中国高铁技术有哪些优点和缺点？为什么没有更多的国家采用它？网友：中国的高铁是世界上最先进的。比德国和日本的任何高铁都先进

What are the benefits and drawbacks of China's high speed rail technology? Why haven't more countries adopted it?

2024-02-05 驿路遛马 10467 21 18 收藏纠错&举报

译文简介

网友：这就是为什么高速铁路在西方从未真正流行起来的原因。是的，在大国家中有一些运行良好的线路，但没有急于建设超越此范围的任何线路，因为我们知道它不会起作用......

正文翻译

这就是为什么高速铁路在西方从未真正流行起来的原因。是的，在大国家中有一些运行良好的线路，但没有急于建设超越此范围的任何线路，因为我们知道它不会起作用。它行不通。日本的地理位置独特，是一个庞大而狭长的国家，人口主要集中在一系列狭长城市中。如果把日本列岛放在欧洲上，它们将从葡萄牙一直延伸到荷兰；这就是为什么这个国家特别适合高速铁路的原因，这也是为什么在中国建设自己的高铁网络之前，日本拥有最大的高铁网络的原因。

评论翻译

Kanthaswamy Balasubramaniam
China's HSR is solely as a result of DEMAND

中国的高铁完全是基于实际需求

It's a demand-oriented development, and that is why it has been able to expand so well across such a large operating distance

这是一种以需求为导向的发展，这就是为什么它能够在如此广阔的运营距离内取得如此良好的扩张

Its scale is so large now that it is running at optimum financial efficiency, and though it's losing money, its intangible benefits significantly more than make up for the losses

它的规模如此之大，它正在以最佳的财务效率运转，尽管它正在亏损，但其无形收益远远弥补了损失。

In other countries - HSR doesn't have active demand (Apart from Japan)

在其他国家，高铁没有积极的需求（除了日本）

The US has all those Airports and Highways and Expressways
India has too many poor people for at least another 25–30 years
Europe has a lovely nice railway network and doesn't need HSR because frankly it's a quaint place with historical significance rather than a bustling commercial hub
Russia has too few people
Africa is poorer than India is
The Middle East is perfect because they are too rich to be bothered about the financial efficiency of the project
China thus needed the HSR because it was China's time.

美国有那么多机场和高速公路
印度至少还有25-30年会有太多的贫困人口
欧洲有一个可爱的铁路网络，不需要高铁，因为坦白地说，它是一个有历史意义而不是繁华商业中心的古雅之地
俄罗斯人口太少
非洲比印度更贫困
中东是完美的，因为他们太富有，不会为项目的财务效益而烦恼
因此，中国需要高铁是因为这是中国的当前所需。

The people had risen to that economic level with around 33% Middle Class (2007)
Its manufacturing ability was superb
Its industry was top-notch
It could create a power infrastructure second to none for running the HSR and a supply chain at the lowest prices
Only the Middle East, India, and Nigeria have the sufficient potential to sustain a High-Speed Railway line

中国人民已经达到了大约33%的中产阶级（2007年）的经济水平
它的制造能力是一流的
它的工业水平一流
它能够为运行高铁创造一流的电力基础设施和最低价格的供应链
只有中东、印度和尼日利亚有足够的潜力维持高速铁路线

The Middle East can do it today
India simply cannot afford one until 2032–2034 at the earliest, and the present Bullet Train or Vande Bharat are Joker versions of what could be a major success
Nigeria?
Maybe 2045 at the earliest

中东今天就能做到
印度最早要到2032-2034年才能负担得起，而现在的子弹列车或印度之光只是可能取得重大成功版本的小丑
尼日利亚？
最早可能是2045年

Tillman Huett-Lassman
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相关讨论

How advanced is high-speed rail in China?

中国的高铁技术有多先进？

I had my first opportunity to ride the high-speed trains last week when I had a business meeting in Zhengzhou.

我上周在郑州参加商务会议时，有了第一次乘坐高铁的机会。

As someone who grew up with a disdain for public transportation (not sure why the US hates it so much), I was dreading the experience. I pushed hard to fly, but was told that it would be much better if I took the train.

