印度寻求将文物带回家
India’s quest to bring antiquities back hom
译文简介
莫迪政府已经开始了一项外交任务，以找回被殖民者掠夺的该国珍宝
正文翻译
The Modi administration has embarked on a diplomatic mission to retrieve the nation’s treasures that were plundered by colonizers
莫迪政府已经开始了一项外交任务，以找回被殖民者掠夺的该国珍宝
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Weeks after Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Washington, the US handed over 105 antiquities to the Indian Consulate in New York. This is seen as New Delhi’s latest achievement in its hunt for national treasures that were looted by colonizers, and more recently – stolen from India and sold in the West.
In the 86th edition of ‘Mann ki Baat’ aired in February 2022, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s monthly radio program in which he interacts with the public on issues of national importance, he said that India has managed to bring back over 200 precious idols since he came to power in 2014. They were either stolen or smuggled to the West. He hailed this achievement, claiming that only 13 relics had been retrieved by India before 2014. Modi attributed the “change of heart” of colonizing Western powers to India’s growing soft power on the global stage.
在印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪访问华盛顿几周后，美国将105件古董交给了印度驻纽约领事馆。这被视为新德里在寻找被殖民者掠夺的国宝以及最近从印度被盗并在西方出售的国宝上的最新成就。
在2022年2月播出的第86期“Mann ki Baat”中，这是印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪每月一次的广播节目，他在其中与公众互动讨论国家重要问题，他表示自2014年上台以来，印度已经成功带回了200多尊珍贵的雕像。它们要么被盗，要么被走私到西方。莫迪称赞这一成就，并声称在2014年之前，印度只取回了13件文物。莫迪将殖民的西方大国的“心态转变”归功于印度在全球舞台上不断增强的软实力。
In the 86th edition of ‘Mann ki Baat’ aired in February 2022, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s monthly radio program in which he interacts with the public on issues of national importance, he said that India has managed to bring back over 200 precious idols since he came to power in 2014. They were either stolen or smuggled to the West. He hailed this achievement, claiming that only 13 relics had been retrieved by India before 2014. Modi attributed the “change of heart” of colonizing Western powers to India’s growing soft power on the global stage.
在印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪访问华盛顿几周后，美国将105件古董交给了印度驻纽约领事馆。这被视为新德里在寻找被殖民者掠夺的国宝以及最近从印度被盗并在西方出售的国宝上的最新成就。
在2022年2月播出的第86期“Mann ki Baat”中，这是印度总理纳伦德拉·莫迪每月一次的广播节目，他在其中与公众互动讨论国家重要问题，他表示自2014年上台以来，印度已经成功带回了200多尊珍贵的雕像。它们要么被盗，要么被走私到西方。莫迪称赞这一成就，并声称在2014年之前，印度只取回了13件文物。莫迪将殖民的西方大国的“心态转变”归功于印度在全球舞台上不断增强的软实力。
‘History belongs to its geography’
The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is working overtime to reverse the cultural conquest of colonial British and other Western powers, who plundered India’s treasures for centuries with impunity. The Modi government has made it a diplomatic priority to bring these antiquities back home as it pursues its nationalist agenda – “history belongs to its geography.” This is also a topic for global debate between the colonial and colonized nations, as described in ‘Loot: Britain and the Benin Bronzes’ by British journalist Barnaby Phillips.
“历史属于其地理”
执政的印度人民党(BJP)正在加班加点地努力扭转殖民时期英国和其他西方大国的文化征服，这些国家几个世纪以来肆意掠夺了印度的珍宝。莫迪政府将带回这些古董视为外交优先事项，因为它追求的是民族主义议程——“历史属于其地理”。这也是殖民国家和被殖民国家之间全球辩论的话题，正如英国记者巴纳比·菲利普斯在《战利品：英国和古贝宁王国青铜器》一书中所描述的那样。
The ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is working overtime to reverse the cultural conquest of colonial British and other Western powers, who plundered India’s treasures for centuries with impunity. The Modi government has made it a diplomatic priority to bring these antiquities back home as it pursues its nationalist agenda – “history belongs to its geography.” This is also a topic for global debate between the colonial and colonized nations, as described in ‘Loot: Britain and the Benin Bronzes’ by British journalist Barnaby Phillips.
“历史属于其地理”
执政的印度人民党(BJP)正在加班加点地努力扭转殖民时期英国和其他西方大国的文化征服，这些国家几个世纪以来肆意掠夺了印度的珍宝。莫迪政府将带回这些古董视为外交优先事项，因为它追求的是民族主义议程——“历史属于其地理”。这也是殖民国家和被殖民国家之间全球辩论的话题，正如英国记者巴纳比·菲利普斯在《战利品：英国和古贝宁王国青铜器》一书中所描述的那样。
Several nations colonized in the past, including India, have been clamoring for repatriation of their antiquities housed in British museums. In a 2022 ‘Mann ki Baat’ episode, Modi touched upon the issue, citing his “responsibility towards mother India” as they are “part of the nation’s soul and faith.” Former Australian Prime Minister Tony Abbott was the first foreign leader to help Modi kickstart his cultural quest. In 2014, during a visit to India, he handed over two stolen 11th century idols of Nataraja (widely known as ‘Dancing Shiva’) and Ardhanarishwar (a half male and half female idol of Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati).
