孟加拉国形成的历史是怎样的?

Nehal Mahmud Khan
Does Bangladesh have its own history?
Yes,it does. We have a long and a very proud history. Let me divide it on the basis of four separate timeline and write it all in short
Ancient times - Stone Age tools were found here and that indicates settlement for thousands of years. There were consequent waves of migration from Austroasiatics, Dravidians and finally Indo-Aryans who set up the Hinduism religion. Speaking of Hinduism let's talk about Buddhism as well and they contributed to excellent dynasties of Ancient Bengal such as Maurya,Sena,Deva,Pala,Samatata,Gupta,Pundra etc. In fact back then Bengal was even mentioned in the Greek and Roman records. These dynasties gifted us with these monuments

孟加拉国有它自己的历史吗？
是的，它确实有自己的历史。我们的历史既悠久又令人自豪。我将基于四个不同的时间段来概述，尽量简明扼要：
古代时期 - 在这里发现了石器时代的工具，这表明该地区有着数千年的人类居住历史。随之而来的是来自南亚人、达罗毗荼人以及最终建立印度教的印度雅利安人的移民浪潮。说到印度教，让我们来谈谈佛教，他们为古孟加拉的优秀王朝做出了贡献，如孔雀、塞纳、提婆、帕拉、萨马塔塔、笈多、庞德拉等。实际上，当时的孟加拉甚至在希腊和罗马的文献中有所记载。这些王朝为我们留下了许多宝贵的遗迹。

Middle Ages - It is time for the most hated people of the alt-right conservatives aka Muslims. They started to arrive in the ancient period but they couldn't annex Bengal until 1204 by Bakhtiar Khilji and after that Bengal was under different empires such as Mamluk,Tughluq and finally Mughal Empire when emperor Akbar conquered Bengal. They gave us these monuments

中世纪 - 是时候轮到那些最令人讨厌的另类右翼保守派，也就是穆斯林了。他们从古代开始就到达这里，但直到1204年才由巴克提亚?契吉(Bakhtiar Khilji)征服了孟加拉。此后，孟加拉先后处于马穆鲁克、图格鲁克等不同帝国的统治之下，最终在阿克巴尔大帝征服孟加拉后，成为莫卧儿帝国的一部分,这些帝国为我们留下了许多历史遗迹。

Modern Period - During the Mughal period trade was flourished and that brought in many business communities such as Armenian,Dutch,Portuguese,French,British but the British wanted dominance and dominance is what they got through the war of 1757 which although took place in India put Bangladesh under the rule of British East India company as well. Because until 1947 India, Pakistan and Bangladesh formed a single country. It took another 100 years to be under British government. Anyways,the period saw multiple chaos and struggles until we got independence from Britain in 1947 however we were part of Pakistan then because according to the partition British India was divided into Hindu Majority India and Muslim majority Pakistan. Bangladesh was then called East Pakistan

现代时期 - 在莫卧儿帝国时期，贸易蓬勃发展，吸引了亚美尼亚、荷兰、葡萄牙、法国、英国等众多商业团体。但英国人追求的是支配地位，他们通过1757年的战争获得了这一地位，这场战争虽然发生在印度，但也使孟加拉成为了英国东印度公司的统治范围。因为直到1947年，印度、巴基斯坦和孟加拉国才组成了一个国家。之后，我们又被英国政府统治了一百年。无论如何，这个时期充满了混乱和斗争，直到1947年我们从英国手中获得独立。然而，那时我们是巴基斯坦的一部分，因为根据分治计划，英属印度被划分为印度教徒占多数的印度和穆斯林占多数的巴基斯坦。那时的孟加拉被称为东巴基斯坦。

After 1947 - We had lots of struggle after the partition. The partition itself killed over a million people in Indian sub continent and prior to that in 1943 Bengal province of India had a deadly famine which claimed over 2 million lives mostly in the Bangladesh side. What could get worse? Being under Pakistan. They tried to dominate the fuck out of us and we fought back in 1952,1966,1969 and finally in 1971 when after being invaded by Pakistan Army we defeated them in a war of nine months and became independent in 16 December,1971
I assume that is enough history lesson. Thanks for reading

