QA问答：既然古代中国那么强大，为什么他们没有征服印度呢？
Was Ancient China ever able to conquer India?
译文简介
中华帝国自古以来就是一个农耕文明，四千年来，中华帝国多次成为超级大国，也多次分裂崩溃，但即便是汉朝、唐朝、元朝、明朝最强盛的时期，其统治范围也未能跨越喜马拉雅山脉，自然条件的阻碍超出了古人类的能力。
正文翻译
@Aya Shawn
Living in Singapore, professional investorMay 1
There is no doubt that this is basically impossible.
Although India has not been a unified country over the past thousands of years, having been fragmented for much of that time and seemingly easily conquerable, the Himalayas and Ti...an Plateau have protected the Indian subcontinent.
The yellow line I drew shows the natural dividing line between China, India and Indochina, which is mainly composed of the Himalayas, the Ti...an Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
The Chinese Empire has always been an agricultural civilization. Over the past 4,000 years, they have become a superpower many times and split and collapsed many times. But even when they were at their most powerful, such as the Han Empire, Tang Empire, Yuan Empire and Ming Empire, their control was unable to cross the Himalayas. The obstacles of natural conditions exceeded the capabilities of ancient humans.
毫无疑问，这基本上是不可能的。
尽管印度在过去数千年中一直未能成为一个统一的国家，大部分时间都处于分裂状态且似乎很容易被征服，但喜马拉雅山和青藏高原保护了印度次大陆。
我画的黄线是中国、印度和印度支那的自然分界线，主要由喜马拉雅山、青藏高原和云贵高原组成。
中华帝国自古以来就是一个农耕文明，四千年来，中华帝国多次成为超级大国，也多次分裂崩溃，但即便是汉朝、唐朝、元朝、明朝最强盛的时期，其统治范围也未能跨越喜马拉雅山脉，自然条件的阻碍超出了古人类的能力。
Living in Singapore, professional investorMay 1
There is no doubt that this is basically impossible.
Although India has not been a unified country over the past thousands of years, having been fragmented for much of that time and seemingly easily conquerable, the Himalayas and Ti...an Plateau have protected the Indian subcontinent.
The yellow line I drew shows the natural dividing line between China, India and Indochina, which is mainly composed of the Himalayas, the Ti...an Plateau and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.
The Chinese Empire has always been an agricultural civilization. Over the past 4,000 years, they have become a superpower many times and split and collapsed many times. But even when they were at their most powerful, such as the Han Empire, Tang Empire, Yuan Empire and Ming Empire, their control was unable to cross the Himalayas. The obstacles of natural conditions exceeded the capabilities of ancient humans.
毫无疑问，这基本上是不可能的。
尽管印度在过去数千年中一直未能成为一个统一的国家，大部分时间都处于分裂状态且似乎很容易被征服，但喜马拉雅山和青藏高原保护了印度次大陆。
我画的黄线是中国、印度和印度支那的自然分界线，主要由喜马拉雅山、青藏高原和云贵高原组成。
中华帝国自古以来就是一个农耕文明，四千年来，中华帝国多次成为超级大国，也多次分裂崩溃，但即便是汉朝、唐朝、元朝、明朝最强盛的时期，其统治范围也未能跨越喜马拉雅山脉，自然条件的阻碍超出了古人类的能力。
During the Tang Empire, explorer and monk Xuanzang’s journey to the West. This is a route of tens of thousands of kilometers. Why didn't he take a straight line into India? Of course this cannot be done
During the Tang Empire, the famous Chinese explorer explored India twice. His route from China to India was tortuous. He first passed through the desert area of the Silk Road, then entered Central Asia, and then circled southward. Finally came to India.
This 3D terrain map may provide a clearer picture of the route ancient China needed to take when trying to conquer India
Suppose the Chinese Empire sent an army of one hundred thousand men to attack India via this route, the logistical problem would be unsolvable. The soldiers will starve to death before reaching India because the large number of no-man's land and desert areas along the way cannot support the survival of so many people.
