历史上，中国从丝绸之路上进口了什么？
What did China import from the silk road, historically?
译文简介
“丝绸之路”这个名字是由德国地理学家费迪南德·冯·里希特霍芬勋爵（顺带一提，他是那个被称为“红男爵”的人的叔叔）在19世纪后期创造的。
正文翻译
Mdtt Riggsby
The name “silk road” was coined by the German geographer Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen (who was, as it happens, an uncle of that other Baron von Richthofen) in the later 19th century. The original German was “Seidenstraße,” though, like modern scholars, he used the plural as well as the singular. von Richthofen came up with the term as a way of summing up land routes through northwestern China, whereby China traded luxury goods—most frequently silk—for a variety of imports from Central Asia, including fine jade and the famous “heavenly horses” of Ferghana. It’s inadequate for a number of reasons: It wasn’t used for silk alone, it’s not a single route (rather, there was a shifting, intertwining series of routes by which goods traveled), and sea routes were likely more important anyway. However, “the silk road” is as evocative as phrases for historical phenomena come, so it caught on and hasn’t gone away.
“丝绸之路”这个名字是由德国地理学家费迪南德·冯·里希特霍芬勋爵（顺带一提，他是那个被称为“红男爵”的人的叔叔）在19世纪后期创造的。最初的德语翻译是“Seidenstraße”，虽然和现代学者一样，他使用了单数和复数形式。冯·里希特霍芬通过这种方式总结了中国西北地区的陆路线路，中国通过这些路线交易奢侈品，例如丝绸，换取来自中亚的各种进口商品，包括优质的玉石和著名的“天马”来自费尔干纳的。这个名字有不足之处：它不仅适用于丝绸，也不是单一的路线（实际上货物可以通过不断变化、缠绕的一系列路线去运输），因此海上航线有可能更加重要。但是，“丝绸之路”像历史现象的短语一样具有意境性，所以它广泛流传并且仍然存在。
The name “silk road” was coined by the German geographer Baron Ferdinand von Richthofen (who was, as it happens, an uncle of that other Baron von Richthofen) in the later 19th century. The original German was “Seidenstraße,” though, like modern scholars, he used the plural as well as the singular. von Richthofen came up with the term as a way of summing up land routes through northwestern China, whereby China traded luxury goods—most frequently silk—for a variety of imports from Central Asia, including fine jade and the famous “heavenly horses” of Ferghana. It’s inadequate for a number of reasons: It wasn’t used for silk alone, it’s not a single route (rather, there was a shifting, intertwining series of routes by which goods traveled), and sea routes were likely more important anyway. However, “the silk road” is as evocative as phrases for historical phenomena come, so it caught on and hasn’t gone away.
“丝绸之路”这个名字是由德国地理学家费迪南德·冯·里希特霍芬勋爵（顺带一提，他是那个被称为“红男爵”的人的叔叔）在19世纪后期创造的。最初的德语翻译是“Seidenstraße”，虽然和现代学者一样，他使用了单数和复数形式。冯·里希特霍芬通过这种方式总结了中国西北地区的陆路线路，中国通过这些路线交易奢侈品，例如丝绸，换取来自中亚的各种进口商品，包括优质的玉石和著名的“天马”来自费尔干纳的。这个名字有不足之处：它不仅适用于丝绸，也不是单一的路线（实际上货物可以通过不断变化、缠绕的一系列路线去运输），因此海上航线有可能更加重要。但是，“丝绸之路”像历史现象的短语一样具有意境性，所以它广泛流传并且仍然存在。
Xu Wentao
During the reign of Han Wudi, who travelled West to the Tarim Basin and even into modern day Afganistan, to seek allies against the Xiongnu.
Unfortunately, his proposal was largely reject by the local kings, especially a Greek colony in Alexander Eschate, who was well known for their horses, which supposedly sweat blood.
The Xiongnu were excellent horse riders, so when the Greek refused Han Wudi’s offer, a force of 50k Chinese soldiers forcibly subdued the kingdom, making it a tributary.
Thus, that was the beginning of the trade between the West and East.
