哪些求生指南其实完全是假的，并且可能害了你？
What is a survival myth that is completely wrong and could get you killed?
译文简介
有水就喝，不要省着。
正文翻译
What is a survival myth that is completely wrong and could get you killed?
哪些求生指南其实完全是假的，并且可能害了你？
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
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Rationing water is generally a terrible choice - drink what you have until it’s gone. Use that time with good hydration levels to take stock of your situation and make good choices.
通常来说，节约饮用水都是一个非常糟糕的选择——手头有水你就应该喝，喝到没有为止。用你体内水量充足的这段时间掌控好你所面临的的局势，并作出好的选择。
决策能力和身体素质会在你缺水的时候飞快地下降。你在刚刚意识到自己需要求生的时候所做出的那些决策是最关键的，并且能够给你带来很长期的回报。
绝大多数求生事态都能在72小时之内得到解决，很多被人发现曝尸荒野的徒步旅行者，手头都有灌满的水瓶。
Perhaps not really a myth, but something people may think is true after watching people get rescued from the water on TV. "get them breathing and send them on their merry way"
或许不是什么传闻，但人们可能看到电视上有人被从水里就出来之后就会觉得“只要让他们呼吸起来就可以让他们各回各家了。”
如果你真的把某个人从接近溺水的状态下救了下来的话，他们仍然需要去医院接受检查，即使现在他们已经站在干岸上了。
因为肺是被一种名叫表面活性剂的滑溜溜的黏液一样的东西覆盖起来的。有点像润滑剂，它能让肺泡不破裂，彼此黏在一起。如果肺部进入了大量的水，那么水可能会把这些表面活性剂冲走。因此肺泡任何时候都有可能破裂，并且吸收氧气的能力也会降低。当务之急是给幸存者上氧气。
来源：接受过救生训练的水肺式潜泳者。
I saw a heartbreaking story about this on a documentary, where a kid had survived a potential drowning. Everyone thought he was fine and he was functioning normally, so went home with his family. Later that day his lungs collapsed and he dropped dead.
我在纪录片里见过一个令人心碎的故事，有个孩子差点溺死，但被救下来了。所有人都以为他没事了，他自己看上去也没什么事，于是他就和家人回家了。但那天晚些时候他的肺突然塌陷了，他就猝死了。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
That bears can’t run down hills. They can. They’ll get you too.
熊不能跑下坡路。它们能。它们照样能抓住你。
I was actually going to try and find this fact and what do you know, it’s at the top!
我其实正打算找这个传闻呢，你猜怎么着，竟然能被顶到这么上面！
熊真的不是跟你开玩笑的，他们会跑，会爬，还会游泳，就像一个嗑药嗑嗨了的铁人三项运动员一样。
还有一点就是他们不会很快筋疲力尽。我见过好多视频，里面的熊先是全速奔跑，然后又游过一条河，然后再全速奔跑，只为了抓住猎物。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
简直疯了……
The best defense against a bear is a .22 cal pistol. I was walking with my buddy one time, and a big mean bear came out of the woods.I pulled out the .22, shot my buddy in the knee, and walked off at a brisk pace. That bear never even bothered with me.
对付熊最好的武器就是一把.22英寸口径的手枪。我有一次和我朋友一起走，一头大熊突然就从林子里钻出来了。我拔出.22英寸手枪，一枪打碎我朋友的膝盖，然后气定神闲地走了。那头熊根本就没找我的麻烦。
Drowning people do not cry for help or make gestures to try and get someone’s attention.
溺水的人不会呼救，也不会做出各种姿势来尝试吸引别人的注意。
他们只能尽力浮在水上并尽力呼吸，别指望他们大喊呼救！
It usually looks like someone is trying to climb an invisible ladder with their hand barely above the water, and unless you're a world champ water polo player, do not approach without a floatation device. They are desperate and you will become their floatation device, which can result in both of you drowning.
