QA问答:如果我看起来不像中国人，我在中国终有一天可以被视为自己人吗？

Skywalker
Take a look at this man. Does he look like the typical Chinese in your mind?
His name is General Lin Hu. He was the deputy chief of the whole Chinese air force before he retired. And he is well loved by Chinese military buffs.
He is of Russian ethnicity (yes, Russian is one of 55 minority ethnicities in China).
How you look will not prevent you from becoming Chinese.
CHINESE is more of a CULTURAL than ethnic identity.
 
看看这个人。在你看来他是典型的中国人吗?
 

 
他的名字是林虎将军。退役前，他曾任中国空军副司令员。他深受中国军事爱好者的喜爱。
他是俄罗斯族(是的，俄罗斯族是中国55个少数民族之一)。
你的长相并不能阻止你成为中国人。
中国人更多的是一种文化身份，而不是民族身份。
 
Annie Feng
You can certainly assimilate but you will always be seen as “exotic.”
I disagree here however, Chinese is much more of an ethnic identity than those of westerners, they have to be since it’s such a homogenous population (93% Hans), even genetically it’s one of the most homogeneously populated country with respect to population size.
 
你当然可以被同化，但你总是被视为“外国人”。
不过我不同意，中国人比西方人更像一个民族身份，他们必须如此，因为它是一个如此单一的人口(93%的汉人)，即使从基因上来说，它也是人口规模最单一的国家之一。
 
Albert Liu
In some states and cities in the US, any Asian even born in US is considered “exotic”.
 
在美国的一些州和城市，任何在美国出生的亚洲人都被认为是“外国人”。
 
Benjamin R Williams
However, anyone that gains US citizenship and participates in the society is generally seen as an American. Not only is there no viable way for any foreign-born, non-ethnic Chinese to actually get PRC citizenship, but any such person who learns the language, integrates into the culture and lives there for decades is still seen as a Waiguoren. They will never be accepted as Chinese.
 
但是任何获得美国国籍并参与社会的人通常被视为美国人。
然而（中国的情况是，）不仅对外国出生的人来说没有可行的办法，任何这样的人，就算学习了中国语言，融入了中国文化，并在那里生活了几十年，仍然会被视为外国人。
他们永远不会被当作中国人被接纳。
 
Skywalker
That will change, probably soon, due to rapidly aging population. China will open the door wider for immigration. Japan has already led the way…
 
由于人口迅速老龄化，这种情况可能很快就会改变。中国将向移民敞开更大的大门。日本已经走在了前面……
 
Calvin Long
Japan? I dont think so. They agreed to the Plaza Accords precisely because they did not want to become an international country in the sense of allowing foreigners to immigrate to Japan, and to insulate itself against foreign cultural influence. The cost was four decades of economic stagnation without foreign influence.
China will be the one opening its doors to the world, but its size will absorb any foreign influence and recreate it into it's own Chinese version.
 
日本?我不这么认为。他们同意广场协议，正是因为他们不想成为一个国际国家——允许外国人移民到日本，使自己免受外国文化的影响，代价是没有外国影响下的、40年经济停滞。
中国将是一个向世界敞开大门的国家，但它的规模将吸收任何外国影响，并将其重新塑造成自己的中国版本。
 
Hun Ga
China doesn't need mass immigrants, which is proved to be a disaster by the fact that they're living in a parallel society in Western European countries, let alone those no go zones. Automation is the solution to aging population.
 