在过去，包括印度在内的几个国家一直在呼吁将收藏在英国博物馆的古迹遣返。在2022年的“Mann ki Baat”节目中，莫迪谈到了这个问题，并表示这是他“对印度母亲的责任”，因为这些文物“是国家灵魂和信仰的一部分”。前澳大利亚总理托尼·阿博特是第一位帮助莫迪启动他文化追求的外国领导人。在2014年访问印度时，他移交了两尊被盗的11世纪 Nataraja（广泛被称为“舞王湿婆”）和阿尔达纳里什瓦（湿婆和他的伴侣帕尔瓦蒂的半男半女身像）雕像。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
在过去，包括印度在内的几个国家一直在呼吁将收藏在英国博物馆的古迹遣返。在2022年的“Mann ki Baat”节目中，莫迪谈到了这个问题，并表示这是他“对印度母亲的责任”，因为这些文物“是国家灵魂和信仰的一部分”。前澳大利亚总理托尼·阿博特是第一位帮助莫迪启动他文化追求的外国领导人。在2014年访问印度时，他移交了两尊被盗的11世纪 Nataraja（广泛被称为“舞王湿婆”）和阿尔达纳里什瓦（湿婆和他的伴侣帕尔瓦蒂的半男半女身像）雕像。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
In 2021, in reply to a question in Parliament, then-Culture Minister Prahlad Patel shared details of the 36 artifacts recovered from the US, Australia, and the UK over a period of five years. Spanning centuries – from the Mauryas (321 BC to 185 BC) to the Cholas (9th Century AD to 13th Century AD) – and from across the country – Andhra Pradesh to Kashmir and West Bengal – the idols were returned voluntarily. The minister’s response came in the wake of the Netherlands government’s announcement that it would return all stolen artifacts to its former colonies. In India, the Dutch East India Company had colonies in Kozhikode, Masulipatnam, Nagapattinam, Puducherry, Serampore, and Pazhaverkadu.
2021年，在议会的一次问题回答中，时任文化部长Prahlad Patel 分享了在过去五年中从美国、澳大利亚和英国追回的36件文物的细节。这些文物跨越了几个世纪——从孔雀王朝（公元前321年至公元前185年）到朱罗王朝（公元9世纪至公元13世纪）——并来自印度各地——从安得拉邦到克什米尔和西孟加拉邦——这些雕像都是自愿归还的。该部长的回应是在荷兰政府宣布将所有被盗文物归还给其前殖民地之后作出的。在印度，荷兰东印度公司在科泽科德、苏里帕特纳姆、纳加伯蒂讷姆、本地治里、塞兰布尔和帕扎维尔卡杜都有殖民地。
2021年，在议会的一次问题回答中，时任文化部长Prahlad Patel 分享了在过去五年中从美国、澳大利亚和英国追回的36件文物的细节。这些文物跨越了几个世纪——从孔雀王朝（公元前321年至公元前185年）到朱罗王朝（公元9世纪至公元13世纪）——并来自印度各地——从安得拉邦到克什米尔和西孟加拉邦——这些雕像都是自愿归还的。该部长的回应是在荷兰政府宣布将所有被盗文物归还给其前殖民地之后作出的。在印度，荷兰东印度公司在科泽科德、苏里帕特纳姆、纳加伯蒂讷姆、本地治里、塞兰布尔和帕扎维尔卡杜都有殖民地。
Bringing gods back home
The US returned 105 items after New Delhi and Washington agreed to work on a Cultural Property Agreement that would prevent the illegal trafficking of cultural artifacts. The antiquities, made of terracotta, stone, metal, and wood, span the 2nd-3rd Century AD to the British colonial-rule in the 19th Century and encompass the diverse geographical spread of India. Around 50 hold religious significance for the majority Hindus and the minority Jains and Muslims, and the rest are of immense cultural importance.
The 47 terracotta pieces, vases and plaques date back to the 2nd and 3rd Century AD and are from Chandraketugarh, a 2,500-year-old archaeological site near Bidyadhari River in present-day West Bengal. The pieces include a plaque depicting a spiritual figure wearing bejeweled headgear and a sculpture of the Hindu god Vishnu riding Garuda, a mythical bird. Another 20 stone pieces trace their origins between the 10th and 12th century, depicting the Hindu idols Vishnu and Lakshmi, and a miniature Jain shrine.