溺水的人看上去通常像是在爬一个透明的梯子，他们的手只能勉强伸到水面上，并且除非你是世界冠军级别的水球运动员，否则不要在空手不拿救生圈的情况下靠近。他们是绝望的，你就会成为他们的救生圈，这会让你们两个都溺死的。
This is true of trauma/injuries too. People who are seriously hurt aren't usually the ones screaming and flapping around. They'll more likely be in shock or losing consciousness. If you are on scene at a large accident like a traffic collision or something and it's safe to help, look out for the quiet people
对于严重创伤也是一样的道理。那些伤得最重的人不是那些喊得最响或爬来爬去的人。他们更有可能会陷入休克或是失去意识。如果你碰巧在交通肇事之类的大型事故现场，并且现场足够安全可以让你帮忙的话，那么先去找那些没声音的人。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
If you go into a lake when in a car dont wait until the car fills with water, just open the window and get out ASAP. If you wait, you could be 200 feet down or flipped over on the bottom. The power will still work for a short time. It only takes a few seconds.
如果你乘坐的车掉进了湖里，那么不要等到车子被水挂满，赶紧打开窗户立刻出去。如果你等的话，那么你可能已经沉到200英尺深的地方，或者车子已经大头朝下了。引擎还能短暂地工作一段时间。只花几秒钟。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Zigzag to escape an alligator.
用之字形跑法逃离鳄鱼。
鳄鱼也会转圈，但鳄鱼只能短跑。你只要尽快跑就好。
Fun fact: alligators only run for short durations because the way they wiggle when they run compresses their lungs so they can’t breathe while running.
一个有趣的事实：鳄鱼只能跑很短的距离，因为它们跑起来的时候左右摇摆的动作会压迫肺部，导致它们在奔跑的时候不能呼吸。
That you can easily disarm someone holding you at gun point
说你可以轻松地缴械用枪指着你的人。
"You won't need that we won't be gone long."
“你不用带那个，我们不会在外面待太久。”
不论你是出门徒步，打猎，野营还是干什么事情，一定要携带最基本的求生工具。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
比如镁粉和打火石，还有不锈钢打火器，生命吸管（译注：用于过滤饮用水的装置）或净水药片都不会占据太大的空间，并且可以拯救你的生命。
很多人会在短途旅行中迷路或是受伤，从而被困在荒野中。你不一定非得置身于大森林或雨林之中才能让自己迷路。
在我个人的狩猎包里，我永远会带一把求生短刀，打火器和生命吸管。这三样物品或许不能保证我的生存，但是能提升我生存的概率。
Do not wander off to look for help. STAY PUT! Stay by your car, or wherever you realise that you are lost. The more you move, the harder it gets for rescue to find you. Make yourself visible, but do not try to find the way back yourself. You already don't know where you are, you don't know where you're going!
不要为了寻求帮助而走来走去。待在原地！呆在你的车子旁边，或者你意识到自己走丢了的那个地方。你走得越远，营救人员就越是难以发现你。让你自己显眼起来，但是不要尝试靠自己找到回去的路。你已经不知道自己在哪了，你肯定不知道你要往哪去！
I don't know if this is considered as a survival myth but engaging street fights is never a good option. If there is is an altercation that may lead to a street fight, just stay calm and run away from the situation. No one wins real street fight someone will either end up in a hospital or in a funeral that's just the truth.
我不知道这算不算是求生常识，但是卷入街头斗殴从来都不是什么好事。如果口角要发展成街头斗殴，那么保持冷静，赶紧跑。没人能在街头斗殴中赢下来，总要有人要么进医院，要么进火葬场，这是事实。
Punching the biggest guy in prison on your first day
在进监狱的第一天给块头最大的那个家伙来一拳。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Real talk, from an actual former criminal, your best bet in jail/prison is to just be normal and blend in. It isn't as extreme as media makes it out to be.
这是真话，我以前蹲过号子，你进监狱之后最好的选项就是当个正常人，跟大伙混熟。监狱并不是媒体渲染的那个样子。
If you're nice and chill do they leave you alone?
