巴基斯坦形成的历史是怎样的?

Muhammad Aamir Khokhar
What is the history of pakistan..?
It's going to be a very long and interesting answer.
According to some historians, notably Dr. Ahmed Hasan Dani, the history of Pakistan is approx 45k years old. The Soan Valley in the Paleolithic Period is believed to be the first human settlement of modern-day Pakistan. Adayala and Khasala towns in Rawalpindi were the places of first inhabitants. However, no human skeleton or archaeological pieces of evidence found which could further back this argument. There is another version of history where first inhabitants of modern-day Rawalpindi and Islamabad lived near banks of River Soan. [1]
If we talk about the Neolithic era, Mehrangarh located at the foot of the Bolan pass on the Kachi plain of Balochistan is one of the oldest sites in the Indian subcontinent which is over 7K years old and was discovered in 1974. This is quite concerning, this site has not received much attention the way it should have been. [2]

巴基斯坦的历史是什么？
这个问题的答案将会非常漫长且充满趣味。
一些历史学家，尤其是艾哈迈德·哈桑·达尼博士，认为巴基斯坦的历史大约有4.5万年。在旧石器时代，人们认为索安山谷是现代巴基斯坦的首个人类定居地。拉瓦尔品第地区的阿达亚拉（Adayala ）和哈萨拉（ Khasala）镇被认为是最早居民的聚居地。但是，至今没有发现任何人类遗骸或考古证据来进一步支持这一观点。还有一个说法是，现代拉瓦尔品第和伊斯兰堡的最早居民居住在索安河的河岸附近。
当我们讨论到新石器时代，位于俾路支斯坦省卡奇平原，波伦山口山脚下的梅兰加尔城堡遗址，是印度次大陆最古老的遗址之一，距今已有7000多年历史，该遗址于1974年被发现。这相当引人关注，因为这一遗址并没有得到应有的重视。

During the Bronze age era, the Indus Valley Civilization started somewhere between 3300 BCE. Harrapa (Sahiwal, modern Day Punjab, Pakistan) and Moenjodaro (modern Day Sindh, Pakistan) was one of the important centers of it. The Indus Valley Civilization was known for an excellent drainage system where 700 wells were found only in the city of Moenjodaro. The ruins of Moenjodaro were discovered by R. D. Banerji, an officer of the Archaeological Survey of India in 1922. .[3] The archaeological team found children toys, large residential buildings, uniform weights, and measures, sculptures, seals, bronze vessels pottery and gold jewelry. The people of Indus Valley Civilization were mainly dependent on agriculture where they had the capacity to stock food for many months. The religion of Indus Valley Civilization was predominantly Hinduism where seals of Swastika were found at the time of archeological research. [4]. According to many historians, the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization started due to climatic changes. River Saraswati used to flow at the eastern territory of modern-day Pakistan which was vanished before the end of Indus Valley Civilization. According to another version (which is quite popular in Pakistan), the Aryans of Persia and Central Asia attacked and killed the people of Indus Valley Civilization. This is quite controversial where many historians have a disagreement at this narration. [5]. Statues of Beard Priest and Dancing Girl have become trademarks of Indus Valley Civilization across the globe. [6]

在青铜器时代，印度河流域文明大约在公元前3300年左右兴起。哈拉巴(Harrapa)（位于现今巴基斯坦旁遮普省的萨希瓦尔）和摩亨佐达罗（位于现今巴基斯坦信德省）是该文明的重要中心。印度河流域文明以其卓越的排水系统著称，在摩亨佐达罗一个城市就发现了700口井。1922年，印度考古调查局的官员R.D. Banerji发现了摩亨佐达罗的遗址。 考古团队在该遗址中发现了儿童玩具、大型住宅建筑、统一的度量衡、雕塑、印章、青铜器皿、陶器和金饰。印度河流域文明的居民主要依靠农业为生，他们有能力储存足够多月使用的食物。在考古研究中发现的印章上，印度河流域文明的主要宗教似乎是印度教，上面有卐字图案。许多历史学家认为，印度河流域文明的衰落是由于气候变化引起的。萨拉斯瓦蒂河（Sarasvati River）曾经流经现今巴基斯坦的东部地区，但在印度河流域文明结束前消失了。另一个流行于巴基斯坦的说法是，来自波斯和中亚的雅利安人攻击并消灭了印度河流域文明的人民，这是一个相当有争议的观点，许多历史学家对此叙述持有异议。胡须祭司和舞蹈女孩的雕像已成为印度河流域文明在全球的标志性代表。