作为一个对于公共交通方面有些不屑的人（不确定为什么美国这么讨厌它），我很害怕这次经历。我极力要求选择飞行，但被告知如果我坐火车会好得多。

The train was amazing. I had traveled on an Amtrak train before in the US, and hated how slow it was and how many stops there were. Chinese high-speed trains are on a different level.

这列火车太神奇了。我之前在美国乘坐过Amtrak火车，它的速度慢以及停靠站点太多让我很无语。而中国的高铁水平不同。

First, when I say they are high-speed, I mean they are high-speed.

首先，当我说它们是高速时，我的意思是它们真的很高速。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

The trains are clean and the seats are huge. There are ample power outlets and you can’t even feel how fast the train is moving. If there were no windows, I wouldn’t be able to tell when we were stopped or when we were traveling at 300 km/h—it is that smooth.

火车很干净，座位很大。有充足的电源插座，你甚至感觉不到火车有多快。如果没有窗户，我甚至无法分辨我们何时停下来，何时以300公里/小时的速度行驶——它就是这么平稳。

My train wasn’t full, so on the ride back, I had an entire row to myself. You can use your cellphone on the train (looking at you Chinese flights—you need to learn from the trains) and you generally have full service.

我乘坐的列车没有坐满，所以在回程时，我拥有了整整一排的座位。你可以在火车上使用手机（看看你们中国的飞机——你们需要向火车学习），而且通常可以获得全方位的服务。

The trains are very advanced, and the stations are new. The terminal in Zhengzhou looked like you could fit a million people in it even though it isn’t a Tier-1 city. It had shops and a food court, and the trains would silently pull in and out of the station perfectly on schedule.

这些火车非常先进，车站也很新。郑州的终点站看起来可以容纳百万人，即使它不是一线城市。那里有商店和美食广场，火车会在车站内完美地按时静悄悄地进出。

I’m traveling again this week by train and I’m excited.

我本周将再次乘火车旅行，我感到很兴奋。

The high-speed trains are incredible.

这些高铁真是令人难以置信。

Nathan James
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相关讨论

Why has China's high-speed railway system developed so successfully? How advanced are China's high-speed trains?

中国的高铁系统为什么能够成功发展？中国的高铁有多先进？

China’s HSR is the most advanced in the world. More advanced than anything the Germans and Japanese have.

中国的高铁是世界上最先进的。比德国和日本的任何东西都先进。

China has the world’s largest HSR network, over 40,000 km worth.

中国拥有全球最大的高铁网络，超过40,000公里。

China developed its HSR quickly and successfully because:

中国之所以能够快速而成功地发展其高铁，是因为：

China was totally committed to doing so. It was one of China’s top priorities. So it was well-funded and well-planned.

中国全身心的投入在做。这是中国的首要任务之一。因此，它得到了充分的资金支持和周密的计划。

China faced no obstacles nor opposition because it was in total control. That means no red tape, no bureaucracy, no regulations, no unxs. China could push it through easily.

在建设过程中没有面临任何障碍或反对，因为它完全可控。这意味着没有繁文缛节，没有官僚主义，没有法规，没有工会。中国能够轻松推进。

The Chinese were extremely innovative and inventive. China’s infrastructure engineering is second to none in the world.

中国人极具创新精神和创造力。中国的基础设施工程在世界上无与伦比。

China was in need of HSR. Other forms of transportation were inadequate to meet the needs of 1.4 billion people spread out over a vast geographical area.

中国需要高铁。其他形式的交通无法满足分布在广阔地理区域内的14亿人口的需求。

China saw HSR as a public good, not a profit center. Western countries won’t focus on HSR unless it’s profitable.

中国将高铁视为一种公共利益，而不是利润中心。西方国家不会关注高铁，除非它有利可图。

Tomaž Vargazon
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相关讨论

How profitable is China's high-speed rail?

中国的高铁有多赚钱？

Well, let’s put it this way.

好吧，让我们这样说。

Chinese high-speed rail network

中国的高速铁路网络
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

Out of 31 lines in operation:

运营中的31条线中：
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

5 are able to cover all the costs: operating costs, interest on loans, and will eventually repay the principal to turn a profit.

5条能够覆盖所有成本：运营成本、贷款利息，并最终偿还本金以实现盈利。

4 are able to cover operating costs and interest on loans but aren’t able to make a dent on the principal. These will never turn a profit.

