送的数量和有时以美元计算的总价值外，没有任何统计数据可以说明帮助的数量。英国水兵派遣救援部队的英勇事迹得到了更多的重视。PQ17号护航队的死亡，以及诺曼底登陆，成为了我们公众最熟悉的事件之一。

Aidan Turner What was the Soviet’s reaction to the Allies invading Italy in 1943? Did they see that as the second front they had long been asking for them to open?

苏联对1943年盟军入侵意大利的反应是什么?他们是否把这看作是他们长期以来要求他们开辟的第二条战线?

Dima Vorobiev At par with the fights in Africa. They’re messing around while we do the heavy lifting

与非洲的战斗不相上下。他们在胡闹，而我们在干重活。

Aidan Turner And how did they view the Pacific War, and the mainland Chinese front?

他们如何看待太平洋战争和中国大陆前线?

Dima Vorobiev About the same. Fighting under the blue skies and in the warm surf of the Pacific sounds almost like leisure for freezing and hungry troops in the dead of Russian wintry plains

差不多一样。在蔚蓝的天空下，在太平洋温暖的海浪中作战，听起来就像是在俄罗斯冬季平原上寒冷饥饿的军队的休闲活动

Gavin Tabor Plus of course it was against a different enemy - Japan, which at the time was not threatening the USSR.

当然，这是针对一个不同的敌人——日本，当时日本并没有威胁到苏联。

Tracy Poole First off, Russia deserves every accolade it gets for WWII. That said, I was kinda/sorta taught they opportunistically declared war on Japan at the very end to steal some land or get some things, I’m not sure which, just that it was some opportunistic move by the Soviets.

首先，俄罗斯理应得到二战的所有荣誉。 尽管如此，我被告知他们在战争结束时对日本投机主义地宣战，以窃取一些土地或得到一些东西，说这是苏联人的一些投机行为。

Alexey Zubkov The declaration of war on Japan was not opportunistic. It was in compliance with a committment made by the USSR to the Allies in Yalta in February 1945 to attack Japan no later than 3 months after Nazi German capitulation in Europe. The Soviet area of responsibility as agreed with the Allies included the Japanese armies in north-eastern China, the north of the Korean peninsula, the island of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. Indeed, Stalin did make a move to expand the Soviet offensive to include the island of Hokkaido in the swag. But the US succeeded in preventing that from happening, basically beating the Soviets to the area.

对日宣战并非投机取巧。1945年2月，苏联在雅尔塔向盟国作出承诺，在纳粹德国在欧洲投降后不迟于3个月内进攻日本。与盟国商定的苏联责任区包括在中国东北、朝鲜半岛北部、库页岛和千岛群岛的日军。 事实上，斯大林确实采取了行动，扩大了苏联的攻势，把北海道岛也包括在内。但美国成功地阻止了这种情况的发生，基本上是在该地区击败了苏联。

Svetlana Cherkasova Pre-Lend-Lease equipment in January 1942 amounted to a few percent of the number of tanks that were deployed near Moscow and along the entire front. At the decisive moment during the German offensive according to the Barbarossa plan, the amount of British equipment was scanty. The same can be said about aviation; the share of Lend-Lease aircraft was small. Soviet aircraft certainly outnumbered Lend-Lease aircraft.

1942年1月租借法案之前的装备，只占部署在莫斯科附近和整个前线的坦克数量的百分之几。根据巴巴罗萨计划，在德国进攻的关键时刻，英国的装备很少。航空业也是如此;租借法案中飞机的份额很小。苏联飞机的数量肯定超过了租借法案规定的飞机。

Western propagandists cite a figure - the supply of 375 all-wheel drive vehicles under Lend Dease. But the main problem is that supplies under Lend-Lease increased rather gradually during the 1942-1943 war. And the losses in transporting equipment were also great. During the decisive battles of Stalngrad, the Kursk Bulge, and in Ukraine, imported vehicles were a relatively small number.

西方的宣传者引用了一个数字——在租借计划下供应了375辆全轮驱动汽车。但主要的问题是，在1942-1943年的战争期间，根据《租借法案》提供的物资增加得相当缓慢。运输设备的损失也很大。在决定性的斯大林格勒战役、库尔斯克突出战役和乌克兰战役中，进口车辆的数量相对较少。

Only in the final period of the war, in 1945, when the assembly system was established, did imported equipment begin to play a large role in the Red Army. Every third car was imported. But now the task was not to survive, but to finish off the enemy in his lair.

只有在战争的最后阶段，即1945年，组装系统建立后，进口装备才开始在红军中发挥重要作用。三分之一的汽车是进口的。但现在的任务不是生存，而是在敌人的巢穴里消灭他们。

In the most decisive years of the Second World War, the Soviet army relied on domestically produced military equipment. In addition, imported equipment was sensitive to fuel and oils. In the realities of the war, the number of serviceable vehicles was much greater among Soviet equipment than among imported ones. The problem is the constant breakdown of imported cars.

在第二次世界大战最关键的几年里，苏联军队依赖于国产军事装备。此外，进口设备对燃油和油类很敏感。在战争的现实中，苏联装备中可用车辆的数量要比进口的多得多。进口车经常出故障。

Lend-Lease (30% of all military equipment) was undoubtedly useful in 1944-1945, but did not play a decisive role in the USSR’s victory over Nazi Germany in WWII.

租借法案(占所有军事装备的30%)在1944-1945年间无疑是有用的，但在二战中苏联对纳粹德国的胜利中并没有发挥决定性作用。

The USSR won the Second World War on its own and at the expense of the Soviet military-industrial complex, which was built in the 30s.

苏联依靠自己的力量赢得了第二次世界大战，并以牺牲苏联在30年代建立的军事工业联合体为代价。