在汉武帝的时代，他曾率领使者前往西域甚至进入现代阿富汗，寻求联盟以对抗匈奴。不幸的是，他的提议在当地国王中被大部分拒绝，尤其是亚历山大最远村庄的希腊殖民地，该地区以其据称会流血的马而闻名。匈奴是出色的骑手，所以当希腊人拒绝汉武帝的要求时，5万名中国士兵强制征服了该政权，将其变成了一个朝贡国。由此开始了东西方之间的贸易。
During the reign of Han Wudi, who travelled West to the Tarim Basin and even into modern day Afganistan, to seek allies against the Xiongnu.
Unfortunately, his proposal was largely reject by the local kings, especially a Greek colony in Alexander Eschate, who was well known for their horses, which supposedly sweat blood.
The Xiongnu were excellent horse riders, so when the Greek refused Han Wudi’s offer, a force of 50k Chinese soldiers forcibly subdued the kingdom, making it a tributary.
Thus, that was the beginning of the trade between the West and East.
在汉武帝的时代，他曾率领使者前往西域甚至进入现代阿富汗，寻求联盟以对抗匈奴。不幸的是，他的提议在当地国王中被大部分拒绝，尤其是亚历山大最远村庄的希腊殖民地，该地区以其据称会流血的马而闻名。匈奴是出色的骑手，所以当希腊人拒绝汉武帝的要求时，5万名中国士兵强制征服了该政权，将其变成了一个朝贡国。由此开始了东西方之间的贸易。
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Horses.
China actually got a bunch of stuff over the Central Asian trade routes later labeled the Silk Road: Buddhism and a stream of Buddhist texts, white “mutton fat” jade from around the Tarim Basin, certain beloved fruits like Samarkand peaches, and even, eventually, silk fabrics with certain characteristics where similar native-made silks were not legally available for purchase. However, the reason the Silk Road routes were established in the third century BC was to obtain superior horses from Central Asia. The growing Chinese empire was in dire need of cavalry horses, but its own horses were few in number and not that good. Central Asians, however, bred large numbers of significantly larger “heavenly horses” which were obxts of poetic fascination for the Chinese. Chinese envoys established contacts in the Ferghana valley to obtain such horses, and the rest is history.
马。
事实上，中国通过后来被称为丝绸之路的中亚贸易路线获得了许多东西：佛教和一系列佛教文本，来自塔里木盆地周围的白色“羊脂”玉，柿子等受欢迎的水果，甚至最终出现了具有某些特征的丝绸面料。原因是不能在当地购买同类的自产丝绸。然而，丝绸之路的路线在公元前三世纪建立的原因是为了从中亚获得优越的战马。不断扩张的中国帝国急需骑兵马匹，但其自产马匹数量不多且品质不佳。中亚人却繁殖了大量显著更大的“天马”，这成为了中国人诗意崇拜的对象。中国使者在花剌子模和天山地区建立起取得这种马匹的联系，余下的就是历史。
Obviously silk fabric which was unavailable else in the world and was in such high demand in the Roman empire that one senator stated it was going to bankrupt the Roman treasury. Besides silks there were many other things that China specialized in, but nothing as valuable as silk fabric .
显然，丝绸面料是世界上其他地方都没有的，罗马帝国对其需求非常高，以至于一位参议员声称它将使罗马财政破产。除了丝绸之外，中国还专长于许多其他事物，但没有任何东西比丝绸面料更有价值。
Actually there were two silk roads,one was the maritime silk road,and another was the land silk road.they were two different route .The first one started from Quanzhou in China，the another one started from Xian in China.They sold and exchanged a variety of goods.The silk fabric was the typical one.Besides ,spice foods、 jewelry、 medicine、 porcelain and so on,depending on different period of china.
实际上有两条丝绸之路，一条是海上丝绸之路，另一条是陆上丝绸之路，它们分别采用不同的路线。第一条从中国泉州起点，另一条则从中国西安出发。他们销售和交换各种商品。丝绸面料是其中的典型代表。此外，根据中国不同的历史时期，还包括香料食品、珠宝首饰、药品、瓷器等等。
A variety of sources include lists of things China imported via the Silk Road. The lists vary, but usually include these things: gold, silver, horses, spices, jewels, glass obxts, jade, Buddhist art obxts, wool, exotic woods, plants and animals, fruits and vegetables, incense, musical instruments, metals, furs, feathers, honey, amber, slaves, wax, ginseng, books and maps, pearls and corals. The topic of Chinese trade over the ages is enormous with many aspects of history involved. The list provided here is just a very brief beginning to answering the question. There are books on the Silk Road, information online and postings on Quora!