中国不需要大量移民，事实证明这是一场灾难，因为他们生活在西欧国家的平行社会（与本地人鲜有交流），更不用说那些没有移民的地区了。自动化是解决人口老龄化的办法。
 
Mingchuan Zheng
Comparison with the US is not necessary. The fact remains that people like Lin are well respected Chinese nationals in China.
Not to mention the fact that the Mongols and the Manchus were once the rulers of China (it would be immensely stupid for any Chinese to not recognise a Mongol or a Manchu as Chinese), so the Chinese identity, to put it in a very liberalist way, is not constant throughout history, just like perhaps how the American identity has never been a fixed definition. It is very bigoted to use simple terminology to put an end to these discussions (unless that is indeed your real intention).
Plus the fact that your statement about being seen as an American is not quite true anyway. East Asian, since their first mass arrival upon the land of California, have never ever been really embraced by the American society as quintessential Americans. East Asian are the only racial group in the history of the US to be systematically denied legal American citizen status based purely on their race (and sometimes also sex). Your statement merely serves as a legal convention, which is not to be confused with cultural and societal facts.
 
与美国比较是没有必要的。事实上，像林书豪这样的人在中国是很受尊敬的中国人。更不用说蒙古人和满族人曾经是中国的统治者(如果中国人不承认蒙古人和满族人是中国人，那将是非常愚蠢的)，所以中国人的身份，用一种非常自由主义的方式来说，在历史上并不是一成不变的，就像美国人的身份从来就不是一个固定的定义。用简单的术语来结束这些讨论是非常盲目的(除非这确实是你的真正意图)。

另外，你所说的被视为美国人的说法并不完全正确。东亚人，自从他们第一次大规模地来到加利福尼亚这片土地，就从来没有真正被美国社会接受为典型的美国人。东亚人是美国历史上唯一一个纯粹因为种族(有时也包括性别)而被制度性地剥夺合法美国公民身份的种族群体。
你的说法只是一种法律惯例，不要与文化和社会事实相混淆。
 
Gimchess Liu
It is much easier to become an american from a chinese than to become chinese from an american - both legally and culturally.
(I hope I don’t have to support this)
I don’t know know if you are paying attention to the news- but the chinese nationals are currently kicking out the expats and other immigrants.
 
从中国人变成美国人要比从美国人变成中国人容易得多——无论是在法律上还是文化上。
我不知道你是否注意到新闻，但是中国公民正在驱逐外国人和其他移民。
 
Chalen Tan
Have you authenticated the source of your news
 
你有验证你这种说法的来源吗？
 
Iowa Xin
Certainly, China is not an immigration country.
 
很明显，中国不是移民国家。
 
Robin Matthews
Thanks mingchuan for the upxe from the 1890s. :-)
in modern USA the Chinese tend to outperform “native” whites on all the usual measures - tertiary education, income and so on.
here are the actual facts from Prosperity now (2018)
The household median income for Asian Americans is $74,829, 39% greater than the national median income of $53,657. Indian Americans have a higher household income than any other Asian American subgroup, with a median household income of $101,591. After Indian Americans comes Filipino, Japanese and Chinese Americans with high median incomes of $82,839, $70,261, and $69,586, respectively. However, there are vast variances in Asian groups in terms of household income, as Bangladeshi Americans have a median income of $51,331, which is almost 50% lower than Indian Americans.
 
谢谢楼上提及19世纪90年代。
在现代美国，华人在所有通常的衡量标准上——高等教育、收入等等——都比“本土”白人表现更好。
以下是来自《繁荣》(2018)的事实。
收入
亚裔美国人的家庭收入中位数为74,829美元，比全国收入中位数(53,657美元)高出39%。
印度裔美国人的家庭收入高于任何其他亚裔美国人，家庭收入中位数为101,591美元。
排在印度裔美国人之后的是菲律宾裔、日裔和华裔美国人，他们的中等收入分别为82839美元、70261美元和69586美元。
然而，亚洲群体的家庭收入存在巨大差异，孟加拉国裔美国人的收入中位数为51,331美元，几乎比印度裔美国人低50%。
 
Graeme Aoki
I would say anyone with US citizenship will be legally entitled to all the rights of an American but that doesn’t mean they’ll be treated like one on an individual level. I’m Asian-American and people still treat me like a foreigner all the time.
 