如果你是个好人并且和气的话，他们就会不理你？
I think it probably depends on the prison & the people in it. My dad was nice to the guards and mostly kept his head down and he was pretty much left alone, and any small disputes were pretty quickly & peacefully resolved. They taught him how to make dream catchers and he just made a bunch of those to pass the time. He told me he’d give them to the guards & they’d sometimes give him candy bars or whatever. I still have the little pink one he made for me.
我觉得或许取决于监狱和监狱里面关的人。我爸就对狱警都很友善，平时基本都低着头，所以基本没人找他的麻烦，出现小的争端之后解决得也都很快、很和平。他们会教犯人织捕梦网，他织了好几个用来打发时间。他跟我说他会给狱警，狱警有时候会送他个士力架之类的。我现在还留着他给我织的那个粉色的小玩意。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Used to work in a prison, I can comment on this.
我以前在监狱工作过，我可以说几句。
你要是看见监狱主题的电视节目，里面那种新进来的囚犯刚进牢房就被骚扰和挑衅的情节，真的不是绝大多数情况下发生的事情，那些家伙只是冲着镜头做呢，他们知道如果他们干点什么事情的话，就能被拍进电视节目里。
而且这也真的取决于你蹲的是什么监狱。如果你蹲的是那种低安保等级的监狱，关的犯人都是早晚有一天会回家的那种，那么他们可不会为了跟你打一架之类的蠢事而失去自己回家的机会。
如果你被关进了高安保等级的监狱，那么绝大多数的人还是不会跟你找麻烦，因为讽刺的是，最高安保等级的监狱里的囚犯是我所遇到过的最懂礼貌的囚犯。我花了一阵子才意识到这个结论，但是我相信原因在于这些人都已经接受了自己的命运，他们知道如果他们在监狱里做出不好的事情，那么他们的日子只会更难过，他们反正也哪儿都去不了。在我曾经工作过的那个监狱设施里，有一个小居民楼，住在那里的囚犯是优待最多的，但是你得在入狱之后通过非常严格的行为标准才能住进去。结果那里住的全都是犯过你可以想象的最糟糕的罪行的人。杀害婴幼儿，乱伦，谋杀，肢解，折磨，虐待动物。
但是中等安保级别的监狱设施才是真的比较麻烦的。很多想当硬汉却当不明白的人第一次服长时间的徒刑，他们想要证明一点什么东西。虽然你仍然不太可能被找麻烦，但中等安保级别的监狱设施确实是最有可能被找麻烦的地方。
总而言之，电视节目和电影里不论是真实还是剧本里写的监狱的样子，对于那些真的在里面待过的人（不论是栅栏的哪一头）来说都是可笑的。那里绝大多数的人都只是想在当前的情况下过好自己的日子，不会随便惹麻烦。我不是说不可能发生，但是如果你被找茬了，那么你最好的选择就是还击。如果有人偷你的东西，或者在食堂茶队，那么你应该为你自己出头。只要人们都知道如果有人找你的麻烦你也会反击的话，他们就会不惹你。
What you need to do is start working out now, so when you get imprisoned, you're the biggest guy in prison. Then you punch yourself, and everybody will keep away from the big crazy guy.
你应该做的就是现在开始锻炼身体，这样当你进监狱的时候，你就是监狱里那个块头最大的了。然后你再给自己一拳，这样所有人就都会离你这个大块头疯子远远的了。
Landing in water from high up is going to kill you. 10 meters, 15, maaaaaybe 20, you might you'll probably be fine if you land properly. Get much higher than that is getting into broken bones and death territory.
从高处落到水面上同样会杀了你。10米，15米，或许20米，如果你姿势正确的话你都能活下来。但是从更高的地方往下掉，就会摔骨折甚至死掉。
Not really advice, but it was a funny thing my brother said. "If you ever fall from an airplane and you have the choice between concrete and water, choose concrete. At least that way your freshly crippled body won't have to try and swim afterwards."