After the end of Indus Valley Civilization, the human civilization spread in Northeast and Northwest part of Ancient India. It is best remembered in history as the Vedic era . The word “Mahajanapadas” is a combination of two words where “Maha” means great and “Janapada” means foothold of a tribe. The Gandhara Valley Civilization emerged as the successor of Indus Valley Civilization. That was the time when Takshashila or Taxila (now a small town in Rawalpindi), Pushkulawati (modern-day Charsadda) and Purushpara (modern-day Peshawar) become one of the important centers of trade and education. Takshashila is privileged to have one of the oldest universities of the world. [7][8]
When Alexander crossed Persia, Bactria and reached Ancient India between 326-323 BCE, the Rajas of Purushpura and Takshashila supported and those these areas went under Greek rule. There is one version that says Chandragupta Maurya met Alexander in Takshasila when he was a student there. [9]

印度河流域文明结束后，人类文明开始向古代印度的东北和西北地区扩散。历史上最被人铭记的是吠陀时代。"摩诃迦罗波多"这个词由"摩诃"（意为伟大）和"迦罗波多"（意为部落的根据地）两部分组成。犍陀罗文明作为印度河流域文明的继承者而崛起。在那个时代，塔克西拉（现在的拉瓦尔品第附近的小镇）、布沙卡拉（Pushkulawati，今天的查沙达地区）和普鲁沙普拉（Purushpara，今天的白沙瓦）成为了重要的贸易和教育中心。塔克西拉以拥有世界上最古老的大学之一而自豪。
当亚历山大大帝穿过波斯、巴克特里亚，在公元前326到323年间抵达古代印度时，普鲁沙普拉和塔克西拉的国王们给予了支持，这些地区随后被希腊统治。有一种说法称，孔雀王朝的创始人月护王旃陀罗笈多.孔雀(Chandragupta Maurya)在塔克西拉作为学生时遇见了亚历山大大帝。

Chanakya was one of the famous Hindus scholars of his time who mentored Chandragupta Maurya at Takshashila University. Chandragupta later conquered the Magadha Empire, defeated Greeks in the Northwestern parts of Pakistan. His grandson Ashoka later embraced Buddhism and played an instrumental role in spreading it in the Northwest parts of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Due to such efforts, Buddhism became the religion of the majority of the people in the Northwest part of Pakistan. Kanishka was another great king of the Kushan Dynasty who sent Buddhist monks to Eastern parts of India, Tibet, China, and Central Asia. This is very unfortunate when white Huns attacked Gandhara, they not only killed Buddhist monks but destroyed prestigious Buddhist monuments, stupas, and literature. This signaled the end of Buddhism, and they gradually disappeared from both Afghanistan and Pakistan.
When Muhammad bin Qasim attacked and defeated Raja Dahir of Sindh, he was able to conquer the territory of Sindh and Multan. After that, the area of modern-day Pakistan became a battleground of Hindu and Persian/Afghan/Turkic kings. The Hindus Shahi dynasty emerged in the outskirts of Gandhara and ruled between 879-1026 CE. Hindu Shahi dynasty built some gigantic temples where some can still be seen at hill stations in Khushab and Dera Ismail Khan.

考底利耶（ Chanakya） 是当时著名的印度学者之一，他在塔克西拉大学教导过月护王。月护王随后征服了摩揭陀帝国，并在巴基斯坦西北部击败了希腊人。他的孙子阿育王后来接受了佛教，并在印度、巴基斯坦和阿富汗的西北部地区推广佛教，起到了重要作用。由于这些努力，佛教在巴基斯坦西北部的多数人群中成为了主要宗教。迦腻色伽一世是贵霜王朝的另一位伟大君主，他派遣佛教僧侣前往印度东部、西藏、中国和中亚传播佛教。但不幸的是，当白匈奴人入侵乾陀罗时，他们不仅杀害了佛教僧侣，还破坏了那里著名的佛教圣地、佛塔和文献，这标志着佛教在该地区的衰落，它们逐渐从阿富汗和巴基斯坦消失了。
穆罕默德·本·卡西姆攻击并击败了信德的统治者拉贾·达希尔，成功征服了信德和木尔坦地区。自那以后，现代巴基斯坦所在地区成为了印度教和波斯、阿富汗、突厥国王争夺的战场。印度教的沙希王朝在乾陀罗周边崛起，在879年至1026年间统治该地区。沙希王朝建造了一些宏伟的寺庙，其中一些至今仍然可以在库沙布(Khushab) 和 德拉伊斯梅尔汗的山区看到。

During the last years of the Hindu Shahi Dynasty, Jayapaladeva faced consistent attacks from Sabuktagin and later Mahmud of Ghazni. The Hindu Shahis were defeated by Mahmud at Peshawar that was the start of Islamic rule in Pakistan. Later Muhammad Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan in the battle of Tarain II and led the foundation of Delhi Sultanate.
During the Mughal era, Lahore became the center of education, art, and literature. Akbar, Jahangir, and Aurangzeb added the number of monuments in Lahore which are still in very good condition. Lahore Fort, Shalimar Bagh, and Badshahi Mosque are some of the most visited sites in Lahore.
When Mughal Sultanate was in the phase of decline, the region of Pakistan became a battleground of Maratha and Afghan warriors. A very important battle of Attock fought between Marathas and Afghan near the bank of river Indus. The battle resulted in the victory of Marathas where they captured Attock Fort and most part of Punjab and Sindh. Attock Fort has been an important gateway between Afghanistan and Indian in the medi period. Marathas further advanced towards Peshawar and again defeated Afghans in 1758.