我想说的是，任何拥有美国公民身份的人都将在法律上享有美国人的所有权利，但这并不意味着他们会在个人层面上受到同等对待。
我是亚裔美国人，但人们仍然把我当成外国人。
 
Norman Ng
Its just the immigration policy.
China already has many people of its own and it doesn't rely on immigrants for its growth nor prosperity.
It has enough talents of its own so it can be very strict and sextive in granting citizenship to foreigners which it did but very few.
 
这就是移民政策。
中国已经有很多自己的人口，它的增长和繁荣并不依赖移民。
它自己有足够的人才，所以在授予外国人公民身份时可以非常严格和有选择性，它确实有移民但很少。
 
Sean Smith
Till racial profiling starts, then those Asian are told to go back to wherever. We can tell whities to go wherever as well, but since their population is made up of the majority, they think that only their race belongs to the US. Before whities start telling others to leave America, they, themselves should pack up and leave first.
 
在种族定性开始之前，这些亚洲人就被告知滚回任何地方去。我们也可以让白人去任何地方，但因为他们的人口占多数，他们认为只有他们的种族属于美国。在白人开始告诉其他人离开美国之前，他们自己应该先收拾行李离开。
 
Albert Liu
Don’t be so sure. Blacks in US are still struggling against racial slanders and biases. Do “black lives matter” ? It’s been 156 years since Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 and 55 years since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Even US has elected a black president (hooray for the US citizens). However, most blacks don’t feel equal, not safe. They are the longest ethnic “minority” living in the US. If they are this way, how do you think the other ethnic “minorities” have fared ?
There are lots of different ethnic groups inter-married with the Han Chinese, esp. in the western region. They are not being treated as “wai guo ren” (foreigner).
 
别那么肯定。美国黑人仍在与种族诽谤和偏见作斗争。“黑命贵?”距离1863年的《解放奴隶宣言》已经156年了，距离1964年的《民权法案》已经55年了。就连美国也选出了一位黑人总统(为美国公民欢呼)。然而，大多数黑人感到不平等，不安全。他们是美国居住时间最长的少数民族。
如果他们都是这样，你认为其他“少数民族”的情况如何?
有很多不同的民族与汉族通婚，特别是在西部地区。他们没有被当作“外国人”对待。
 
Annie Feng
You are missing the point, Americans do not see themselves as a coherent ethnic group, at least not anywhere nearly as much as Chinese, this has nothing to do with minorities and how they feel, that’s a separate issue. When you have a very heterogeneous population like Americans, obviously various sub populations would not feel to be the same group as others, that’s an evidence and argument FOR my point, not against, that people don’t feel so together in terms of an ethnicity. China has one of the most homogeneous population on earth relative to population size, so people would be more “tuanjie”
In terms of what I said that you’ll always be seen as exotic, I did not make a comparison regarding that point between China and the west, because that would obviously depend. In America, there are more hierarchies when it comes to viewing somebody as foreign, if you are black or Hispanic, that would be less so than middle eastern, Indian, or Chinese, because the latter groups haven’t integrated nearly as long. That doesn’t have to mean that therefore blacks and Hispanics are seen as completely the same as whites because it’s on a gradient, not black and white, and how THEY feel about been accepted by the dominant white group is also another issue.
 
你没有抓住重点，美国人不认为自己是一个团结的种族群体，至少在任何地方都不像中国人那样认为自己是一个团结的种族群体，这与少数民族和他们的感受没有关系，这是一个单独的问题。
当你有一个非常多元化的人口，比如美国人，很明显，不同的亚群体会觉得自己和其他人不一样，这是我观点的证据和论点，并不是反对人们在种族方面感觉不一样。相对于人口规模而言，中国是地球上人口最单一的国家之一，所以人们会更加团结。
关于我所说的你总是被视为异域人，我并没有就这一点在中国和西方之间做比较，因为这显然要视情况而定。在美国，当你把一个人视为外国人时，会有更多的等级，如果你是黑人或西班牙裔，那么你的等级会比中东人、印度人或中国人高，因为后者的群体融合的时间没有那么长。这并不意味着黑人和西班牙人被认为和白人完全一样。他们对占主导地位的白人群体接受度也是另一个问题。
 
Benjamin R Williams
Note in my answer the condition of non-ethnically Chinese, foreign born. Aside from the country making it legally impossible (in all practical circumstances) for any such person to gain legitimate citizenship, no amount of effort put in to assimilate completely to the society will grant them any status other than the eternal outsider.
 