不是什么建议，但是我哥哥说过一句怪话：“如果你真的从飞机上掉下来，你可以选是落在水泥地还是水面上的话，选水泥地吧。至少你碎得到处都是的尸体用不着接着游泳。”
Building a raft to sail to civilization if you ever find yourself marooned on a deserted island. Stay on the island and be found alive vs never found or found dehydrated and dead of exposure.
在意识到自己被困在无人荒岛上之后自己造一个筏子划回人类文明。留在岛上被人活着带回来，还是变成一具死于脱水和风吹日晒的尸体，选一个吧。
还有，走丢了、车子也报废之后尝试自己走回安全区域。你应该呆在车子旁边。最终他们总是能找到车子，但车里的人……并不常见。
If you're that fucked... burn a tire a bit away from the car. Thick black smoke will be visible for a long ways.
如果你真的惨到那个程度……那在离车子远一点的地方烧一个轮胎吧。浓厚的黑烟在很远的地方都能看见。
Small plane pilot here, I can see smoke from really far, and it always grabs attention and merits a diversion.
我是小型飞机飞行员。我能从非常远的地方看见烟，烟总是能得到注意，并且值得我偏航。
我真正派出过消防车的次数远高于我以为自己要和火打交道的次数。
我会飞到足够低的地方，看清楚是不是受控的火焰。
黑烟是一眼就能看见的，并且附近的所有飞行员都会飞到你那里并报告。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Thank fuck because every movie or TV show has basically shown that every pilot is blind as shit and never reports anything. It's actually great to know that it's observed and reported.
谢谢了，因为所有的电影和电视剧都把飞行员写成是瞎子，从来不汇报的。真的知道这些东西会被看到并且被报告，还是很让人放心的。
Yep. If you need to signal a plane for help, wave both arms back and forth; that's the signal for "I'm in trouble and I need help."
没错。如果你需要向一架飞机发送求援信号，那就把双臂前后挥动，那是“我遇到麻烦了，需要帮助”的信号。
Blackhawk helo pilot. Smoke in the air coming from the ground for pilots is comparable to a pulled over car in the ditch with its hazards on. Everyone slows down and is like oooo what happened. Same concept from the air.
黑鹰直升机飞行员。地面上冒起来的烟对于飞行员来说就像停在应急车道还开着急停灯的车子一样显眼。所有人都会一边念叨着“唔唔唔出啥事儿了”一边慢下来看两眼。从空中也是如此。
Unless you are in immediate danger like a wildfire or a flooding stay put. Wandering around uses up a lot of energy and has an increased risk of getting yourself injured or more lost. To me it was always weird why people abandon their cars. Cars are shelter and much easier to spot by rescue teams.
除非你遭遇了山火或者洪水之类的紧迫危机，否则留在原地。四处漫步会浪费大量能量，并且会给你带来受伤或走得更远的风险。在我看来人们放弃自己的车子吓走简直不可理喻。车子是庇护所，并且也更容易被救援人员发现。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
Also, if you end up somewhere because you washed up after a boat sank or you were in a plane crash, there's a decent chance people know that you're missing and know vaguely where you are (unless you have Tom Hanks levels of bad luck). Moving away from there will get you less likely to be found
还有，如果你是因为沉船或飞机失事被丢在了某个地方，人们很有可能知道你是失踪人员，并且大概知道你在哪（除非你像汤姆汉克斯那么倒霉）。离开原地会让你被发现的概率下降。
我听过很多有人失踪之后，救援人员先是找到空车，然后要么几天甚至几星期之后才找到失踪的人（或是尸体），要么至少找到车子比找到人简单很多。
Don’t drink water from cactus, it’s not potable and likely to trigger vomiting/diarrhea and you will get more dehydrated.
不要喝仙人掌里的水，是不可携带的，并且可能让你呕吐或腹泻，从而让你脱水更严重。
Yes, I believe there’s this one very specific species where the water is safe to drink, but in general cactus water is a big no no
没错，我记得只有那么一种仙人掌是可以喝的，但总地来说仙人掌里的水是绝对不能喝的。
Some of the few species you can drink water from is the beaver tail cactus and a the fish hook barrel cactus
可以喝的仙人掌包括海狸鼠尾仙人掌和金赤龙仙人掌。
If you get stabbed by something, DO NOT try to remove the obxt. You will make it worse and potentially bleed to death, depending on where you were stabbed, if you try and pull it out. Leave it be and get help.