将神婆带回家
在新德里和华盛顿同意合作制定文化财产协定以防止非法贩卖文化文物后，美国归还了105件文物。这些古迹包括陶土、石头、金属和木制品，跨越了公元2-3世纪到19世纪的英国殖民统治时期，涵盖了印度多样化的地理范围。其中约50件对大多数印度教徒以及少数耆那教徒和穆斯林具有宗教意义，其余的则具有巨大的文化重要性。
这47件陶土作品、花瓶和浮雕可以追溯到公元2至3世纪，来自位于现今西孟加拉邦的陈德拉克图加尔，这是一个有着2500年历史的考古遗址，位于毗达哈里河附近。这些作品包括一块描绘一位戴着宝石头饰的灵性人物的浮雕，以及一尊描绘印度教神祇毗湿奴骑着神鸟迦楼罗的雕塑。另外还有20件石制品可以追溯到10至12世纪，描绘了印度教神祇毗湿奴和拉克什米，以及一个微型的耆那教神龛。
The US returned 105 items after New Delhi and Washington agreed to work on a Cultural Property Agreement that would prevent the illegal trafficking of cultural artifacts. The antiquities, made of terracotta, stone, metal, and wood, span the 2nd-3rd Century AD to the British colonial-rule in the 19th Century and encompass the diverse geographical spread of India. Around 50 hold religious significance for the majority Hindus and the minority Jains and Muslims, and the rest are of immense cultural importance.
The 47 terracotta pieces, vases and plaques date back to the 2nd and 3rd Century AD and are from Chandraketugarh, a 2,500-year-old archaeological site near Bidyadhari River in present-day West Bengal. The pieces include a plaque depicting a spiritual figure wearing bejeweled headgear and a sculpture of the Hindu god Vishnu riding Garuda, a mythical bird. Another 20 stone pieces trace their origins between the 10th and 12th century, depicting the Hindu idols Vishnu and Lakshmi, and a miniature Jain shrine.
将神婆带回家
在新德里和华盛顿同意合作制定文化财产协定以防止非法贩卖文化文物后，美国归还了105件文物。这些古迹包括陶土、石头、金属和木制品，跨越了公元2-3世纪到19世纪的英国殖民统治时期，涵盖了印度多样化的地理范围。其中约50件对大多数印度教徒以及少数耆那教徒和穆斯林具有宗教意义，其余的则具有巨大的文化重要性。
这47件陶土作品、花瓶和浮雕可以追溯到公元2至3世纪，来自位于现今西孟加拉邦的陈德拉克图加尔，这是一个有着2500年历史的考古遗址，位于毗达哈里河附近。这些作品包括一块描绘一位戴着宝石头饰的灵性人物的浮雕，以及一尊描绘印度教神祇毗湿奴骑着神鸟迦楼罗的雕塑。另外还有20件石制品可以追溯到10至12世纪，描绘了印度教神祇毗湿奴和拉克什米，以及一个微型的耆那教神龛。
Many of these items were stolen by an American citizen of Indian origin, Subash Kapoor, who was sentenced to ten years by a Tamil Nadu court and is currently serving his term. The US authorities have indicted Kapoor for stealing artifacts that are valued at more than $100 million. Earlier in April, India was among 15 countries whose artifacts were returned by the US Immigrations and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE) Homeland Security Investigations’ mission. Data shows that the US has returned 278 artifacts to India, including 16 in 2016 and 157 in 2021.
这些物品中许多都是由美籍印度裔的美国公民Subash Kapoor盗取的，他在泰米尔纳德邦法院被判处十年徒刑，目前正在服刑中。美国当局指控Kapoor盗窃了价值超过1亿美元的文物。今年四月，美国移民和海关执法局（ICE）国土安全部调查部门归还了15个国家的文物，其中包括印度。数据显示，美国已经归还了278件文物给印度，其中包括2016年归还了16件，2021年归还了157件。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
这些物品中许多都是由美籍印度裔的美国公民Subash Kapoor盗取的，他在泰米尔纳德邦法院被判处十年徒刑，目前正在服刑中。美国当局指控Kapoor盗窃了价值超过1亿美元的文物。今年四月，美国移民和海关执法局（ICE）国土安全部调查部门归还了15个国家的文物，其中包括印度。数据显示，美国已经归还了278件文物给印度，其中包括2016年归还了16件，2021年归还了157件。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Citizens’ movement
The Modi government’s diplomatic breakthrough received a force multiplier in a civil society initiative concerned with “national pride and security.” Since 2013, the India Pride Project, a citizens’ movement for the repatriation of stolen and smuggled antiquities from public museums and private collectors across the world, has been doing a great deal of work.
The movement was co-founded by public policy expert Anuraag Saxena, a Singapore-based non-resident Indian, and shipping company executive S. Vijay Kumar, who lives in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Even before the India Pride Project, which has around 300 anonymous global teams of volunteers from all walks of life and who communicate mostly virtually, came to fruition, Kumar had already spent over a decade on this mission.
Since its inception, the project’s volunteers have brought back to India several millions worth of antiquities from across the world, including Australia, Singapore, Germany, and the US, Saxena told RT. The fledgling organization’s core team has 11 people, who are giving wings to the Modi government’s ‘decolonization’ bid. “India cannot be called a decolonized nation unless the nation can rightfully claim its precious treasures,” Saxena said. The movement aims to bring back both those artifacts taken forcibly out of India during the British colonial era, and those stolen and smuggled from temples and public collections more recently.