要注意我回答里提到的前置条件：国外出生的非华裔。
除了中国本身在法律上不可能(在所有实际情况下)让任何这样的人获得合法公民身份外，无论付你出多少努力想要完全融入他们的社会，都不会给你任何地位，你永远是局外人。
 
Anna Bomby
I have a friend who is white, born in China. She was always seen as “exotic”. The fact that she could speak perfect Mandarin as well as English, German and Italian baffled a lot of people there and they would have never guessed she was, in fact, culturally half-Chinese. She was widely accepted in their community, but she was still seen as a foreigner, despite 24 years of her 26 were spent in China and the fact that it was effectively her home.
 
我有一个在中国出生的白人朋友。她总是被视为“外国人”。她能说一口流利的普通话，还能说英语、德语和意大利语，这让很多人感到困惑，他们从来没有想到她在文化上有一半的中国血统。
她在他们的社区中被广泛接受，但她仍然被视为外国人，尽管她26岁的生命中有24年是在中国度过的，实际上中国是她的家。
 
Osmondo Pandareta
I love it, white on the outside, yellow in the inside …a Pavlova (a white meringue outside with yellow, vanilla ice cream inside,…. delicious)
The truth is your friend IS Chinese and yet more than Chinese! She is closer to being a true earthling than most people. She must learn, as do all 'races’, that we are all earthlings, some more like them, some more like us, some just beautifully exotic…and accept the wonderful beings we are and can be, sharing our culture and blood and d.n.a.
Many Chinese will love her for what she is to them and some will see her through their own misconceptions and xenophobic inclinations regarding 'race'… being an earthling doesn't mean we all have the same I.Q., after all.
 
我喜欢这点，外白内黄——Pavlova(外面是白色蛋白霜，里面是黄色的香草冰淇淋，很美味)
事实是，你的朋友是中国人，而且比中国人更像中国人！她比大多数人更接近于一个真正的凡夫俗子。她必须像所有“种族”一样学习，我们都是地球人，有些更像他们，有些更像我们，有些只是美丽的异国情调……接受我们现在和将来的美好，分享我们的文化、血统和DNA。
许多中国人会因为她对他们的意义而爱她，有些人会通过他们自己的误解和关于“种族”的仇外倾向来看待她……毕竟，作为一个地球人并不意味着我们都有相同的智商。
 
Adam Brower
Thank you for telling the truth! China is certainly an ethnostate.
 
谢谢你们道出真相！很明显中国是一个单一民族国家。
 
Thomas Kyle Wong
Han is a demographic designation, not an ethnicity. Han Chinese is the amalgamation of a diverse group of ethnicities developed over several millennia. For this reason, civilization states such as China are much more capable at expanding its borders than ethno-states.
 
汉族是一个人口统计名称，而不是一个民族。汉人是几千年来发展起来的一个多民族的融合体。因此，像中国这样的文明国家比民族国家更有能力扩大边界。
 
Annie Feng
By this criteria there are virtually no ethnicities then. Every ethnic group over a certain population size fits this descxtion.
 
按照这个标准，实际上没有民族了。每一个超过一定人口规模的民族都符合这种描述。
 
Driguez Li
It doesn’t really matter. People grown up in Shanghai tend to think people from Anhui exotic. Cantonese basically think people from all other regions are exotic. But, practically, they can still get on well and live together.
Chinese people are very pragmatic. Han ethnicity, as well as some local cultures, may be viewed as critical by some people due to ideological reasons, but living and working with “exotic” people is never a problem for most Chinese.
 