有多种来源提供了中国通过丝绸之路进口的物品清单，但这些清单通常包括以下物品：金、银、马、香料、珠宝、玻璃制品、玉器、佛教艺术品、羊毛、异国木材、植物和动物、水果和蔬菜、香料、乐器、金属、毛皮、羽毛、蜂蜜、琥珀、奴隶、蜡、人参、书籍和地图、珍珠和珊瑚等。关于中国贸易的话题涉及历史上的很多方面，提供的清单只是回答这个问题的一个非常简短的开头。关于丝绸之路的书籍、在线信息和 Quora 上的帖子也都在介绍这一话题。
First and foremost, China imported horses. Indeed, from the Chinese point of view, that was the whole point of what has come to be known as the Silk Road. Late in the 3rd century AD, shortly after the reign of the first emperor, the Chinese started to look for sources from which they could by cavalry horses. Chinese horses of the time weren’t as big as they liked, and they didn’t have the wide pastures necessary to raise large numbers of them. An ambassador sent to the west found himself in what is now the Ferghana valley, not far from Samarkand. There, he discovered that Chinese products like silk and bamboo fetched good prices (how those got there at that time is as yet unknown), and suggested that the excellent horses of western and central Asia could be purchased for silk, which China had in abundance. The rest is highly romanticized history.
The Chinese also imported produce like melons and peaches along Silk Road routes (the sweetness of Central Asian melons is legendary), and they brought in a significant amount of jade. Indeed, one of the more notable border posts at the edge of Chinese territory has a name which translates as “Jade Gate Pass.”
首先，中国进口了马匹。实际上，从中国的角度来看，这就是所谓的丝绸之路的全部意义。在公元3世纪末，即第一个皇帝统治后不久，中国开始寻找购买骑兵马匹的来源。当时的中国马匹不够大，并没有足够广阔的草原来养大量的马匹。一位被派往西方的使臣发现自己身处今天的费尔干纳谷地，离撒马尔罕不远。他发现像丝绸和竹子这样的中国产品价格不错（那个时候这些商品如何到达那里还不为人所知），并建议用中国有大量的丝绸来购买西亚和中亚优秀的马匹。其余的历史则高度浪漫化了。
中国还沿着丝绸之路进口了甜瓜、桃子等农产品（中亚甜瓜的香甜程度是传说中的），并且他们进口了大量的玉石。事实上，中国领土边缘上最显著的一个边境关卡有着“玉门关”的名字。
然而，中国基本上没有从欧洲正式进口货物。实际上，欧洲也几乎没有从中国进口什么东西。大多数亚洲国家是欧洲和中国之间的中间商，消费了中国出口的大部分商品并提供了大部分进口商品。跨越欧亚大陆的丝绸之路是一种接力贸易方式，商品短距离地在个别交易者之间转移，而不是稳定地穿过整个欧亚大陆。一些波罗的海琥珀和罗马玻璃制品的碎片往东运输而没有想到中国作为最终目的地，就像一些中国丝绸向西传播一样。但最终它是中国与粟特人进行贸易，粟特人再与印度人或波斯人进行贸易，波斯人再与纳巴特人或阿拉伯人进行贸易，阿拉伯人再与罗马人进行贸易，拜占庭希腊人再与意大利人进行贸易，而不是欧洲和中国彼此互动。
Spices, string beans, alfalfa, sesame, onions, cucumbers, and carrots, pomegranates, figs, melons, peaches, sesame paste (tahini), spinach still called “persian greens” today, honey, wine, dates, nuts, glass, precious metals and gemstones, persian rugs, sheep/wool, horses, religion and philosophy…
Lots and lots of things. Most of these things came from the middle east though…
香料、豆角、苜蓿、芝麻、洋葱、黄瓜、胡萝卜、石榴、无花果、甜瓜、桃子、芝麻酱（tahini）、菠菜仍然被称为“波斯青菜”、蜂蜜、葡萄酒、枣、坚果、玻璃、贵金属和宝石、波斯地毯、绵羊/羊毛、马、宗教和哲学...... 很多很多东西。不过，这些大部分来自中东地区...