In fact, as an agricultural civilization, the Chinese Empire relied heavily on the agricultural output of temperate and subtropical zones, and when their armies strayed too far from these mature agricultural areas, they were often unable to sustain them for long periods of time.
For any typical Chinese empire, no matter how powerful they are, it is difficult for their territory to break through the deserts of Central Asia in the west. The south will basically not enter the tropics and plateau zones, and the north will basically not enter the cold zone.
唐帝国时期，探险家和僧人玄奘西行。这是一条长达数万公里的路线。他为什么不直接去印度呢？当然这是不可能的
唐帝国时期，中国著名的探险家曾两次探险印度，他从中国到印度的路线比较曲折，先经过丝绸之路的沙漠地区，然后进入中亚，再向南绕行，最后来到了印度。
这张3D地形图或许能更清晰地描绘出古代中国征服印度时需要走的路线
假设中华帝国派出十万大军从这条路线进攻印度，后勤问题将无法解决。士兵们将在抵达印度之前饿死，因为沿途大量的无人区和沙漠地区无法维持这么多人的生存。
事实上，作为一个农业文明，中华帝国严重依赖温带和亚热带地区的农业产出，当他们的军队偏离这些成熟的农业区太远时，他们往往无法维持很长时间。
对于任何一个典型的中华帝国来说，无论它有多强大，其领土都很难突破西边中亚的沙漠地带，南方基本不会进入热带和高原地带，北方基本不会进入寒冷地带。
During the Tang Empire, the famous Chinese explorer explored India twice. His route from China to India was tortuous. He first passed through the desert area of the Silk Road, then entered Central Asia, and then circled southward. Finally came to India.
This 3D terrain map may provide a clearer picture of the route ancient China needed to take when trying to conquer India
Suppose the Chinese Empire sent an army of one hundred thousand men to attack India via this route, the logistical problem would be unsolvable. The soldiers will starve to death before reaching India because the large number of no-man's land and desert areas along the way cannot support the survival of so many people.
In fact, as an agricultural civilization, the Chinese Empire relied heavily on the agricultural output of temperate and subtropical zones, and when their armies strayed too far from these mature agricultural areas, they were often unable to sustain them for long periods of time.
For any typical Chinese empire, no matter how powerful they are, it is difficult for their territory to break through the deserts of Central Asia in the west. The south will basically not enter the tropics and plateau zones, and the north will basically not enter the cold zone.
唐帝国时期，探险家和僧人玄奘西行。这是一条长达数万公里的路线。他为什么不直接去印度呢？当然这是不可能的
唐帝国时期，中国著名的探险家曾两次探险印度，他从中国到印度的路线比较曲折，先经过丝绸之路的沙漠地区，然后进入中亚，再向南绕行，最后来到了印度。
这张3D地形图或许能更清晰地描绘出古代中国征服印度时需要走的路线
假设中华帝国派出十万大军从这条路线进攻印度，后勤问题将无法解决。士兵们将在抵达印度之前饿死，因为沿途大量的无人区和沙漠地区无法维持这么多人的生存。
事实上，作为一个农业文明，中华帝国严重依赖温带和亚热带地区的农业产出，当他们的军队偏离这些成熟的农业区太远时，他们往往无法维持很长时间。
对于任何一个典型的中华帝国来说，无论它有多强大，其领土都很难突破西边中亚的沙漠地带，南方基本不会进入热带和高原地带，北方基本不会进入寒冷地带。
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The prerequisite for conquest is that it must first be a country. Then there are the friends who asked questions, you can learn about Wang Xuance, hahahahaha
征服的前提是它先得是一个国家。然后就是提问的朋友，可以了解下王玄策，哈哈哈哈哈
“Although India has not been a unified country over the past thousands of years, having been fragmented for much of that time and seemingly easily conquerable”, It has been unified a few times. Mauryan, Gupta and Moghul periods. Why these period are ignored.