这并不重要。
在上海长大的人往往认为安徽人是“外地人”。广东人基本上认为所有其他地区的人都是“外地人”。但实际上，他们仍然可以相处得很好，生活在一起。
中国人非常务实。由于意识形态的原因，一些人可能会带着批判性眼光看待汉族以及一些地方文化，但对大多数中国人来说，与“外地人”一起生活和工作从来都不是问题。
 
Siau Liu
There is a enormous misconception from many people outside of China to consider China as a racially pure. Through out history China has been invaded and rules and assimilated all the Northern Mongolian warrior tribes who had dominated Eurasia and had conquered and incooporated many proto Caucasoid peole in Northern Asia. The Sinic civilization is a merging and assimilating civilization unlike the West and other countries. This is a fundamental reason that China has existed for over 4000 years after overcoming numerous power shifts and is coming out to become the up and coming global super power. No nation on earth can survive for long being exclusive in race and culture, these kinds of nations are commiting a slow suicide within their own countries.
 
许多外国人有一个巨大的误解，认为中国是一个种族纯洁的国家。纵观历史，中国曾入侵、统治和同化了所有统治欧亚大陆的北方蒙古战士部落，征服并同化了许多北亚的原始高加索人。
中华文明不同于西方和其他国家，是一种融合和同化的文明。这是中国在克服了多次权力转移后存在了4000多年，并正在成为未来的全球超级大国的根本原因。地球上没有一个国家能够长期在种族和文化上独树一帜，这些国家正在自己的国家内慢慢自杀。
 
Annie Feng
I did not use the words “racially pure” for a reason.
but if you want to argue definition, yes you can actually claim that China is more “racially” pure than western countries. Those different asian groups are considered one race you know.
“The Sinic civilization is merging and assimilating civilization”
That’s what will inevitably lead to genetic homogeneity. Assimilation meaning people will intermarry each other and the population genetics will then stabilize overtime. Assimilation also has been done through force, that’s what every assimilating cultures have done. If you assimilate, when time is long enough the population will have homogeneity.
 
我没有用“种族纯洁”这个词是有原因的。
但如果你想讨论定义，是的，你可以声称中国比西方国家更“种族”纯洁。你知道，那些不同的亚洲群体被认为是一个种族。
“中华文明是文明的融合和同化”
这将不可避免地导致基因同质性。同化意味着人们会相互通婚，随着时间的推移，种群基因会趋于稳定。同化也是通过武力来实现的，这是每一种同化文化所做的。如果你同化，当时间足够长时，人口将具有同质性。
 
Pras Sethiyo
Bullcrap, “western” or European nations are the less diverse generically until they start to colonized, enslaved, raped third world people
 
一派胡言，“西方”或欧洲国家通常来说多样性并不高，直到他们开始殖民，奴役，强奸第三世界的人。
 
Annie Feng
Nope. Europeans were incredibly diverse way before colonist period began. They comprised of over 50 different major ethnic groups with far fewer population size. Hence the operational definition of diversity. And yes, none of those 50 ethnic groups comprise third world people. You need to learn more about Europeans.
 
不。在殖民时期开始之前，欧洲人是非常多样化的。他们由50多个不同的主要民族组成，人口数量少得多。
这就是多样性的可操作性定义。这50个民族中没有一个是第三世界的人。你需要更多地了解欧洲人。
 
Richard Chak
Being Chinese is about absorbing Chinese culture…the Chinese civilisation is about about culture and its language and philosophy…about harmony with fellow human beings, nature & elements. The country over a couple of thousand years have through time slowly assimilated other ethnic groups. This is proven by the difference region in China, the food and dressing can be different and even skin colour it does not matter…they all consider themselves as Chinese as they use the same language celebrate the same Chinese festive, appciate the same culture, language, philosophy, way of life. The history of China is not about citizenship is about being one family all man under the heaven are brother. The country government is about upholding its 5,000 years of Chinese culture, language, philosophy…this has been past down through the generations. Chinese intellectual have this outlooks you can conquer us but in the end the Chinese culture will conquer you. Thus the 2 foreign Dynasty the Yuan, & the Manchurian became absorbed by the Chinese culture, language & philosophy.
 