公民运动
莫迪政府在外交突破方面得到了一个力量倍增器，这是一个关注"民族自豪和安全"的民间社会倡议。自2013年以来，"印度自豪项目"（India Pride Project）一直在进行大量的工作，旨在从全球公共博物馆和私人收藏家那里追索被盗和走私的古董。
该运动由总部位于新加坡的公共政策专家Anuraag Saxena和居住在泰米尔纳德邦金奈市的航运公司高管S. Vijay Kumar共同创立。在“印度自豪项目“成为现实之前，库马尔已经花了十多年的时间来推动这个使命。
自成立以来，该项目的志愿者们已经从澳大利亚、新加坡、德国和美国等地将价值数百万的古董带回了印度，Saxena告诉RT。这个新生组织的核心团队有11人，他们正在推动莫迪政府的"去殖民化"努力。Saxena说："只有当国家能够合法地拥有宝贵的文物时，印度才能被称为一个去殖民化的国家。"该运动旨在追索那些在英国殖民时期被强行带出印度的文物，以及最近从寺庙和公共收藏中被盗窃和走私的文物。
The Modi government’s diplomatic breakthrough received a force multiplier in a civil society initiative concerned with “national pride and security.” Since 2013, the India Pride Project, a citizens’ movement for the repatriation of stolen and smuggled antiquities from public museums and private collectors across the world, has been doing a great deal of work.
The movement was co-founded by public policy expert Anuraag Saxena, a Singapore-based non-resident Indian, and shipping company executive S. Vijay Kumar, who lives in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Even before the India Pride Project, which has around 300 anonymous global teams of volunteers from all walks of life and who communicate mostly virtually, came to fruition, Kumar had already spent over a decade on this mission.
Since its inception, the project’s volunteers have brought back to India several millions worth of antiquities from across the world, including Australia, Singapore, Germany, and the US, Saxena told RT. The fledgling organization’s core team has 11 people, who are giving wings to the Modi government’s ‘decolonization’ bid. “India cannot be called a decolonized nation unless the nation can rightfully claim its precious treasures,” Saxena said. The movement aims to bring back both those artifacts taken forcibly out of India during the British colonial era, and those stolen and smuggled from temples and public collections more recently.
公民运动
莫迪政府在外交突破方面得到了一个力量倍增器，这是一个关注"民族自豪和安全"的民间社会倡议。自2013年以来，"印度自豪项目"（India Pride Project）一直在进行大量的工作，旨在从全球公共博物馆和私人收藏家那里追索被盗和走私的古董。
该运动由总部位于新加坡的公共政策专家Anuraag Saxena和居住在泰米尔纳德邦金奈市的航运公司高管S. Vijay Kumar共同创立。在“印度自豪项目“成为现实之前，库马尔已经花了十多年的时间来推动这个使命。
自成立以来，该项目的志愿者们已经从澳大利亚、新加坡、德国和美国等地将价值数百万的古董带回了印度，Saxena告诉RT。这个新生组织的核心团队有11人，他们正在推动莫迪政府的"去殖民化"努力。Saxena说："只有当国家能够合法地拥有宝贵的文物时，印度才能被称为一个去殖民化的国家。"该运动旨在追索那些在英国殖民时期被强行带出印度的文物，以及最近从寺庙和公共收藏中被盗窃和走私的文物。
Saxena argued that “in a flatter, more transparent world, nations (read Western) will have to give up the aggressive, loot-and-scoot view of another’s heritage,” while citing how “India has been a victim to colonizers and mercenaries for centuries. Let’s not forget Christopher Columbus was looking for India when he lost his way to America.”
The volunteers are optimistic about the road ahead, despite the scarcity of resources. “There has been an institutionalized destruction of Indian culture since independence. Over 70 years of rust will take time to clean,” he said, adding, “we have zero employees, zero authority, and zero funding. Imagine what we could achieve with the right institutional support.”
Saxena hailed the organization’s efforts of two years ago which aided an investigation and convinced the National Gallery of Australia to return 14 artifacts worth $2.2 million, which were stolen by Kapoor, to the Indian government. “Magic happens when the right intent comes together,” he said. There was another feather in the project’s cap in 2015, when German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited India. She handed over to Modi a stolen heritage Durga idol as a goodwill gesture. The idol was stolen from India and sold to a German museum at a cost of $250,000. Now, the project seeks to restore India’s pride and heritage glory – one precious piece at a time – despite a gaping regulatory lacuna.
