古罗马人是什么种族?

What race were the Ancient Romans?

2024-04-28 大号儿童 7181 38 3 收藏纠错&举报

译文简介

网友：美国意义上的种族?我们还是不要说了。让我们以学术界为例。罗马人的帝国语言是拉丁语。拉丁语是印欧语系的一个斜体字分支。这就是结果。罗马人是印欧民族的意大利分支。其他分支包括希腊语(希腊人)、日耳曼语(德国人/英国人/瑞典人等)、印度雅利安语(伊朗和北印度)等。

正文翻译

Miles Burling
They were Roman. The concept of race didn’t exist to them. If you spoke Latin and worshipped mars publicly, you were the same race as them in their minds. Generally they had skin similar to modern napolese or Sicilians, but just like anywhere else, there was variety. Nero for example was a natural born Roman going back generations, but was a ginger. So clearly they didn’t all look the same.

他们是罗马人。对他们来说，种族概念是不存在的。如果你说拉丁语并公开崇拜马尔斯，那在他们看来，你和他们是同一种族。一般来说，他们的皮肤颜色类似于现代那不勒斯人或西西里人，但就像任何其他地方一样，存在着多样性。例如，尼禄是一个天生的罗马人，可以追溯到几代前，但却是个红发。因此很显然，他们并不都长得一样。

评论翻译

David Kwa
Race in an american sense? Lets not get there. Lets go with academia. The Imperial language of the Romans was Latin. Latin is an Italic branch of the Indo-European family. So there you have it. The Romans were Indo-European peoples of the Italic branch. Other branches include Hellenic (Greeks), Germanic (Germans/English/Swedes/etc.), Indo-Aryan (Iran and Northern India), etc.

美国意义上的种族?我们还是不要说了。让我们以学术界为例。罗马人的帝国语言是拉丁语。拉丁语是印欧语系的一个意大利语族分支。这就是结果。罗马人是印欧民族的意大利分支。其他分支包括希腊语(希腊人)、日耳曼语(德国人/英国人/瑞典人等)、印度雅利安语(伊朗和北印度)等。

Maria Milani
The ancient Romans were multi-ethnic. If ancient Roman portraits and historical accounts weren’t enough to convince us of this, it has also been demonstrated through modern DNA studies.

古罗马人是多民族的。如果古罗马肖像和历史记载不足以让我们相信这一点，那么现代DNA研究也证明了这一点。

The ethnicity of the ancient Romans is interesting to study because of the very long time period over which ancient Rome developed the vast geographical spread across three continents. Even defining ‘Romans’ is a task in itself. For example:

研究古罗马人的种族是很有趣的，因为古罗马在很长一段时间内发展了横跨三大洲的广阔地理分布。甚至定义“罗马人”本身就是一个任务。例如:

The earliest founders of Rome around the 8th Century BC were the “Latins”: Caucasian Italic people, of Mediterranean origin. Like all other peoples around them such as the Etruscans, Sabines, Samnites, Greeks, they were of Indo-European or proto-Indo-European origin; though this tells us more about their common roots of language and customs than it does about their race.

罗马最早的缔造者大约是公元前8世纪的“拉丁人”:地中海血统的高加索意大利人。就像他们周围的其他民族，如伊特鲁里亚人、萨宾人、萨谟尼特人、希腊人一样，他们是印欧人或原始印欧人的后裔;虽然这告诉我们更多的是他们共同的语言和习俗的根源，而不是他们的种族。

At the full extent of the Empire around the 2nd Century AD, Roman citizenship had been legally extended to many more people (and races) than the original Latins alone, reahing as far afield as Germany, Britain, Africa and the Middle East. This provided ample opportunity for genetic mixing of all these separate peoples and racial groups.

在公元2世纪左右，罗马帝国的全部版图上，罗马公民权已经合法地扩展到比最初的拉丁人更多的人(和种族)，远至德国、英国、非洲和中东。这为所有这些不同的民族和种族群体的基因混合提供了充分的机会。
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Very recently the universities of Vienna, Harvard and Rome ran a DNA study of bones found around Rome but pertaining to burials across a time period spanning some 12,000 years. The Romans of 6000 years ago even had some traces of Turkish and Iranian DNA, then 5-3000 years BC included Ukrainian steppe. As Rome was founded there were increasing elements of eastern Mediterranean. Later periods including the fall of Rome and the middle ages showed a shift towards western and northern European genes – in line with the western Roman empire having become “the Holy Roman Empire”.

最近，维也纳大学、哈佛大学和罗马大学对罗马周围发现的骨头进行了DNA研究，这些骨头与12000年前的墓葬有关。6000年前的罗马人甚至有土耳其和伊朗人DNA的痕迹，然后公元前5-3000年包括乌克兰草原。随着罗马的建立，东地中海的元素越来越多。后来的时期，包括罗马的衰落和中世纪，显示了向西欧和北欧基因的转变，这与西罗马帝国成为“神圣罗马帝国”是一致的。

Josh Marlo Aviñante
I would assume you mean the early Roman Republic when they were not yet a racially diverse empire.