Not a lot from Europe made it all the way to China and vice versa. When we generalize “the Silk Road” as a continent-spanning thing, we’re really talking about a series of trade networks which move goods by relay—say, England to Italy to the Levant to Persia to Bactria to the Tarim Basin to China—rather than non-stop from the Atlantic to Pacific coasts.
That said, Europe contributed a number of goods to the network, some of which eventually reached China: wool, glass, coral, amber, and furs. Europe even contributed certain categories of silk. Mediterranean murex dye, apparently, took exceptionally well to silk, so purple silk textiles were a notable high-prestige export of the Byzantine empire.
欧洲和中国之间的贸易往来并不多。当我们将“丝绸之路”概括为一个横跨整个大陆的事物时，实际上我们在谈论一系列的贸易网络，这些网络通过中转将商品移动——比如从英格兰到意大利，再到黎凡特地区，然后到波斯、大夏、塔里木盆地，最后到中国——而不是直接从大西洋到太平洋沿岸进行不间断的贸易。尽管如此，欧洲对这个贸易网络贡献了一些商品，其中一些最终抵达了中国，包括羊毛、玻璃、珊瑚、琥珀和毛皮。甚至欧洲也为丝绸贡献了特定类别的产品。地中海的紫贝染料非常适合丝绸，因此紫色丝绸纺织品成为拜占庭帝国的重要高档出口产品。
A variety of goods like wool, coral, amber, and glass.
That said, Europe was at best a peripheral player in the luxury trade coming out of China. Most of the trade on the core Silk Road territories was a trade of Chinese luxury goods, including but not limited to silk, in exchange for horses from Central Asia. The trade to which we now attach the name “the Silk Road” started when a Han envoy dynasty traveled west through what’s now Gansu and Xinjiang provinces to find people willing to sell war horses to China. The central Asian steppes were the place to go, since, being not very suitable to agriculture, they were left to horse-riding nomads, whereas the land in China best suited to pasture was used to feed people as well. For the most part, China traded with people around Transoxania or Bactria, two overlapping regions of Central Asia on the far side of the highlands formed by the Hindu Kush, the Pamirs, the Himalayas, and other related ranges. Goods filtered out from there by relay, with merchants trading things with neighboring countries, merchants there trading other goods a bit farther on, and so on. Europe really wasn’t involved, save for being a market at the end of the chain.
丝绸、羊毛、珊瑚和玻璃等各种商品。然而，欧洲在来自中国的奢侈品贸易中充其量只是一个边缘角色。在丝绸之路的核心地区，大部分贸易都是中国的奢侈品交换中亚地区的马匹，其中包括但不限于丝绸。我们现在所称的“丝绸之路”贸易始于汉朝的一位使节穿越今天的甘肃和新疆省，寻找愿意向中国出售战马的人。中亚大草原是一个必去之地，因为它们并不适合农业，被留给了骑马的游牧民族，而中国适合放牧的土地则同时用来养活人们。在很大程度上，中国与横断山脉以外的中亚地区的人进行贸易，包括沿波斯和大夏地区的贸易，这是两个重叠的中亚地区，位于由喜马拉雅山脉、帕米尔山脉和其他相关山脉形成的高地的另一边。商品通过中转点从那里流出，商人与邻国进行交易，那里的商人又将其他商品交易到更远的地方，依此类推。欧洲实际上并没有参与其中，只是作为这一贸易链的最终市场。
Though I cannot offer an expert, comprehensive answer, I can just mention:
Rome shipped so much gold eastwards that it ruined the Empire’s finances.
Silk was then restricted to the elite.
Roman gold coins have been found across India: they were used to date archaeological sites.