尽管印度在过去几千年里并未是一个统一的国家，大部分时间都是分裂的，似乎很容易被征服，但它曾几次实现了统一。孔雀王朝、笈多王朝和莫卧儿王朝。为什么忽视这些时期呢？
Because to consider these places unified they need to claim “India" which they never
Even at their smallest the Chinese state claimed legitimacy over the Chinese world
因为要认为这些地方是统一的，它们需要宣称“印度”，但它们从未这样做过。即使在最小的时候，中国国家也宣称对中国世界拥有合法性。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
They may have not used the term India, but refered to the land as Bharatvarsh. There was a cultural continuum.
他们可能没有使用“印度”这个词，但是将这片土地称为巴拉特瓦尔西。存在一种文化的连续性。
It applies equally to China then. In that case China was never a country either.
那同样适用于中国。在这种情况下，中国也从未是一个国家。
@Duck填仲籃
But China already called itself China（zhongguo) 3,000 years ago.
The earliest cultural relics discovered by archaeologists with "zhongguo" written on them are more than 3,000 years old.
是的。在当前对“国家”的含义上，那时根本没有概念。这是皇帝的土地。
但是中国早在3000年前就已经称呼自己为中国了。
目前考古学家发现的最早的，写着“中国”的文物距今已经超过3000年。
Fine. If you say that nation-states are a modern concept, then it applies to all modern countries including China and India.
好吧。如果你说国家是一个现代概念，那么这也适用于所有现代国家，包括中国和印度。
Maurya, Gupta and Moghul dynasties had claimed legitimacy. Even until 1857, Nominal Moghul ruler was seen as the Emperor of India.
"The respect towards the house of Timur is so strong that even though the whole subcontinent has been withdrawn from its authority, that no ordinary prince ever intends to take the title of sovereign and Shah Alam the 2nd, is still seated on the Mughal throne, and everything is still done in his name". Benoit de Boigne (1790).
孔雀王朝、笈多王朝和莫卧儿王朝都声称拥有合法性。直到1857年，虚名的莫卧儿统治者仍被视为印度的皇帝。
"对蒂莫尔王朝的尊重是如此之深，即使整个次大陆已脱离了其权威，普通的王子也从未打算取得君主的称号，第二任沙阿阿拉姆仍坐在莫卧儿王位上，一切事务仍然以他的名义进行"。 Benoit de Boigne（1790年）。
Mauriya empire did claimed Bharat or india. Mughal claimed Hindustan or india.
The Mauryan dynasty unified India for only 50 years, which was just a moment in the history of the past thousands of years.
So, the OP said It's divided most of the time, and there's nothing wrong with that. I think there's something wrong with some Indians' understanding.
孔雀王朝确实宣称过巴拉特或印度。莫卧儿宣称过印度斯坦或印度。
但是孔雀王朝对印度的统一仅仅维持了50年，这在过去数千年的历史中，只不过是一瞬间。
所以，答主说到：”大部分时间都是分裂的"，这没有任何问题,我觉得是一些印度人的理解力出现了问题
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Nope . Even then the people in these lands thought of themselves as indian . Heck the reason we have a title called chakravati for the person who United India . Arthsashtra (written more than 2000 years ago ) mentions a land mass 1000 yognas in breadth and covered with mountains in the north.
Most of our religious text mentions Bharat .