我想你指的是早期的罗马共和国，那时他们还不是一个种族多元化的帝国。

They were the inhabitants of Latium (thus Latin) where Rome is now, who were for the longest time subjugated by the Etruscans. Scholars believe Octavian was blonde with blue eyes while Julius Caesar had light brown hair. However, this was would have been diluted over time as they expanded to the rest of Italy. To the south, the southern Italian cities were colonised by Greeks and Phoenicians. To the north of Italy were the Gauls in what is now France. In Spain were the Celtic Iberians. According legend, the Romans are decendants of the Trojans through Remus and Romulus, the babies who escaped Troy.

他们是现在罗马所在的拉提姆(Latium)的居民，在很长一段时间里被伊特鲁里亚人征服。学者们认为屋大维是金发碧眼，而凯撒是浅棕色头发。然而，随着时间的推移，随着他们扩张到意大利的其他地方，这种影响力就会被稀释。在南面，意大利南部城市被希腊人和腓尼基人殖民。在意大利的北边是高卢人，也就是现在的法国。在西班牙有凯尔特人伊比利亚人。根据传说，罗马人是特洛伊人的后裔，他们是逃离特洛伊的婴儿雷穆斯和罗穆卢斯。

The Italians must have already been mixed long before the fall of the West Roman Empire. Many Roman emperors were born in Spain, including Constantine. During Rome's decline, Ostrogoths and Lombards had already invaded northern Italy.

意大利人肯定早在西罗马帝国灭亡之前就已经混合在一起了。许多罗马皇帝都出生在西班牙，包括君士坦丁。在罗马衰亡期间，东哥特人和伦巴第人已经入侵了意大利北部。

Of the nations today, it is the Italians, Spaniards, and Romanians who considers themselves direct descendants of the fallen West Roman Empire.

在今天的民族中，意大利人、西班牙人和罗马尼亚人认为自己是衰落的西罗马帝国的直系后裔。

ChatGPTAnswer
The ancient Romans were a Mediterranean people. They were a diverse population that included individuals from a wide range of ethnic, cultural, and racial backgrounds. The Roman Empire was a melting pot of cultures, and people from all over the empire, including Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, contributed to the diverse population of Rome.

古罗马人是地中海民族。他们是一个多元化的群体，包括来自不同民族、文化和种族背景的人。罗马帝国是一个文化大熔炉，来自帝国各地的人们，包括欧洲、非洲和中东，为罗马的多样化人口做出了贡献。

Paul Wright
Wasn’t really a concept. It did matter if you were a Roman citizen or not and most were not for much of the period. Off course 2500 years ago the Italian peninsula was populated mostly by people of Indo-European genetic stock. Likely you would call them “white people” today.

并不是一个真正的概念。不管你是不是罗马公民都很重要，在那个时期，大多数人都不是。2500年前，意大利半岛上居住的主要是印欧血统的人。今天你可能会称他们为“白人”。
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Chris Backhaus
Caucasian. As there are ONLY 3 races. Negroid, Mongoloid and Caucazoid. White, Black and Asian. Thats it. The rest are “ethnicities” or “nationalities”.

白种人的。因为只有3个种族，黑人、蒙古人种和高加索人种。白种人、黑种人和亚洲人。其他的都是“种族”或“国籍”。
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Fabio Paolo Barbieri
Human. The idea of “race” is artificial, and the Roman Empire spread from dark-skinned Nubia to pale-skinned Britain anyway. Stop thinking in stupid modern terms.

人类。“种族”的概念是人为的，罗马帝国从深色皮肤的努比亚扩展到浅色皮肤的不列颠。停止用愚蠢的现代术语思考。

Aaron Fan
The Roman Empire was a multi-ethnic and multi-racial empire. Roman citizens’ phenotypes varied depending on location. Citizens in Roman Britain and in Germania had lighter complexions and were more likely to have red/blonde hair than citizens in North Africa.

罗马帝国是一个多民族、多种族的帝国。罗马公民的表型因地而异。罗马时期的不列颠人和日耳曼人肤色较浅，比北非人更有可能拥有红色/金色头发。

As for the city of Rome itself, it was a melting pot of the different ethnicities in the Empire. Most residents of the city were Mediterranean in appearance, but people with blond/red-hair and people with sub-Saharan African appearance were also relatively common in the city. Ostensibly, Italic and Celtic languages might belong to the same branch of Indo-European so the earliest “Romans” might have some “Celtic” traits such as red hair. But we must also remember that physical traits and language families don’t correlate perfectly. When a new culture/language takes over, it is usually done via assimilation of and intermarriage with indigenous peoples rather than complete population replacement (the cases of European colonization of what is now the US and Canada were actually rare exceptions rather than the norm).