1947年之后——印巴分治后我们经历了很多斗争。分治本身造成印度次大陆超过100万人死亡，在此之前，1943年印度孟加拉省发生了一场致命的饥荒，造成200多万人死亡，其中大部分在孟加拉国一侧。还有比这更糟的吗（处于巴基斯坦的统治之下）？他们试图统治我们，我们在1952年、1966年、1969年进行了反抗，并最终在1971年被巴基斯坦军队入侵后，我们在9个月的战争中击败了他们，于1971年12月16日赢得了独立。
我想历史课上得够多了，感谢阅读。

Kip Cassino
Through the 19th and the first half of the 20th century, British rule stretched from Pakistan to Bangladesh and beyond. Fledgling movements toward independence were brutally suppressed, as was the case at Amritsar in 1919.
By the end of World War II, demands for self-determination and independence from within this vast empire could no longer be ignored or silenced by a war-weary British government. The Mountbatten Plan, put into effect in June, 1947, attempted to carve India into a pair of states, one Hindu and one Muslim.
As careful as British planners tried to be, their new map created vast unrest in the two just-born nations. Populations from both sides of the new borders or the other were left isolated from their co-religionists. Atrocities occurred on both sides. Too many on both sides ignored the tenets of Gandhi in favor of club, knife, or gun. The great man himself was assassinated the following January, in Delhi.

在19世纪以及20世纪前半叶，英国的统治范围从巴基斯坦一直延伸到孟加拉，甚至更远的地方。任何试图争取独立的运动都遭到了残酷的镇压，1919年的阿姆利则惨案就是一个例子。
第二次世界大战末期，英国政府已经无法再忽视或压制其广袤帝国内部日益高涨的自决和独立要求。1947年6月，开始实施蒙巴顿方案，该计划试图将印度划分为两个国家，一个是信仰印度教徒的国家，另一个是信仰穆斯林的国家。
尽管英国的规划者们努力做到细致入微，但他们绘制的新地图还是在这两个新诞生的国家中引发了巨大的动荡。新边界两侧的居民发现自己与同宗教的群体隔离开来。两边都发生了暴行。太多人背弃了甘地的非暴力原则，转而诉诸棍棒、刀枪。甘地本人也在次年1月在德里遭到暗杀。

Eventually tempers cooled. What had been unified under the Raj was now two states, bitterly divided by religion — but Muslim Pakistan was split in two, with the largely Hindu Indian peninsula sitting between its territories.
Pakistani rule of its eastern lands was not amicable. The Bengali Muslims of the Bay of Bengal chaffed under western rule. Eventually, in 1971, the Pakistani government planned and executed “Operation Searchlight,” designed to root out and dispose of eastern dissident opposition and its leaders. The resulting unrest set the stage for Indian-Pakistani War of 1971, also known as the Bangladeshi War of Independence.
Better trained, better supplied, and better led Indian forces easily defended their western borders, and neatly sliced Pakistan’s eastern provinces from it, with help from the residents themselves. The result was a new, independent nation: Bangladesh, now the eighth most populous country in the world.

随着时间的推移，紧张局势逐渐缓和。曾经在英属印度统治下统一的地区，现在分裂成两个因宗教而严重对立的国家——但信仰穆斯林的巴基斯坦却被分割成两部分，以信仰印度教为主的印度半岛位于其领土之间。
巴基斯坦对其东部地区的统治并不顺利。孟加拉湾的孟加拉穆斯林在西方的统治下痛苦不堪。到了1971年，巴基斯坦政府策划并执行了“探照灯”（Operation Searchlight）为代号的行动，目的是铲除东部的异见分子及其领导人。这引发的动乱为同年的印巴战争，也即孟加拉国独立战争，埋下了伏笔。
训练更为有素、物资更为充足、领导更为得力的印度军队轻松地保卫了他们的西部边境，并且在居民的帮助下，将巴基斯坦的东部省份从其版图上割离。最终，一个全新的独立国家诞生了：孟加拉国，如今已成为世界上人口第八大国。