Saxena认为，在一个更加平等、透明的世界中，国家（特指西方国家）必须放弃对他人遗产的掠夺和溜之大吉的观点。他引用了"印度几个世纪以来一直是殖民者和雇佣兵的受害者。我们不要忘记，克里斯托弗·哥伦布在迷路去美洲时其实是在寻找印度"。
尽管资源匮乏，志愿者们对未来充满信心。他说："独立以来，印度文化遭到了制度化的破坏。70多年的沉积需要时间来清理。"他补充道："我们没有员工，没有权力，也没有资金支持。想象一下，如果有正确的制度支持，我们可以取得什么样的成就。"
Saxena赞扬了两年前该组织的努力，帮助调查并说服澳大利亚国家美术馆将由Kapoor盗窃的价值220万美元的14件文物归还给印度政府。他说："当正确的意图相遇时，奇迹就会发生。"该项目在2015年又取得了另一个成就，当时德国总理安格拉·默克尔访问印度时，她作为一种友好姿态，交还了一尊从印度盗窃并以25万美元的价格出售给德国博物馆的达吾尔迦母神像。现在，该项目寻求逐渐恢复印度的自豪感和文化遗产辉煌，尽管面临的法规漏洞仍然存在。
The volunteers are optimistic about the road ahead, despite the scarcity of resources. “There has been an institutionalized destruction of Indian culture since independence. Over 70 years of rust will take time to clean,” he said, adding, “we have zero employees, zero authority, and zero funding. Imagine what we could achieve with the right institutional support.”
Saxena hailed the organization’s efforts of two years ago which aided an investigation and convinced the National Gallery of Australia to return 14 artifacts worth $2.2 million, which were stolen by Kapoor, to the Indian government. “Magic happens when the right intent comes together,” he said. There was another feather in the project’s cap in 2015, when German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited India. She handed over to Modi a stolen heritage Durga idol as a goodwill gesture. The idol was stolen from India and sold to a German museum at a cost of $250,000. Now, the project seeks to restore India’s pride and heritage glory – one precious piece at a time – despite a gaping regulatory lacuna.
Saxena认为，在一个更加平等、透明的世界中，国家（特指西方国家）必须放弃对他人遗产的掠夺和溜之大吉的观点。他引用了"印度几个世纪以来一直是殖民者和雇佣兵的受害者。我们不要忘记，克里斯托弗·哥伦布在迷路去美洲时其实是在寻找印度"。
尽管资源匮乏，志愿者们对未来充满信心。他说："独立以来，印度文化遭到了制度化的破坏。70多年的沉积需要时间来清理。"他补充道："我们没有员工，没有权力，也没有资金支持。想象一下，如果有正确的制度支持，我们可以取得什么样的成就。"
Saxena赞扬了两年前该组织的努力，帮助调查并说服澳大利亚国家美术馆将由Kapoor盗窃的价值220万美元的14件文物归还给印度政府。他说："当正确的意图相遇时，奇迹就会发生。"该项目在2015年又取得了另一个成就，当时德国总理安格拉·默克尔访问印度时，她作为一种友好姿态，交还了一尊从印度盗窃并以25万美元的价格出售给德国博物馆的达吾尔迦母神像。现在，该项目寻求逐渐恢复印度的自豪感和文化遗产辉煌，尽管面临的法规漏洞仍然存在。
Heritage laws
India failed to retrieve stolen artifacts after it gained independence from the British in 1947 largely because it lacks strict regulations, experts say. Restitution has been rare in the absence of foolproof regulatory measures. The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972, which was implemented on April 1, 1976, has largely remained a paper tiger, unlike, for example, the stringent US Federal Historic Preservation Laws, despite the country’s rich historical past, Saxena said. China, another ancient civilization like India, has introduced regulations to safeguard its heritage.
Saxena explained that “not-so-prosperous countries such as Jordan and Mexico have robust regulations, while a more economically-advanced nation such as India is found lacking owing to a policy paralysis of successive governments in the past. Jordan’s GDP is less than 2% of India’s, but it still has a stringent enforcement agency unlike ours.”
遗产法
专家表示，印度在1947年从英国独立后未能成功追回被盗的文物，主要是因为缺乏严格的法规。由于缺乏万无一失的监管措施，文物归还一直很少见。尽管印度拥有悠久的历史，但1972年的《古物和艺术珍品法案》在1976年4月1日实施后，基本上只是纸上谈兵，没有像美国联邦历史保护法那样严格执行，Saxena说。中国和印度一样是古老的文明国家，但中国已经出台了保护文化遗产的法规。
Saxena解释道，"像约旦和墨西哥这样的不太富裕的国家拥有健全的法规，而像印度这样经济上更先进的国家由于过去连续政府的政策瘫痪而显得缺乏足够的法规。尽管约旦的国内生产总值不到印度的2%，但他们仍然有一个严格的执法机构，而我们没有。"
India failed to retrieve stolen artifacts after it gained independence from the British in 1947 largely because it lacks strict regulations, experts say. Restitution has been rare in the absence of foolproof regulatory measures. The Antiquities and Art Treasures Act of 1972, which was implemented on April 1, 1976, has largely remained a paper tiger, unlike, for example, the stringent US Federal Historic Preservation Laws, despite the country’s rich historical past, Saxena said. China, another ancient civilization like India, has introduced regulations to safeguard its heritage.