4条能够支付运营成本和贷款利息，但无法还本。这些线路永远不会盈利。

11 are able to cover operating costs but aren’t able to make payments on their loans of any sort; their debts are just growing into infinity, but at least they can operate without constant outside support.

11条能够支付运营成本，但无法偿还任何贷款；它们的债务只是不断增加，但至少它们可以在没有持续外部支持的情况下运营。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

11 are unable to cover operating costs and need constant financial support just to stay open.

11条无法支付运营成本，需要不断的财政支持才能维持运营。

In other words, what is this “profitability” you speak of? The project was an utter disaster, financially speaking.

换句话说，你所说的“盈利能力”是什么？从财务角度来看，这个项目是一场彻底的灾难。

High-speed rail is only really great for trips longer than about 300 km, but shorter than 600 km. It needs to compete against regular rail at trips shorter than 300 km, but remains somewhat competitive to about 200 km, below which it unequivocally loses. Above 600 km planes come to the fore, and high-speed rail is competitive but not better than planes only to about 800 km. Beyond that distance, the plane is the better option.

高速铁路在大约300公里以上但短于600公里的旅行中表现得非常出色。在短于300公里的旅行中，它需要与常规铁路竞争，但在大约200公里左右仍然具有竞争力，在此范围内它毫无疑问会失败。超过600公里，飞机成为主流，高速铁路在这个距离是有竞争力的，但在800公里左右的范围内并不比飞机更好。在那之后的距离，飞机是更好的选择。

In other words, high-speed rail is only really suitable for trips between 300 and 600 km. You can make do with somewhat shorter and somewhat longer routes, but it will struggle beyond that rather narrow array of possible routes. These numbers all have error bars to them, of course; there is a gray area in between, but the dividing lines aren’t far from what I wrote.

换句话说，高铁只适合300到600公里的旅程。稍短或稍长的路线也可以勉强适用，但超出这个相对狭窄的范围就会面临困难。当然，这些数字都有一定的误差范围；中间存在一些灰色地带，但分界线与我所写的差不多。

The great problem with high-speed rail is infrastructure: rail lines need to be built and maintained, but can’t be used for other traffic. Regular rail can be used to carry freight as well as people; construction and maintenance costs are spread more widely that way. Planes need comparatively little infrastructure—two airports and a system of air traffic control to guide them—the atmosphere takes care of the rest. You can also add or remove routes between any two existing routes at your leisure. Planes are similar to ships in that regard; rail doesn’t have the same luxury.

高速铁路的主要问题在于基础设施：铁路需要建设和维护，但不能用于其他交通。常规铁路可以用于货物和人的运输；这样可以更广泛地分摊建设和维护成本。飞机需要相对较少的基础设施——两个机场和一个引导系统——大气层负责其余的部分。你还可以随意添加或删除任何两个现有路线之间的路线。在这方面，飞机类似于船只；铁路没有同样的基础条件。

This is why high-speed rail never really caught on in the West. Yes, there are a few lines that do work in large countries, but there’s no rush to build anything beyond that because we know it won’t work. It can’t work. Japan has a unique geography in that it’s an enormous and stretched country, with a large population mostly centered in a long line of major cities. The Japanese islands would stretch from Portugal to the Netherlands if placed over Europe; that’s why the country is uniquely well-suited for high-speed rail, and that’s why Japan had the largest high-speed rail network until China built their own.

这就是为什么高速铁路在西方从未真正流行起来的原因。是的，在大国家中有一些运行良好的线路，但没有急于建设超越此范围的任何线路，因为我们知道它不会起作用。它行不通。日本的地理位置独特，是一个庞大而狭长的国家，人口主要集中在一系列狭长城市中。如果把日本列岛放在欧洲上，它们将从葡萄牙一直延伸到荷兰；这就是为什么这个国家特别适合高速铁路的原因，这也是为什么在中国建设自己的高铁网络之前，日本拥有最大的高铁网络的原因。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

For most of the others high speed rail can only serve a few specific niches, as China is now discovering.

对于大多数其他情况，高铁只能为一些特定的领域提供服务，中国现在也发现了这一点。

原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

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