Meghraj Kumawat
Pakistan was formed in the year 1947 as a nation for Muslims . in that order west part of India went into the hands of Pakistan forming the west Pakistan and east part of India went into the hands of also Pakistan . so until 1971 Pakistan had two parts west Pakistan and east Pakistan. Jinnah promised the Pakistan people that in Pakistan each section of people will be given equal rights and way of life. but Pakistan showed a paradoxical behaviour. In the eastern part of Pakistan there were mainly Bengali and their mother tongue was also Bengali. In western part of Pakistan there was huge influence of Punjabi . Till today they have a great say in Pakistan administration and Pakistan army. So during that period in Pakistan army there was a lion’s share of Punjabi and Bengali who were greater in numbers in the Pakistan were not given adequate representation. Apart from that there was discrimination on a larger bases . West Pakistan also tried to impose Urdu into the east Pakistan in spite of the fact that in eastern part Bengali was mother tongue.

巴基斯坦在1947年成立，原是为穆斯林建立的国家。根据当时的划分，印度的西部地区成为了巴基斯坦的一部分，称为西巴基斯坦；印度的东部地区同样归属于巴基斯坦，称为东巴基斯坦。这种情况一直持续到1971年，巴基斯坦有西巴基斯坦和东巴基斯坦两部分。
巴基斯坦的创始人真纳曾承诺，在巴基斯坦，每个阶层的人都将获得平等的权利和生活方式。然而，实际情况却出现了悖论。在东巴基斯坦，主要居住的是孟加拉人，他们的母语是孟加拉语；而在西巴基斯坦，旁遮普文化和语言拥有巨大的影响力，直到今天，旁遮普人在巴基斯坦的行政管理和军队中仍然占据重要地位。这导致在数量上占优的孟加拉人没有在巴基斯坦军队和政府中获得相应的代表性。此外，还存在更广泛的歧视行为。尽管孟加拉语是东巴基斯坦的母语，但西巴基斯坦试图将乌尔都语强加于东巴基斯坦。

Before 1971 elections were held in Pakistan and before the declaration of results west Pakistan admitted that it would accept the results . But it was Mujibur Rahaman who came into the power in east Pakistan. west Pakistan didn't stick to its words and boycotted the results in eastern Pakistan. owing to this behaviour of west Pakistan there was civil uprising in east part of the Pakistan. west Pakistan responded to it by sending its troops into the eastern Pakistan. people were tortured and they began to flee into India . migration was on a very large scale.
it was due to that migration that Indian government responded. Indian army trained MUKTI VAHINI that was group of armed people targeting Pakistan army. Indian army in the command of general Manekshaw waged war against Pakistan in the year 1971. that war resulted into the liberation of the east Pakistan as Bangladesh.

1971年巴基斯坦大选前，西巴基斯坦曾表示会接受选举结果。但当东巴基斯坦的拉曼(Sheikhmujibur Rahman)胜选后，西巴基斯坦并未遵守承诺，反而拒绝接受东巴基斯坦的选举结果。这一行为引发了东巴基斯坦的民众起义。西巴基斯坦对此作出的反应是派遣军队镇压，导致当地居民遭受折磨，许多人开始逃往印度，形成了大规模的人口迁移。
这次大规模的人口迁移促使印度政府采取行动。印度军队训练了名为自由战士武装(Mukti Bahini)的抵抗组织，专门针对巴基斯坦军队。在曼尼克肖（Manekshaw）将军的指挥下，印度军队于1971年向巴基斯坦宣战。这场战争最终导致了东巴基斯坦的解放，并成立了独立的孟加拉国。

Pravinchandra G Dhameliya
What was the Background History of formation of Bangladesh?
Pakistani started treating them as colonised land.
They tried their best to impose Urdu instead of Bengali.
When Bengali leader won majority seat in parliament.
Pakistan did not allowed him to take power.
So there was uprising.