在印度沙希王朝的最后几年，Jayapaladeva不断面临来自沙巴提真(Sabuktagin）以及后来的加兹尼的马哈茂德的攻击。印度沙希王朝最终在白沙瓦被马哈茂德击败，这成为了巴基斯坦伊斯兰统治的开端。此后，穆罕默德·古里布(Muhammad Ghori)在第二次塔拉因战役中击败了普里特维拉杰·查乌汉（Prithvi Raj Chauhan），为德里苏丹国的建立奠定了基础。
莫卧儿帝国时期，拉合尔成为了教育、艺术和文学的中心。阿克巴、 贾汗季和奥朗则布三位皇帝在拉合尔增添了许多至今仍然保存良好的纪念性建筑。拉合尔堡、夏利马尔花园和巴德沙希清真寺是拉合尔访问量最高的一些景点。
当莫卧儿帝国开始衰落时，巴基斯坦地区变成了马拉地人和阿富汗战士争夺的战场。在印度河畔，马拉地人和阿富汗人之间发生了一场关键的阿托克战役。这场战役以马拉地人的胜利告终，他们占领了阿托克堡以及旁遮普和信德的大部分领土。阿托克堡在中世纪是连接阿富汗和印度的重要关隘。马拉地人继续向白沙瓦推进，并于1758年再次击败了阿富汗人。

When Marathas were later defeated by Afghans, Lahore and other parts of Punjab become a tug of war between different Sikh Misls (tribe) and Afghan. Muslims of Lahore suffered a lot and many mosques were closed. Due to the lack of administrative skills and law and order situations, the people of Lahore weren’t happy over it. People of Lahore came to know about emerging Sikh warrior Ranjit Singh who at the time was organizing Khalsa Sikhs under one umbrella. 18 Respectables of Lahore (16 were Muslims by faith) asked Ranjit Singh to come to their rescue. Ranjit Singh who was aware of the historical importance of Lahore considered its golden opportunity. Ranjit Singh also knew that with the support of people in Lahore, he can capture the rest part of Punjab. [10] Punjab, Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa and Kashmir became part of the Khalsa Empire.

当马拉地人最终被阿富汗人击败，拉合尔及旁遮普的其他地区变成了不同的锡克族群（Misl）和阿富汗人之间激烈争夺的对象。拉合尔的穆斯林遭受了巨大苦难，许多清真寺被迫关闭。由于管理不善和法治缺失，拉合尔民众对此深感不满。拉合尔人民开始了解正在崛起的锡克战士兰吉特·辛格，他当时正在统一卡尔萨锡克人。拉合尔的18名体面人士(16名信仰穆斯林)要求兰吉特·辛格来拯救他们。兰吉特·辛格意识到拉合尔的历史重要性，认为这是一个千载难逢的机会。他也明白，有了拉合尔人民的支持，他能够征服旁遮普的其余地区。旁遮普、开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦和克什米尔最终成为了卡尔萨帝国的一部分。

After the death of Ranjit Singh, East India Company took complete advantage, and they marched towards Punjab. The Sikh Army was lead by Rani Jind Kaur, the youngest wife of Ranjit Singh. East India Company defeated Sikhs in the First Anglo War where they were able to capture Kashmir. The second Anglo-Sikh war was decisive where Britishers gained control of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa. It signaled the end of the Khalsa Empire in the Indian subcontinent.
When the British gained control of the entire Indian subcontinent, they made Rawalpindi as their winters GHQ. The people from Potohar were preferred choice of British Army (and amazingly that model is still adopted by Pakistan Army) where a large number of soldiers were recruited from Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Jhelum and Attock. The Muslims of the Indian subcontinent boycotted English education system citing this is an attempt to wipe off their culture from India. This boycott proved fatal in later years where Muslims lost the majority of administrative positions. This situation was well explained by Sir William Hunter in his book “The Indian Musulmans” in 1971.