至于罗马城本身，它是帝国中不同民族的熔炉。城市的大多数居民外貌上属于地中海人种，但金发/红发的人和撒哈拉以南非洲人种的人在城市中也相对常见。表面上，意大利语和凯尔特语可能属于印欧语系的同一支，所以最早的“罗马人”可能具有一些“凯尔特”特征，比如红发。但我们也必须记住，体貌特征和语系并不完全相关。当一个新的文化/语言接管时，通常是通过同化和与土著人口的通婚，而不是完全的人口置换（现今美国和加拿大的欧洲殖民是罕见的例外，而不是常态）。

Sven Jeske
Since there is no such thing as “race” in a biological/genetic way, the question makes no sense at all.
As for outward appearance … well, what do think - where does the term “Latino” come from? Could it by chance be that it has to do with the term “Latin”, which was the language the Romans spoke?

由于在生物/遗传学上并不存在“种族”，这个问题根本毫无意义。
至于外表……嗯，你认为，“拉丁裔”这个术语是从哪里来的呢？它可能与“拉丁”这个词有关吗？而拉丁语正是罗马人所讲的语言吧？

Lara Landis
Homo sapiens. There is and only has been one extant human race in the biological sense ever since the Neanderthals went extinct. The Romans saw themselves as the Roman race, which is even less well defined as modern notions of race.
But if you’re going for a slightly more broad Anthropological sense, like Indians, Arabs, Semitic people, and Europeans, they were Caucasians.

智人。自尼安德特人灭绝以来，在生物学意义上，只有一种现存的人类种族。罗马人把自己看作是罗马种族，这甚至比现代的种族概念更不明确。但如果你想从稍微广泛的人类学角度来看，比如印度人、阿拉伯人、闪族人和欧洲人，他们都是高加索人。

Mario Salvatore
The Ancient Romans were Mediterranean Latins and always were. They mixed heavily with the Ancient Greeks, Etruscans, and various Main land Italian Sub Groups who were all Mediterranean in Origin, not indo-European. They were technically their own Mediterranean racial group just like Mediterraneans are today.

古罗马人是地中海拉丁人，一直以来都是这样。他们与古希腊人、伊特鲁里亚人以及各种意大利大陆亚组群有着密切联系，这些人都是地中海人，而非印欧人。从技术上讲，他们属于自己的地中海种族群，就像今天的地中海人一样。

John Prestwick
The human race.
Scientists have abandoned the idea that humans can be subdivided into races based on biology or appearance. Race does exist, but as a social construct. The concept of race is obviously relevant in the history of the United States, South Africa and more recently the United Kingdom. On the other hand, it cannot be projected onto Roman civilisation.

人类种族。
科学家已经放弃了根据生物或外貌将人类细分为种族的想法。种族确实存在，但作为一种社会构造。种族的概念在美国、南非以及最近的英国历史中显然是相关的。另一方面，它不能被套用到罗马文明上。

The Romans certainly could be politically incorrect by modern standards, but this was based on traits like ethnolinguistic identity and social class, rather than skin colour. They had a higher opinion of the Egyptians than they did of the paler-skinned Germanic tribes.

罗马人当然可能在现代标准下不正确，但这是基于族语言认同和社会阶级等特征，而不是肤色。他们对埃及人的看法比对皮肤较白的日耳曼部落更高。

If you are asking how the Romans looked, that depends how you define “Roman”. Exactly what “Roman” meant varied during the history of Roman civilisation. Originally, it just meant someone from Rome. Over the centuries, Roman identity and ethnicity expanded across the Latium region of Italy, and then across the whole of Italy, and then to the other lands that the Romans ruled — as far north as Great Britain and as far south as the present-day border between Egypt and Sudan.

如果你问古罗马人的外貌，那就取决于你如何定义“罗马人”。在罗马文明的历史上，“罗马人”具体意味着什么是会有所不同。最初，它只是指来自罗马的人。随着时间的推移，罗马人的身份和种族扩展到意大利的拉脱姆地区，然后扩展到整个意大利，再到罗马统治的其他土地——一直延伸到大不列颠岛以北，南至今天埃及和苏丹的边界。

People did move around in that time, such as when the Romans founded cities called coloniae for retired soldier to move to. Overall though, there was far more continuity than change.

在那个时期，人们也会迁徙，比如罗马人建立了供退伍士兵居住的殖民城市。然而总体而言，变化远远不及连续性。

Thus, skin colour and hair colour varied in the Roman Empire, mainly based on latitude. In the north, the average appearance was pale skin and brown hair. In North Africa to the south, the average appearance was a darker ‘olive’ complexion and dark hair. The average appearance of Roman Italians, like present-day Italians, was something in between. It is important to note though that there was much overlap between how people looked at different latitudes. Some Italians could blend in with northerners, while others could blend in with North Africans. Indeed, some North Africans could have blended in with northerners.