孟加拉国成立的背景历史是什么？
巴基斯坦开始像对待殖民地一样对待孟加拉。
他们试图将乌尔都语强加给孟加拉人，取代其孟加拉语。
当孟加拉的领袖在议会中赢得多数席位时，
巴基斯坦并没有允许他上台执政。
因此，引发了一场起义。

Pakistan having military of majority Punjabi.
They started atrocities on Bengali.
Bengali Muslims Hindu Chakma fled to west bengal and Assam.
This created humanitarian crisis in India.
India pleaded international powers like USA and USSR to relieve them from 10 million refugees and solve west Pakistan problem.
All went to deaf ear .
Bengali took up weapons and started fighting Pakistani occupation forces.

巴基斯坦军队主要由旁遮普人组成。
他们对孟加拉人实施了暴行。
孟加拉的穆斯林和印度教徒，包括藏缅族人，逃往西孟加拉和阿萨姆地区。
这在印度引发了一场人道主义危机。
印度向包括美国和苏联在内的国际社会请求援助，希望解决1000万难民问题，并协助解决西巴基斯坦的冲突。
但是这些请求都未得到回应。
孟加拉人拿起武器，开始与巴基斯坦占领军作战。

India helped them to free their country.
USA sent their 7 th fleet to stop India.
Britain sent their warships to help Pakistan.
But they were late.
Russians were already having their subs in subcontinent waters.
Meanwhile Dhaka fell within 14 days of Pakistani agression on Indian land.
And December 1972 new country formed and named Bangladesh.

印度帮助他们解放了自己的国家。
美国派遣了第七舰队试图阻止印度的行动。
英国也派出了军舰支援巴基斯坦。
但他们的行动都来得太迟。
俄罗斯的潜艇已经部署在了次大陆的水域。
与此同时，在巴基斯坦入侵印度领土的14天内，达卡（Dhaka）沦陷。
1972年12月，一个新国家诞生，并被命名为孟加拉国。

Neo
What is Bangladesh’s history?
Bangladesh was part of the Bengal region of India for centuries. The area was ruled by the same empires that ruled central India, including the Maurya (321–184 BCE) and the Mughal (1526–1858 CE).
In 1947, when British colonial rule ended, the Bengal province was partitioned into East Bengal and West Bengal. East Bengal became a Pakistani province and was renamed East Pakistan in 1955. In 1971, East Pakistan became the independent country of Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is a land of rivers that crisscross throughout the mostly flat territories of the country. It has a total area of 144,000 square kilometers, a land area of 133,910 square kilometers, and a coastline of 580 km.

孟加拉国的历史源远流长。几个世纪以来，它一直是印度孟加拉地区的一部分，该地区曾由统治印度中部的帝国统治，包括孔雀王朝(公元前321-184年)和莫卧儿王朝(公元1526-1858年)。
到了1947年，随着英国殖民统治的结束，孟加拉省被划分为东孟加拉和西孟加拉。东孟加拉成为了巴基斯坦的一部分，并在1955年更名为东巴基斯坦。经过一系列争取独立和自治的斗争，特别是在1971年，东巴基斯坦最终宣布独立，成立了孟加拉国。
孟加拉国是一个河流众多的国家，河流在大部分平坦的国土上纵横交错。这个国家的总面积为144,000平方公里，其中陆地面积为133,910平方公里，海岸线长达580公里。

Kavya Sharma
The formation of Bangladesh, officially known as the People's Republic of Bangladesh, has its roots in the historical and political context of the Indian subcontinent. Here's a brief background history leading up to the formation of Bangladesh:

British India: From the 18th century until 1947, the Indian subcontinent was a British colony. The area at the time was divided into a number of provinces and princely states, notably Bengal, which included both the Indian state of West Bengal and modern-day Bangladesh.
Partition of India: In 1947, British India was divided into two separate countries, Pakistan and India, each with a predominately Muslim population. The demand for distinct homelands and escalating tensions between the Muslim and Hindu groups led to the partition.
Pakistan was divided into two geographically distinct regions: East Pakistan, which is now Bangladesh, and West Pakistan, which is now Pakistan. Despite having a similar faith, the two regions had vastly different cultural, linguistic, and economic traditions.