A merchants storeroom was found underground in Afghanistan; it contains some of my favourite glassware:
Begram : The Glass
Enamelled glass depicting a gladiator, found at Begram, Afghanistan, which was once part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, but was ruled by the Kushan Empire during the contemporaneous Roman Principate period, to which the glass belongs, 52–125 AD (although there is some scholarly debate about the precise dating).[3]
罗马向东运送了大量黄金，使帝国的财政陷于危机。
当时丝绸只被限制出售给精英阶层。
罗马金币在整个印度被发现：它们被用于为考古遗址确定年代。
在阿富汗发现了一个商人地下库房；其中包含一些我最喜欢的玻璃器皿：
比克兰：玻璃
在阿富汗贝格兰发掘出“剑客写实玻璃杯”是将瓶口后侧半球形鼻子必省略，两边的上臂弯曲呈橢圆形，整个手臂似乎随时可能缠在对方身上。
这些器皿曾归属于希腊-大夏帝国时期的贝格兰市场，但在罗马王朝时期，该市则处于库甚王朝统治下。公元52年-125年左右（尽管存在一些学者对具体日期存在争议）。
Renan Chua
Precious stones/gems. Those needs to be imported from India/Persia and elsewhere. In fact Tang era (7th to 9th century) women head dresses were adorned with stones not found in China.
宝石需要从印度/波斯和其他地方进口。事实上，唐代（公元7至9世纪）女性的头饰装饰着在中国找不到的宝石。
In Egypt, where was the famous mine for emeralds, we hae found emeralds imported by sea from India. Also, there was the famous Gem and Pearl Trade with Judaea.
在埃及，有着著名的翡翠矿，在那里我们发现了从印度通过海运进口的翡翠。此外，还有与犹太地的著名宝石和珍珠贸易。
Because you use “did”, so I assume the Silk Road is the old Silk Road that built in Han Dynasty.
So same with all trade routes, we got something new, such as grape, walnut，pomegranate, and other kinds of fruits or vegetables. Also we knew about some different cultures and customs of other nations, which grew our knowledge, and let us know more about this world.
因为您使用了“did”，所以我假设丝绸之路是汉朝修建的旧丝绸之路。
和所有的贸易路线一样，我们得到了一些新东西，例如葡萄，核桃，石榴以及其他种类的水果或蔬菜。此外，我们了解到了其他国家的不同文化和习俗，增长了我们的知识，让我们更多地了解了这个世界。
The answer is different in different countries. It must be good for Asian and African countries that desperately need infrastructures. But the question is how the debts will be paid. Some can develop their own resources and export them to China to pay off those debts. But other countries may not have too many resources can be used to export, they need to develop industry or tourism, and exports industrial products, or attract foreign tourists to create enough foreign exchange, to pay off the debts. The oil and gas pipelines in Burma and Pakistan could transport oil and gas to the southwest and northwest of China in a safer and cheaper way. Iran wants to build oil and gas pipelines lixing Pakistan to safer and cheaper ways to transport oil and gas to China. And if India agrees to build oil and gas pipelines lixing Pakistan, Iran could also transport oil and gas to India. If we can build roads and railways to connect Iran,Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan will be able to use the Iranian ports to imports and export goods. Of course, Iranian ports need more capital investment to meet these needs. These investments are good for all three countries.The same thing is happening in Africa, where there are many countries that have no ports, and many countries have coastlines but no deepwater ports. Some of them had the resources, but there was no way to transport out these resources, we need to increase investment on the infrastructure, so that we can make them make full use of its own resources to develop their countries, to improve people's living standard. These infrastructures will support the rapid economic development of these countries in a few years' time, which will benefit the whole world.