Saxena explained that “not-so-prosperous countries such as Jordan and Mexico have robust regulations, while a more economically-advanced nation such as India is found lacking owing to a policy paralysis of successive governments in the past. Jordan’s GDP is less than 2% of India’s, but it still has a stringent enforcement agency unlike ours.”
遗产法
专家表示，印度在1947年从英国独立后未能成功追回被盗的文物，主要是因为缺乏严格的法规。由于缺乏万无一失的监管措施，文物归还一直很少见。尽管印度拥有悠久的历史，但1972年的《古物和艺术珍品法案》在1976年4月1日实施后，基本上只是纸上谈兵，没有像美国联邦历史保护法那样严格执行，Saxena说。中国和印度一样是古老的文明国家，但中国已经出台了保护文化遗产的法规。
Saxena解释道，"像约旦和墨西哥这样的不太富裕的国家拥有健全的法规，而像印度这样经济上更先进的国家由于过去连续政府的政策瘫痪而显得缺乏足够的法规。尽管约旦的国内生产总值不到印度的2%，但他们仍然有一个严格的执法机构，而我们没有。"
How Britain stole $45 trillion from India
The British, which ruled India for nearly 200 years between 1757 and 1947, has perpetuated the narrative that governing the undivided country was a gesture of London’s benevolence. However, a research paper by economist Utsa Patnaik published by Columbia University Press in 2019 debunks that long-held narrative.
Patnaik’s research – based on exhaustive data on tax and trade – revealed that Britain robbed India of around $45 trillion between 1765 and 1938. As a comparative figure, the UK’s present-day economy – the sixth-largest in the world – is estimated at $3.16 trillion, around 15 times less than what it had systematically plundered from India, including the precious 105.6 carat crown jewel Koh-i-Noor, which loosely translates to ‘Mountain of Light’ from Persian. Indian Minister for External Affairs Dr. Subrahmanyam Jaishankar endorsed Patnaik’s findings.
英国如何从印度窃取了45万亿美元
英国在1757年至1947年间统治了将近200年的印度，一直以来都宣称统治这个未分裂的国家是伦敦的善意姿态。然而，2019年哥伦比亚大学出版社发表的经济学家乌沙·帕特纳伊克（Utsa Patnaik）的研究论文推翻了这个长期以来的说法。
帕特纳伊克的研究基于税收和贸易等详尽的数据，揭示了英国在1765年至1938年间从印度掠夺了约45万亿美元。作为对比，英国如今的经济规模位居世界第六，估计为3.16万亿美元，大约只有它从印度系统性掠夺的财富的十五分之一，其中包括珍贵的105.6克拉皇冠钻石光明之山（Koh-i-Noor），波斯语中意为"光之山"。印度外交事务部长苏布拉马尼安姆·贾伊沙卡尔（Subrahmanyam Jaishankar）支持帕特纳伊克的研究结果。
The British, which ruled India for nearly 200 years between 1757 and 1947, has perpetuated the narrative that governing the undivided country was a gesture of London’s benevolence. However, a research paper by economist Utsa Patnaik published by Columbia University Press in 2019 debunks that long-held narrative.
Patnaik’s research – based on exhaustive data on tax and trade – revealed that Britain robbed India of around $45 trillion between 1765 and 1938. As a comparative figure, the UK’s present-day economy – the sixth-largest in the world – is estimated at $3.16 trillion, around 15 times less than what it had systematically plundered from India, including the precious 105.6 carat crown jewel Koh-i-Noor, which loosely translates to ‘Mountain of Light’ from Persian. Indian Minister for External Affairs Dr. Subrahmanyam Jaishankar endorsed Patnaik’s findings.
英国如何从印度窃取了45万亿美元
英国在1757年至1947年间统治了将近200年的印度，一直以来都宣称统治这个未分裂的国家是伦敦的善意姿态。然而，2019年哥伦比亚大学出版社发表的经济学家乌沙·帕特纳伊克（Utsa Patnaik）的研究论文推翻了这个长期以来的说法。
帕特纳伊克的研究基于税收和贸易等详尽的数据，揭示了英国在1765年至1938年间从印度掠夺了约45万亿美元。作为对比，英国如今的经济规模位居世界第六，估计为3.16万亿美元，大约只有它从印度系统性掠夺的财富的十五分之一，其中包括珍贵的105.6克拉皇冠钻石光明之山（Koh-i-Noor），波斯语中意为"光之山"。印度外交事务部长苏布拉马尼安姆·贾伊沙卡尔（Subrahmanyam Jaishankar）支持帕特纳伊克的研究结果。
The Guardian uncovered from Britain’s ‘India Office’ archives how priceless items from the colony – known as the ‘Jewel in the Crown’ – were “extracted as trophies of conquest.” The 46-page file, which dates back to 1912, revealed an investigation ordered by Queen Mary (Queen Elizabeth’s grandmother) into the “imperial origins of her jewels.”