不对。即使在那个时候，这些土地上的人也认为自己是印度人。我们称那些统一印度的人为“转轮王”。《阿尔斯哈斯特拉》（写于2000多年前）提到了一个东西宽1000约格纳的土地，北部是群山。
我们大部分的宗教文本都提到了巴拉特。
It is also because China is relatively homogenous. Hence it was easier to centralize all these polities as they were mostly of the same ethnic group and language, not so under India
也是因为中国比较同质化。因此，将所有这些政体集中起来更容易，因为它们大多属于同一种族和语言，但在印度统治下则不然
It was united under British rule, without Britain, India could be a dozen of small countries today as there are 2000 different races, hundreds of different languages and half a dozen of different religions. Even today Tamils in the south refuse speak Hindi (India’s national language), people in Kashmir, northern western region and northern eastern regions are fighting for independence. On the other hand, the first emperor of China managed to unify the writing scxt in China in 211 BC, there used to be a dozen of different writing scxts and thousands of dialects or languages and mixed bag of hundreds of different ethnic groups in China. As a result today 93% of population in China claim they are Han Chinese as they adopted the same writing system, same Confucius philosophy, same lunar calendar & festivals and same culture, in reality half of the so called Han Chinese are actually descendants of mixture between different tribes of nomads from Siberia, Mongolia & Manchuria and Han Chinese, between Southern China Baiyue (similar to Thais and Vietnamese) tribal people and Han Chinese and between Arab merchants and Han Chinese during Yuan Dynasty under Mongol rule 800 years ago.
它是在英国统治下统一的，如果没有英国，印度今天可能只是十几个小国家，有2000个不同的种族、数百种不同的语言和六种不同的宗教。即使在今天，南部的泰米尔人拒绝讲印地语（印度的国语），克什米尔、西北地区和东北部地区的人民仍在争取独立。另一方面，中国第一位皇帝在公元前211年统一了中国的文字，中国曾经有十几种不同的文字和数千种方言或语言，以及数百个不同民族的混合体。结果今天93%的中国人自称是汉人，因为他们采用相同的文字系统，相同的孔子哲学，相同的农历节日和相同的文化，实际上一半的所谓汉人实际上是混血儿的后裔。西伯利亚、蒙古、满洲不同游牧部落与汉人之间，中国南方百越（类似于泰国人和越南人）部落人民与汉人之间，以及八百年前蒙古统治下的元朝阿拉伯商人与汉人之间的混血。
Again, Totally Ignored Mauryan dynasty and lastly the Maratha Empire. Indian Nationalism was rising even before British rule. If not for British rule, It would be under Maratha rule.
再说一遍，孔雀王朝和马拉塔帝国完全被忽视了。印度民族主义甚至在英国统治之前就开始兴起了。如果没有英国统治，它将处于马拉塔统治之下。
Modern India wouldn't exist but for John Company and later the Empire.
如果没有东印度公司和后来的帝国，现代印度是不存在的。
Despite this we have a lix language called Sanskrit which is used by most of the priests and kingly classes .
We had some centres of importance which were visited by people of all areas .
Most of India (like 85% ) follow the same set of dharmic religion and insurgency is only there in Kashmir (again a small part of India similar to the Ti... and xiangian provinces) .
India was first United way back by the mauryas .
尽管如此，我们有一种称为梵文的联系语言，大多数祭司和王族都使用它。我们有一些重要的中心，吸引来自各地的人。
印度大部分地区（约85%）信奉相同的印度教宗教，叛乱只存在于克什米尔（又一次是印度的一个小部分，类似于西藏和新疆省）。
印度最早是由孔雀王朝统一的。
Most of the hundreds of different languages are spoken by a handful of different people not numbering more than a hundred
There are about a dozen languages which are spoken by large numbers of people.
And 2000 races? hahahaha. Castes perhaps but not races
数百种不同的语言大多数是由不超过一百人的一小撮人说的。
大约有十几种语言是被大量人口使用的。
2000个种族？哈哈哈哈。也许是种姓，但不是种族。
Showing a presentation snapshot doesn't legitimise your comments
展示幻灯片截图并不能使你的评论合法化。
this is the fact you are missing -There are about 2,000 ethnic groups in India, but about 97% of the society belongs to the twelve largest groups. So basically only 12 large ethnic groups.