不同国家的情况是不同的。对于迫切需要基础设施的亚洲和非洲国家来说，这可能是件好事。但问题是如何偿还债务。一些国家可以开发自己的资源并将其出口给中国以偿还债务。但其他国家可能没有太多可用于出口的资源，它们需要发展工业或旅游业，出口工业产品，或吸引外国游客创造足够的外汇来偿还债务。缅甸和巴基斯坦的油气管道可以以更安全、更便宜的方式将石油和天然气运输到中国的西南和西北地区。伊朗希望建立连接巴基斯坦的石油和天然气管道，以更安全、更便宜的方式将石油和天然气运输到中国。如果印度同意建设连接巴基斯坦的石油和天然气管道，伊朗也可以将石油和天然气运输到印度。如果我们能修建连接伊朗、乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦的公路和铁路，乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦将能够利用伊朗的港口进口和出口商品。当然，伊朗的港口需要更多的资本投资来满足这些需求。这些投资对三个国家来说都是有益的。同样的情况也发生在非洲，有许多国家没有港口，许多国家有沿海线但没有深水港口。其中一些国家拥有资源，但无法将这些资源运出，因此我们需要增加对基础设施的投资，使它们能充分利用自身的资源来发展国家，提高人民的生活水平。这些基础设施将在几年内支持这些国家的快速经济发展，从而造福整个世界。
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
persian rug, a lot of persian rug
idk china is the big exporter in silk road, their export is way bigger than their import. the make a insane amount of money through silk road. as u can see some of the import is not that significant. they view glass as exotics good, but they can do without it unlike rome and silk
波斯地毯，很多波斯地毯
我不知道中国是丝绸之路上最大的出口国，他们的出口比进口要大得多。他们通过丝绸之路赚取了可观的财富。正如你所看到的，其中一些进口并不那么重要。他们把玻璃视为奇珍异宝，但是他们可以没有它，不像罗马和丝绸。
Kashgar was the gateway to Central Asia. From Kashgar, it was just another hundred miles or so by way of passes through the Pamirs to the Ferghana valley, traditional point for the collection of the Central Asian horses for which the Chinese traded a variety of luxury goods, notably including silk. There were other routes for good, but they were vastly more roundabout, making them more time consuming and expensive. Kashgar was the last major stop along the best route to the west.
喀什伽尔是通往中亚的门户。从喀什伽尔，通过横跨帕米尔山脉的山口，只需大约100英里左右就可到达费尔干纳谷，这是中国交易中亚马匹的传统集散地，换取各种豪华商品，尤其是丝绸。还有其他的货物运输路线，但是它们更加迂回，时间更长，费用更高。喀什伽尔是通往西方的最佳路线上的最后一个重要站点。
Why did ancient China refuse trade?
It didn’t.
The idea of a closed-off China is, in the broad sweep of history, a fairly recent one. Ancient China was an avid participant in trade networks, because the Chinese were fascinated with all manner of goods, fashions, and curiosities available from abroad. Indeed, China initiated trade along the famous Silk Road in antiquity, and I’ve got a substantial book on my shelves somewhere (this one here) which goes into great detail about the luxury goods imported during the Tang dynasty.
Now, China did have certain ideas about the rest of the world which shaped how it carried on trade relations. China saw itself as the senior partner in any relationship with other nations, and some massive trade expeditions were frxd as diplomatic visits by vassals to their overlord. They’d provide tribute, receive gifts in return from the emperor, and members of the expedition could do some more straight-up economic exchange on the side while they were visiting the empire. But regardless of how it was dressed up, the practical economic effect was large-scale exchanges of goods between China and other nations.
Eventually, there was a sort of closing of China, with trade and travel falling under increasing restrictions. However, that was relatively late in history, under the late Ming and into the Qing dynasty. There was a sense that pretty trinkets weren’t worth the chaos of the outside world. But we’re talking about early modern China, more or less the period of the Renaissance here, not ancient China.
为什么古代中国拒绝贸易？
这不是事实。
在历史的宏观视角下，封闭中国的想法是相当近期的。古代中国非常热衷于参与贸易网络，因为中国人对来自国外的各种商品、时尚和珍宝非常着迷。事实上，中国在古代启动了著名的丝绸之路贸易，我书架上某个位置还有一本详细介绍唐代进口奢侈品的书。
现在，中国确实对世界的看法塑造了它进行贸易关系的方式。中国认为自己是与其他国家关系中更高级别的合作伙伴，一些大规模贸易远征可以被视作诸侯对其宗主国的外交访问。他们提供贡品，从皇帝那里得到礼物作为回报，远征团成员在访问帝国期间可以进行更直接的经济交流。但无论怎样包装，实际的经济影响都是中国和其他国家之间的大规模货物交换。
最终，中国实行了一种类似关闭的政策，贸易和旅游逐渐受到限制。然而，这发生得相当晚，在明朝末期和清朝时期。人们认为漂亮的小玩意不值得为外部世界带来混乱。但是我们谈论的是早期现代中国，更确切地说是文艺复兴时期，而不是古代中国。