Shashi Tharoor, formerly an undersecretary at the United Nations and currently a three-term member of Parliament, told The Guardian, “We have finally entered an era where colonial loot and pillage is being recognized for what it really was, rather than being dressed up as the incidental spoils of some noble ‘civilizing mission.’” The Congress MP echoed similar thoughts in another Indian documentary, ‘Blood Buddha – Bringing Our Gods Home’: “they [the British] didn’t steal them because they could look after them better; they stole them first and found the justification later.”
英国《卫报》从英国的“印度办公室”档案中揭露了殖民地珍贵物品被作为“征服的战利品”“挤取”的事实。这份始于1912年的46页文件揭示了玛丽女王（伊丽莎白女王的祖母）下令调查她的珠宝的“帝国渊源”。
曾任联合国副秘书长、目前连任三届议会成员的Shashi Tharoor告诉《卫报》：“我们终于进入了一个承认殖民洗劫和掠夺的时代，而不是把它们打扮成某种高尚‘文明使命’的意外战利品。”这位国大党议员在另一部印度纪录片《血之佛——带回我们的神像》中也表达了类似观点：“他们（英国人）偷走它们并不是因为他们能更好地照顾它们，而是先偷走然后找到后来的理由。”
Shashi Tharoor, formerly an undersecretary at the United Nations and currently a three-term member of Parliament, told The Guardian, “We have finally entered an era where colonial loot and pillage is being recognized for what it really was, rather than being dressed up as the incidental spoils of some noble ‘civilizing mission.’” The Congress MP echoed similar thoughts in another Indian documentary, ‘Blood Buddha – Bringing Our Gods Home’: “they [the British] didn’t steal them because they could look after them better; they stole them first and found the justification later.”
英国《卫报》从英国的“印度办公室”档案中揭露了殖民地珍贵物品被作为“征服的战利品”“挤取”的事实。这份始于1912年的46页文件揭示了玛丽女王（伊丽莎白女王的祖母）下令调查她的珠宝的“帝国渊源”。
曾任联合国副秘书长、目前连任三届议会成员的Shashi Tharoor告诉《卫报》：“我们终于进入了一个承认殖民洗劫和掠夺的时代，而不是把它们打扮成某种高尚‘文明使命’的意外战利品。”这位国大党议员在另一部印度纪录片《血之佛——带回我们的神像》中也表达了类似观点：“他们（英国人）偷走它们并不是因为他们能更好地照顾它们，而是先偷走然后找到后来的理由。”
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No need to go gung ho and "demand" anything,just be diplomatic and suggest that "copies" be made with a note confirming this and that the original is back in India.
没有必要过于激进，只需以外交方式建议制作“复印件”，并附上一张确认原件已返还印度的便条。
India could also slowly but surely start grinding the uk economy by withholding various trade products.
印度也可以逐渐通过暂停各种贸易产品来打击英国经济。
May there always be unforgivable and unforgettable consequences for England/Britain.
愿对英格兰/不列颠永远有不可原谅和难以忘怀的后果。
England/Britain, has NEVER left everyone's countries at the same time.
英格兰/不列颠从未同时离开其他所有国家。
Only if India dare to bring back justice, dignity, honour & respect to those untouchable Dalits who were outcasted in the name of Hinduism or Bramhinism
只有当印度敢于为那些被称为印度教或婆罗门教所遗弃的贱民带回正义、尊严、荣誉和尊重时，才能实现这一目标。
The British didn't just rob India, but they were directly responsible for millions of deaths through famine because of greed. Drip feeding these cultural artefacts are only to score political points in contrast to the withholding of Chinese artefacts that are hidden away. The imperial plunder will only become an embarrassment for the West and a symbol of their thoughts on the countries they robbed.
英国不仅仅是掠夺了印度，而且由于贪婪而直接导致了数百万人因饥荒而死亡。滴注给这些文化艺术品只是为了在与藏匿起来的中国艺术品相对比时获得政治上的优势。帝国的掠夺只会成为西方的尴尬，并成为他们对所掠夺国家的态度的象征。
Every country should do the same and stop the western museum from making money from stolen property.
每个国家都应该做同样的事情，阻止西方博物馆从被盗财产中获利。
Great move for India. All countries need to repatriate all the items stolen from their lands for the viewing of colonizers citizens in museums. Display the loot with immense pride. Evidence of the crime of theft and looting.
印度这样做是一个很好的举措。所有国家都需要将从他们土地上被盗走的物品送回，供殖民者的公民在博物馆中观赏。自豪地展示掠夺品。这是窃取和掠夺犯罪的证据。
If Britain and the US return everything they stole from the rest of the world, they won't even have underpants left on their asses.
如果英国和美国将他们从世界各地偷来的一切都归还，他们连内裤都没有了。
Modi visiting England and asking for the stolen diamond(Queens crown) to be given back by Sunak
莫迪访问英国并要求苏纳克归还被偷走的钻石（女王的皇冠）。
Modi bandit / butcher is looting, killing, dishonoring, demolishing, demonizing, destructing, destabilizing, politicizing religious hatred, zionising Hindu extremist & publicizing himself for upcoming elections....