如果你被什么捅了，不要把那个东西拔出来。那样会更糟糕，取决于你被捅的位置，如果贸然拔出来你可能会失血而死。留在那，寻求帮助。
“Follow flying birds to find water.” They could be flying anywhere.
“跟着飞鸟寻找水源。”飞鸟乐意往哪飞就往哪飞。
Like away from the water they were just at.
比如从他们刚刚待的那片水源往外飞。
Yeah, even if all birds did was fly to and from sources of water, 50% of the time this strategy still wouldn't work
没错，就算所有的鸟都只是从一个水源飞向另一个水源，还是有50%的概率不管用。
Most people probably are aware of this, but if you're legit suffering from diarrhea, you need to be doing more than just drinking water because you're also losing a lot of salts/electrolytes and not replenishing those can really fuck you up.
绝大多数人或许都知道，但如果你真的在严重腹泻，那么你需要喝的不只是水，因为你同时也失去了很多盐/电解质，如果不补充的话，你会出大问题。
只要往每升水里倒6勺糖和半勺盐，你就可以自己做一份佳得乐。当然不会很好喝，但是你可以放点别的调味剂让它尝起来像柠檬汁之类的。
我在热带地区参与过维和任务，来到这的绝大多数志愿者最害怕的就是不可避免的寄生虫/胃肠感染，不只是因为你会病的很严重，还因为你会需要喝一升又一升的口服补盐液，那是维和部队推荐的电解质水冲剂哈哈。
Most pharmacies stock electrolyte powder, it’s worth having a few sachets available for when you need it. Tastes bloody awful but will make you feel a lot better.
绝大多数药房都会备电解质冲剂，值得你备几小包以便方便的时候用。尝起来糟糕的要命，但是你会觉得好受得多。
Those electrolyte sachets are surprisingly expensive in some countries, like $10-15 for a small packet ...
那些电解质小包在某些国家贵的要命，10-15美元一小包……
但是一包速食汤也能做同样的事，并且只需要50美分或1美元。更好的是它尝起来也更好喝。
Everyone focuses on food and water but completely underestimates how quickly exposure will kill you dead. In some cases, you wont last 24 hours.
所有人都在说食物和水，但是完全没有意识到失温能多快地把你整死。某些情况下你连24小时都活不了。
此外还有一点：我读过的每一个指南都告诉我要先生火。生火在一些情况下会非常困难。在很多环境里，你根本就不能保证升起一团好火（沙漠，缺乏燃料或者特别潮湿）。
如果你到半夜了才想起来自己不能生火，那你就要出大问题。
所以先造好庇护所。你永远能造好一个庇护所，和一个隔热良好的睡眠区域。要确保你的床垫至少有4英寸厚。我保证你会低估地面吸收你身体上的热量的能力。
把你的庇护所建造得越小，越厚，越防寒越好。
Went for a survival camp in the forest with scouts once, the first shelter I made was really tall (about 4 feet) and I didn’t put much insulation in it and was freezing, the next shelter I made was between two fallen logs and stuffed as much moss as I could in all the cracks, had about 4 inches of moss and pine needles on the ground and on the roof, I actually got too hot during the night, but I’d rather wake up in a pool of sweat than freeze my nuts off.
我曾经和童子军一起到野外参加求生野营。我搭建的第一个庇护所特别高（大概4英尺），我没有放太多的隔热，于是冷得要命。我的下一个庇护所建在了两个倒伏的原木之间，我在缝隙里塞满了青苔，在地面和屋顶上铺了大概4英寸的青苔和松针，那天晚上把我热得够呛。但是我宁愿在汗水中醒来也不愿意把自己的蛋蛋冻掉。
Don't tie a rope around your waist and expect it to save you from a fall. Sure, it might prevent you from hitting the ground, but you can still damage your internal organs and break your back doing this. Safety harnesses go around your hips and legs, not your waist.