孟加拉国，正式名称为孟加拉人民共和国，它的成立与印度次大陆的历史和政治背景紧密相关。以下是孟加拉国成立简史：
英属印度：从18世纪到1947年，印度次大陆一直是英国的殖民地。当时该地区被划分为多个省份和土邦，特别是包括今天的西孟加拉邦和孟加拉国在内的孟加拉省。
印巴分治：1947年，随着英国殖民统治的结束，英属印度被划分为两个独立的国家——巴基斯坦和印度。由于穆斯林群体和印度教群体之间的紧张关系不断升级，以及对独立家园的需求，导致了这一分治。
巴基斯坦由两个地理上相隔的区域组成：现在的孟加拉国（当时称为东巴基斯坦）和现在的巴基斯坦（当时称为西巴基斯坦）。尽管两地区居民信仰相同，但在文化、语言和经济传统上存在巨大差异。

Language Movement: Tensions existed in the early years of Pakistan between the population of East Pakistan and the ruling establishment, which was primarily located in West Pakistan. One significant problem was the declaration of Urdu as the sole official language, neglecting the East Pakistani population's predominance in Bengali-speaking communities. In East Pakistan, the Language Movement challenged this choice in 1952, sparking violent riots and a call for Bengali to be recognised as an official language.
Political groups: As time went on, political groups that supported the people of East Pakistan's increased rights and autonomy grew in strength. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League rose to prominence as a powerful political movement advancing East Pakistan's interests.
1970 General Elections: The Awami League gained the majority of seats in East Pakistan in the 1970 general elections held in Pakistan. The ruling establishment, which was composed primarily of military and political figures from West Pakistan, refused to accept the Awami League's electoral triumph, which sparked significant unrest and a feeling of alienation among the East Pakistani populace.

语言运动：巴基斯坦成立初期，东巴基斯坦与位于西巴基斯坦的统治阶层之间就存在紧张关系。其中一个主要问题是，乌尔都语被宣布为唯一官方语言，忽略了东巴基斯坦以孟加拉语为主的社区。1952年，东巴基斯坦的语言运动对此提出挑战，引发了暴力骚乱，并要求孟加拉语也获得官方语言地位。
政治团体：随着时间推移，支持东巴基斯坦人民争取更多权利和自治的政治团体日益壮大。拉曼（Sheikh Mujibur Rahman）领导的人民联盟成为推动东巴基斯坦利益的强大政治力量。
1970年大选：人民联盟在1970年巴基斯坦举行的大选中获得了东巴基斯坦的多数席位。然而，主要由西巴基斯坦的军事和政治人物组成的统治阶层拒绝接受选举结果，引发了东巴基斯坦民众的强烈不满和疏离感。

War of Independence: The people of East Pakistan started a liberation struggle in response to the political impasse and the restriction of democratic rights. When the Pakistani military repressed the populace, there was widespread violence, atrocities, and a huge influx of refugees into India, which is next door. India supported the Bengali independence movement in 1971 by intervening, which sparked a nine-month war between India and Pakistan.
On December 16, 1971, Pakistan was defeated by a combined force of the Indian Army and the Bangladesh Liberation Army, leading to Bangladesh's independence and creation. Bangladesh became an independent country, and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman was elected as its first leader.
Bangladesh has weathered several difficulties and experienced substantial socioeconomic development since gaining its independence. The nation has achieved progress in areas like reducing poverty, education, healthcare, and women's empowerment, but it still faces problems like political unrest, corruption, population growth, and environmental challenges.

独立战争：东巴基斯坦人民开始了一场解放斗争，以应对政治僵局和民主权利的限制。巴基斯坦军队的镇压导致广泛暴力和暴行，以及大量难民逃往邻国印度。印度在1971年介入，支持孟加拉独立运动，引发了印巴之间的九个月战争。
1971年12月16日，巴基斯坦军队被印度军队和孟加拉国解放军的联合力量击败，孟加拉国由此获得独立。拉曼（Sheikh Mujibur Rahman）成为孟加拉国的首任领导人。
自独立以来，孟加拉国克服了诸多困难，社会经济实现了显著发展。该国尽管仍面临政治不稳定、腐败、人口增长和环境挑战等问题，但是在减少贫困、教育、医疗保健和妇女赋权等方面取得了进步。