莫迪是个强盗/屠夫，他在掠夺、杀戮、侮辱、拆毁、妖魔化、破坏、动荡中，将宗教仇恨政治化，支持印度教极端主义，并为即将到来的选举做自我宣传......
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Is this the same Modi who is right now kissing the asses of the very same colonizers he accuses of stealing Indian treasures? Give me a break, JOKER MODI!
这就是现在对着同样的殖民者的屁股磕头的莫迪吗？别闹了，莫迪真是个小丑！
If Modi was actually serious about this he'd demand the return of the crown jewels worn by English Royalty and the thousands of artifacts that are owned by private billionaire collections. Instead he gets trinkets returned from museums that are losing funding and have to cut their inventories, yet he acts like it's a major victory.
如果莫迪真的认真对待这件事，他会要求英国皇室归还他们所佩戴的皇冠珠宝和成千上万的私人亿万富翁收藏的文物。相反，他只是从正在失去资金并不得不减少库存的博物馆那里拿回了一些小玩意，但他却把它当作重大胜利
White Europeans are the world's biggest thieves. Stealing land and resources and committing genocide around the world. These people do not change, and they are still the same. After they destroyed Libya and Iraq, they stole gold and many other resources
白人欧洲人是世界上最大的窃贼。他们在全球范围内窃取土地和资源，并犯下种族灭绝罪。这些人没有改变，他们依然如故。在他们摧毁利比亚和伊拉克之后，他们窃取了黄金和许多其他资源。
But sadly they worship the ones who enslaved them too. They don't respect themselves nor they know how to gain respect from others nations.
但可悲的是，他们也崇拜那些奴役他们的人。他们既不尊重自己，也不知道如何赢得其他国家的尊重。
You all are forgetting the equally guilty in thieving and robbing Dutch, Germans, French, Belgians, Portuguese, Spanish going around in the old days looting everything that was not nailed down.
你们都忘记了同样有罪的荷兰人、德国人、法国人、比利时人、葡萄牙人和西班牙人，在过去四处抢劫一切可移动的东西。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I love the picture depicted in this statue. Look it's me! A human lord dancing like a child while the fiery wheels of death spin all around making me a living sun!
我喜欢这座雕像中描绘的画面。看，那是我！一个像孩子一样跳舞的人类主宰，而死亡的火轮在周围旋转，使我成为一个活生生的太阳！
Britain was also instrumental in the genocide of millions of Hindus. It caused plague to kill Indians like it killed the native Indians in the Americas giving them small pox infected blankets. How can we estimate the value of their lives?
英国还对数百万印度教徒的种族灭绝起了推波助澜的作用。他们引发瘟疫，像美洲的土著印第安人那样让印度人死于天花感染的毯子。我们如何估计他们生命的价值？
I fully support India's efforts to recover artifacts and wealth robbed by humanity's worst thieves.
我完全支持印度努力追回被最坏的窃贼掠夺的文物和财富。
If the British Museum repatriated all of its exhibits back to India, it would be empty. The fact of the matter being - there is virtually nothing of British origin/made in Britain in the British Museum. nearly all of it was looted and spirited out of India, during its British colonial past!
如果大英博物馆将所有展品归还给印度，那里将一片空荡。事实是，几乎没有来自英国或在英国制造的东西在大英博物馆中，几乎全部都是在英国殖民过程中从印度掠夺走的！
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
I like that Modi is not shy to wear a culturally appropriate attire, away from the Anglo costume of white shirt, suit and tie. It may indicate a cultural integrity that speaks of sovereign interest and identity, certainly absent in Europe.
我喜欢莫迪不羞于穿着符合文化的服装，远离白衬衫、西装和领带的英式装束。这可能表明一种文化的完整性，体现主权利益和身份认同，而在欧洲这是明显缺乏的。
That's not enough. India must pressure UN to recognize India as superpower. Also, make sure Olympic Committee include cow dung throwing as new sport
这还不够。印度必须向联合国施加压力，让其承认印度为超级大国。还要确保奥林匹克委员会将扔牛粪列为新的运动项目。
Imperial West robbed and plundered the "Colonies". In the process they took mountains of artifacts and treasures which belong to the rightful countries they robbed. Do the honorable thing and return it back to its rightful owners.
帝国主义的西方掠夺并抢劫了"殖民地"。在此过程中，他们拿走了大量属于被掠夺国家的文物和财宝。做正确的事，将其归还给合法的所有者。
The western colonial theft of these nations has been colossal. Its good to see it addressed. But teh redress if honest is much wider. India needs really be bringing up the east india company and seeking reparations for its activities by the British!
西方殖民对这些国家的掠夺是巨大的。看到这得到重视是好事。但真正的赔偿范围应该更广。印度真的需要提起东印度公司，并寻求英国对其活动的赔偿！