因此，在罗马帝国内，肤色和头发颜色主要是根据纬度而变化的。在北方，平均外貌是皮肤较白和棕色头发。在南方的北非，平均外貌是较深的“橄榄”肤色和黑色头发。罗马意大利人的平均外貌，就像今天的意大利人一样，介于两者之间。然而，值得注意的是，在不同纬度的人们的外貌之间存在很大的重叠。一些意大利人可能与北方人融为一体，而另一些可能与北非人融为一体。事实上，一些北非人可能与北方人融为一体。

The southern limit of the empire was usually around where the present-day border is between Egypt and Sudan. Towards this southern limit, some locals had darker skin, to a point where they might be considered “black” if they visited the present-day United States or United Kingdom. That does not mean though that they would blend in if they went to West Africa.

帝国的南部边界通常位于今天的埃及和苏丹之间的边界。朝着南部边界，一些当地人肤色较深，甚至可能在访问今天的美国或英国时被认为是“黑人”。然而，这并不意味着如果他们去西非就会融入其中。

Scott Stanard
Given that most answers below are very matter of fact that Romans in the period of Julius Caesar and Jesus Christ were essentially of the same genetic makeup as Italians today, from people presumably of various fields and biases, I imagine my obxtion to that answer would essentially prove ridiculous.

鉴于下面的大多数答案都是非常事实的，即朱利叶斯·凯撒和耶稣基督时期的罗马人基本上与今天的意大利人具有相同的基因构成，来自不同领域和偏见的人，我想我对这个答案的反对基本上会被证明是荒谬的。

Therefore, let me ask those of you with an education in these things a sincere question that comes out of my limited and likely spotty understanding of the Mediterranean region:

因此，请允许我向你们中那些在这些事情上受过教育的人提出一个真诚的问题，这是我对地中海地区有限且可能参差不齐的理解:

With the Muslim Empire, and its encirclement of the Mediterranean Sea, peaking in the centuries that straddle the change of the two millennia of the Common Era, how is it possible that the genetics of the people inhabiting the Italian peninsula would not now be more like the people from the area from modern-day Iran to the Arabian peninsula than it was at the start of the First Millennium CE?

在穆斯林帝国的影响下，随着地中海周边地区在公元纪元之交的几个世纪达到顶峰，为何居住在意大利半岛的人们的基因现在不更类似于从今天的伊朗到阿拉伯半岛地区的人，而不是在公元一千年之初的情况呢？

I have long suspected that the typically 'swarthy,' darker, Mediterranean look of, particularly, Southern Italians had to have been from the influx of what I would assume to have been predominantly Arabic Muslim people as they came West with the occupation of the Southern coast of Europe, the Eastern coast [Syrian/Assyrian (?), Phoenician, Canaanite/Palestinian?] lands, and the Northern coast of Africa.

我长期怀疑，尤其是意大利南部人通常具有的“棕黑色”，较深的地中海人种外貌，必定是由于大量阿拉伯穆斯林人口涌入所致，随着他们西进占领了欧洲南部沿海、叙利亚/亚述（？）、腓尼基、迦南/巴勒斯坦等地区，以及非洲北部海岸。

Just as Britain over the millennia saw their genetic heritage evolve due to the influx (invasion, subjugation, immigration/settling, etc) of different groups -- [randomly] including Celts, Romans, Angles, Saxons, Danes, Scandinavian/Norse/ "Viking"/Germanic/Frankish/Norman peoples -- [such constant intermingling!] -- I would guess that a similar type of evolution would occur in just about any place in Europe and the Near/Middle East where plentiful resources, moderate weather, and ready navigability are most desirable.

随着不同群体的涌入（入侵、征服、移民/定居等），包括凯尔特人、罗马人、盎格鲁-撒克逊人、丹麦人、斯堪的纳维亚/北欧/“维京”/日耳曼/法兰克/诺曼人等[随机]，英国在数千年间见证了他们的基因遗传演变。这种持续不断的交流混合塑造了他们的遗传面貌。我猜想，在欧洲和近/中东地区，只要有丰富资源、温和气候和便利通航的地方，类似的演变过程可能会发生。

(I am always interested and curious about history of all kinds... nations, languages and their development over time, archaeology, evolution, empires, culture, religion, science, and technology, especially as they intersect and affect one another... so I am open to being educated.)

（我一直对各种历史感兴趣和好奇……国家、语言及其随时间发展的历史、考古学、进化论、帝国、文化、宗教、科学和技术，尤其是它们如何交汇和相互影响……因此我乐意接受教育。）

古罗马人 种族

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