兰吉特·辛格去世后，东印度公司充分利用了这一机会，向旁遮普发起了进攻。锡克军队由兰吉特·辛格的最年轻妻子拉尼·金德·考尔（ Rani Jind Kaur）领导。在第一次英国-锡克战争中，东印度公司击败了锡克人，并夺取了克什米尔。第二次英国-锡克战争具有决定性，英国人获得了对旁遮普和开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦的控制，这标志着卡尔萨帝国在印度次大陆的终结。
英国人控制了整个印度次大陆后，他们选择拉瓦尔品第作为他们冬季的总司令部。波托哈尔(Potohar)地区的人民成为英国军队的首选（这一模式至今仍被巴基斯坦军队采用），大量士兵被从拉瓦尔品第、杰格瓦尔、杰赫勒姆和阿托克招募。印度次大陆的穆斯林抵制了英国的教育体系，认为这是企图抹去他们的文化。这种抵制行为在后来导致了灾难性的后果，穆斯林失去了大部分行政职位。这一情况在威廉·亨特爵士1871年出版的《印度穆斯林》一书中得到了详细的阐述。

On the other hand, Afghanistan ceded much of its territory to the British that includes Quetta,  Sibi, Kurram and Kyber in Anglo-AFghan War in 1879. A peace agreement was signed between Mortimer Durand (British Diplomat) and Abdul Rahman Khan (Emir of Afghanistan on 12 November 1893. A line was drawn between Afghanistan and parts of those areas which went under British rule. This line was later called a Durand line. British Raj later established Northwest Frontier Province in 1901. [11] This agreement becomes a major conflict between Afghanistan and Pakistan since 1947.
This might surprise many readers that Muslim League didn't have much ground base fan following till the ’30s. Punjab was under influence of unxist party . This party was famous for having a strong representation of Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims and they opposed the idea of Pakistan. This party won general elections in 1936 and made coalition with Indian Congress. However, in October 1937, an agreement was signed between Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan where Muslims members of the unxist Party were allowed to merge with All India Muslim League. [12]

另一方面，在1879年的英阿战争中，阿富汗将其大部分领土割让给英国，包括奎塔、锡比、古勒姆和开伯尔。1893年11月12日，英国外交官莫蒂默·杜兰与阿富汗阿卜杜"拉赫曼·汗签署了一项和平协议。他们在阿富汗与英国控制区域之间划定了一条界限，即后来所称的杜兰线。英国在1901年晚些时候成立了西北边境省。自1947年以来，这一协议一直是阿富汗和巴基斯坦之间主要的冲突点。
许多读者可能会惊讶地发现，直到20世纪30年代，穆斯林联盟在基层并没有太多忠实的支持者。旁遮普地区受到 联合党的强烈影响，这个政党以拥有强大的印度教徒、锡克教徒和穆斯林代表而闻名，并且他们反对巴基斯坦的概念。该党在1936年赢得了大选，并与印度国大党建立了联盟。然而，在1937年10月，穆罕默德·阿里·真纳和锡坎德尔·海德尔(Sikandar Hayat Khan)爵士签署了一项协议，允许联合党的穆斯林成员与全印度穆斯林联盟合并。

The idea of Pakistan gained momentum after the historic Lahore Resolution on 23rd March 1940. Lahore and Karachi became the center of Muslim activists which wasn't the case before. After the death of Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan in 1944, the majority of Muslim leadership moved to the All India Muslim League.
On March 3, 1943, Sindhi Nationalist G.M Syed (who was later declared as a traitor by Pakistan Establishment) presented the Pakistan Resolution bill. Sindh Assembly was the first that voted in favor of Pakistan on June 26, 1947, with the absolute majority.
Bengal and Punjab were the biggest states of United India therefore British Raj decided to divide both states on the basis of religious demographics. As far as N.W.F.P (Northwest Frontier Province) was concerned, they were given a choice to either join Pakistan or Independent state through a referendum. Ghaffar Khan and his party completely opposed the referendum (which was their biggest blunder and made things easier for Muslim League). The people who supported Muslim League overwhelmingly voted in favor of Pakistan and thus N.W.F.P joined the federation.

1940年3月23日的历史性的拉合尔决议之后，巴基斯坦的概念开始获得越来越多的支持。拉合尔和卡拉奇成为了穆斯林活动家的中心，这在此前是不曾有过的情况。锡坎德尔·海德尔爵士在1944年去世后，大多数穆斯林领导人转向了全印度穆斯林联盟。
1943年3月3日，信德语民族主义者G.M Syed（后来在巴基斯坦被宣布为叛徒）提出了巴基斯坦决议案。信德省议会在1947年6月26日成为第一个以绝对多数票支持巴基斯坦的议会。
由于孟加拉和旁遮普是英属印度最大的两个邦，英国决定根据宗教人口分布将这两个邦进行分割。至于西北边境省，他们通过公投获得了选择加入巴基斯坦或成为独立国家的机会。加法尔·汗（Ghaffar Khan）和他的政党完全反对这一公投（这是他们最大的失策，为穆斯林联盟铺平了道路）。支持穆斯林联盟的人以压倒性多数投票支持巴基斯坦，从而使西北边境省加入了联邦。