不要把绳子拴在腰上，然后希望失足坠落的时候绳子能把你救下来。确实，它能防止你落到地上，但它仍然会伤到你的内脏，并且会折断你的脊梁骨。安全绳应该拴在屁股和大腿上，而不是腰上。
Mythbuster tested the myth about ships dragging people down with them. They rated this myth as false. But they were wrong.
流言终结者测试过沉船会把旁边的人一起拖进水里的传言。他们把这个流言评为假的，但他们错了。
大船在沉没的时候实际上是非常危险的。它们可以拖着你们一起下水，也可以翻个个儿压在你的头顶。你永远应该游得越远越好。
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Also modern boats are full of fuel oil, lubricating grease, hydraulic oil, diesel, and a wide variety of other fluids which both float on water and are flammable. It's quite difficult to clear your face, eyes, and hair if you surface through a heavy slick of this crap. Additionally it's dangerous and difficult to swim through a floating debris field, especially if you're now blind.
还有，现代的大船都装满了燃料用油，润滑油，液压油，柴油，以及各种既能飘在水上又可燃的液体。如果你游过一层厚厚的这种东西，那么你很难把自己的脸，眼镜和头发弄干净。此外游过一片漂浮的残骸也很危险并且很困难，尤其在你被这些东西弄得看不见的情况下。
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底线是，如果你不得不在没有救生艇的条件下求生的话，往逆风的方向游，这样风会帮助你把油层和残骸推开。
他们在海军里会教这个。
Alcohol does not warm you up. You feel warm since its dilating your blood vessels in your face and extremities but that causes you to lose more heat to the environment and therefore will make you die of hypothermia quicker if anything.
酒精不会让你暖和。你感到暖和是因为你皮肤表面和肢体末端的血管得到了扩张，但是这样你会向环境失去更多的热量，你会更快地死于失温。
You die quicker. But it prevents frostbite. So It depends on expected length of cold exposure
你会死得更快。但是这也能预防冻伤。所以取决于你估计会在寒冷中暴露多久。
If lost in a hot desert, do NOT ration out your water. Drink when you are thirsty and stay hydrated with what you have, even if it only lasts a couple hours - just to keep your mind/body working. Lost hikers have been found dead with plenty of water by their sides because they tried to ration it, became dehydrated without realizing it and eventually died.
如果你在炎热的沙漠中走失，不要节约你的水。渴了就喝，有什么就喝什么，就算只能坚持几个小时——你得让自己的精神和身体正常工作。很多走失的徒步旅行者都是身边有不少水可以喝的情况下死掉的，因为他们想要节约水，没意识到自己脱水，结果死了。
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还有，我仍然不知道喝尿是不是可以接受的求生选项。
is this a myth?
这算是流言吗？
如果你在野外走失，不知道野生植物和水能不能吃喝的话，看看动物怎么做，他们会告诉你哪些植物和水是安全的。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
剧透：假的。很多动物进化出了能够进食那些对我们有毒或没有营养价值的东西。
举个例子：秃鹫
I don’t know if this is a tip necessary but humans can easily go a week if not 2 without any food. No water is another story so that’s more important if you ever find yourself in that situation.
我不知道这算不算是必要的提醒，人类可以一两个星期在不吃东西的情况下存活。不喝水是另一回事，所以如果你不幸处于这种状况，喝水更重要。
Reminds me of the survival rule of 3.
让我想起了生存的3法则。
如果没有：
空气，你可以存活3分钟。
饮用水，你可以存活三天。
没有食物，你可以存活三个星期。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
编辑：如果暴露在极端炎热或寒冷的环境下，你可以存活3个小时。感谢其他评论。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
这些不是硬性数据。而是指南，如果你不在这么短的时间内解决这些问题，那么你可能就无法幸存，或者可能对身体留下永久的伤害。