这是你忽视的事实-印度大约有2000个民族群体，但约97%的人口属于十二大族群。所以基本上只有12个大的族群。
After the death of Emperor Harsha 647 AD the throne was usurped by Arjuna who almost killed the Chinese Ambassador who escaped to Ti...(todays China). It’s pertinent to mention here that during Harsha’s reign a Chinese Embassy was functioning in the capital of his empire. Wang-Hiuen-tse alongwith the forces of Ti...an King Strong-tsa-Gampo(who was married to a Chinese princess) attacked the then Indian Empire of Harshavardhan and defeated the usurper Arjuna. Wang-Hiuen-tse brought back the usurper as a prisoner to China presenting him before the Chinese Emperor T’sai Tsung in 648 AD.
Source Early History of India from 600 BC to the Muhammaden conquest by Vincent A. Smith.
公元647年哈尔沙皇帝去世后，王位被阿尔贾纳篡夺，他几乎杀死了逃到西藏（今中国）的中国大使。在这里值得一提的是，在哈尔沙的统治期间，中国大使馆在他帝国的首都运作。王玄策和藏王松赞干布（他娶了一位中国公主）的军队一起进攻了当时的印度帝国哈沙瓦德汉，击败了篡位者阿尔贾纳。王玄策于公元648年将篡位者作为俘虏带回中国，并将其呈现给中国的唐太宗皇帝。
来源：文森特·A·史密斯《公元前600年至穆罕默德征服的印度早期历史》。
If U were living in the Central Plain, it made no sense to conquer “India”; would lose more than win
如果你生活在中原地区，征服“印度”就毫无意义；得不偿失
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
For me, India's geography is still not as fortunate as China's, which is completely shielded in three directions: East (by the sea), South (by forests and mountains) and West (by the Ti...an Plateau and Tian Shan).
The Chinese only really had trouble with the nomadic Northern barbarians, but their soft power was too weak and their culture too primitive to wipe out and replace the superior and proud Chinese culture.
On the contrary, with dozens of invasions from the Middle East throughout history, North Indian culture and architecture were completely Islamized for a long time. By the 20th century, puritanical Hindu nationalists in the North had to seek help from the Dravidian people whose ancestors had been driven out by the nomadic Aryans (ancestors of the Northerners) and fled to the South.
In my country, there is a proverb that roughly means "Even if you are a good hunter, you should not force your prey into a canyon", implying that people should be compassionate and show mercy to the difficult circumstances of others. It's best not to let the people/things you bully/threaten fall into a state of having nothing left to lose and regrets, otherwise they will get mad and attack you with all their last strength (often leading to serious consequences for you).
This saying has come true in the case of Indians. The decision not to wipe out the Dravidian tribes became
crucial to saving the last shred of dignity for the descendants of the Aryans as they faced invaders more bloodthirsty and brutal than themselves.
对我来说，印度的地理条件仍然不如中国幸运，中国完全被东方（海洋）、南方（森林和山脉）和西方（青藏高原和天山）三面环护。
中国人主要与游牧的北方蛮族为难，但他们的软实力过于薄弱，文化太过原始，无法消灭和取代优越而自豪的中国文化。
相比之下，历史上来自中东的数十次入侵，使北印度的文化和建筑长期被伊斯兰化。到了20世纪，北方的清教徒印度民族主义者不得不向德拉维人寻求帮助，后者的祖先曾被游牧的雅利安人（北方人的祖先）驱逐，逃到了南方。
在我的国家，有一句谚语大致意思是“即使你是个好猎人，也不应该把你的猎物逼入峡谷”，意味着人们应该怜悯并对他人的困境显示宽容。最好不要让你欺凌或威胁的人或事物陷入失去一切和后悔的状态，否则他们会发疯般地用尽最后的力量来攻击你（这通常会给你带来严重后果）。
这个说法在印度人身上成真了。决定不消灭德拉维人部落对于保存雅利安人后裔最后的尊严至关重要，因为他们面对的入侵者比自己更加嗜血和残暴。
The northern barbarians of China didn't seek to replace Chinese culture,instead they added in.
That's why they use Chinese alphabets.
Also,Ancient Indians weren't driven out to the south as you claim to be.
They were always Indian.
The Indus valley civilisation doesn't predate any invaders. If it was the case,there would be atleast some historical records that show the case of it being true.
中国的北方蛮族并不想取代中国文化，相反，他们想融入其中。
这就是为什么他们使用中国文字。
而且，古代印度人并没有像你声称的那样被赶到南方。
他们一直是印度人。
印度河流域文明并不早于任何入侵者。如果是这样的话，至少会有一些历史记录证明这是真的。
this geography is india’s fortune，believe me
这个地理条件是印度的幸运，相信我
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
The geography is definitely great. But can you please elaborate.
地理条件确实很优越。但你能详细说明吗？
I sincerely pray that our present day politicians sell us to China for 100 years lease … May be we have unity, peace and development…
Without the Himalayas, we might have been part of China. They would not let go of a plain so suitable for agriculture.
The Great Wall will be built on the west side of the Indian Peninsula to resist attacks from the Middle East. Hinduism will replace Buddhism in China.
如果没有喜马拉雅山，我们可能早就是中国的一部分。他们不会放过如此适合农业的一片平原。
长城将在印度半岛西侧被修建，用于抵御中东方向的袭扰。印度教将代替佛教在中国的地位。
我诚心祈祷我们现今的政治家将我们卖给中国，租借100年…也许我们会有团结、和平和发展…
So this is exactly where the Mongol advantage kicks in. Running wild and quickly through Central Asia.
But they too did not conquer India. Even after having a flat and fertile access route through the Indus Valley.
所以这正是蒙古优势的发挥之处。在中亚野蛮而迅速地奔跑。
但是他们也没有征服印度。即使在印度河谷拥有一条平坦而肥沃的通道之后。
Seems to make sense but why wouldn't they come from the eastern side ie via Vietnam, Burma and into India, just like the Japanese did in World War II?
这似乎有道理，但为什么他们不从东面来，比如通过越南、缅甸，然后进入印度，就像二战时日本人那样？
No thing like ancient India existed..If Mongol empire was a country today over 50% of its original land, everyone would say ancient Mongol country was so big blah blah. Empires weren't countries. India didn't exist before 1947
古代印度这种东西根本不存在..如果蒙古帝国今天是一个国家，占原始土地的50%以上，每个人都会说古代蒙古国有多大之类的话。帝国不是国家。印度在1947年之前根本不存在。
Is it possible to flat down those Ti...ian, himalayan height with modern technology?
现代技术能够把那些藏区和喜马拉雅山脉的高度夷为平地吗？
Why are the Chinese always so biased?? If they do it even a tiny bit, it is ahmazing… if anyone else does it, meh!
The Han and Tang dynast
ies ruled over a pretty good sized area, most of it mountains though. Mauryan empire predates both of those, and had the entire Indian subcontinent under their rule.
You guys really need to grow up and stop the self patting. It is pathetic really. I get it that China is on its way to be a superpower and currently doing 5 times better than India, but the arrogance with which it is picking up a fight with everyone around, that way is going to be a long way.
为什么中国人总是这么偏颇？？即使他们做的再少，也是了不起的...如果其他人这样做，呵呵！
汉唐两代统治了一个相当大的区域，但大部分是山区。孔雀王朝比这两个都要早，并且统治了整个印度次大陆。
你们真的需要成熟起来，停止自吹自擂。真的很可悲。我明白中国正在成为超级大国的道路上，目前的表现比印度好五倍，但它以傲慢的态度与周围的每个人都闹翻，这条路会很漫长。
The Mauryan Dynasty's rule lasted less than half a century, and they did not even have time to unify the country's language and writing.
孔雀王朝的统治只持续了不到半个世纪，孔雀王朝的统治只持续了不到半个世纪，他们甚至来不及统一国家的语言和文字。
If China fuck the Indian lord proudly , it's will be massive success
如果中国自豪地与印度领主作对，这将是一个巨大的成功
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