成为中国人就是要吸收中国文化，中国文明是关于文化、语言和哲学、是关于与人类、自然和元素的和谐。
这个国家在几千年的时间里慢慢地同化了其他民族。这一点在中国的不同地区得到了证明，食物和调料可以是不同的，甚至肤色也不重要……他们都认为自己是中国人，因为他们使用相同的语言，庆祝相同的中国节日，欣赏相同的文化、语言、哲学和生活方式。
中国的历史不是关于公民身份，而是关于一个大家庭，天下所有的人都是兄弟。中国政府致力于维护其5000年的中国文化、语言和哲学，这是代代相传的。
中国知识分子有这样的观点：你可以征服我们，但最终中国文化会征服你。因此，两个外国王朝——元朝和清朝被中国的文化、语言和哲学所吸收。
 
Out Spoken
So its an ideology?
The future will be interesting if they expect others to adopt their ideology.
 
所以这就是一种意识形态了？
如果他们期待别人接受他们的意识形态，那么未来将是有趣的。
 
Warren K. Liu
the difference here is the Chinese culture assimilated the invaders so eventually they essentially became Chinese for all intensive purposes. The Mongolians and Manchurians adopted the Chinese government system, language, rituals, etc while adding very little of their own unique touches which disappears immediately when their rule ended. Most commonly known is the pigtails on Chinese men, that was a Manchurian thing, when the Qing Dynasty fell, all Chinamen got rid of the pigtails immediately.
In terms of making others adopt ideology, I think the Americans and Western Europeans have held that crown for the last millennia, the Chinese track record on this on the other hand has had a few millennia run where it is only enforced in their own sovereign territory and they expect people to follow their customs while in China which isn’t odd when you look at so many Americans holding the view that “speak English you are in America” or French or French descent people who speak fluent English refusing to respond in English in France or in Quebec.
One ideology that China is silently exporting from my own experience is that doing business is king, over any ideology or causes. So basically making money is king. In my interactions with Chinese companies, I cannot believe how flexible they are willing to be in order to close a business deal with you and the lengths that they will go to for the customer. I’ve had meetings held on Chinese New Year’s Eve with executives of our suppliers in China, that’s like asking for a meeting on Xmas day or Thanksgiving in America and they will all tell you it’s ok, no need to reschedule. Of course there are good and bad companies, I’ve had my share of bad Chinese companies in the early 2000s but my experience with Chinese companies post 2008 have been nothing short of exceptional.
 
不同之处在于，中国文化同化了入侵者，所以最终他们本质上成为了中国人。蒙古人和满洲人采用了中国的政府制度、语言、仪式等，但很少加入他们自己独特的东西，当他们的统治结束时，这些东西马上就消失了。最广为人知的是中国男人的马尾辫，那是满族的东西，当清朝灭亡时，所有的中国人立即去掉了马尾辫。
在让其他人接受意识形态方面，我认为美国人和西欧人在过去几千年里一直保持着这一地位，另一方面，中国在这方面的记录也已经有几千年的历史了，只是只在在他们自己的主权领土上执行。在中国，他们希望人们能遵循他们的习俗，这并不奇怪。当你看到这么多美国人坚持“说英语，你是在美国”，或者，一个能够说流利英语的法国人或法国后裔拒绝在法国或魁北克用英语回答问题。
从我个人的经验来看，中国正在默默地输出一种意识形态，那就是做生意是至高无上的，凌驾于任何意识形态或事业之上。所以基本上赚钱为王。在我与中国公司的交往中，我不敢相信他们为了与你达成一笔交易愿意采取多么灵活的态度，他们会为客户付出多么大的努力。我在中国新年前夕和我们中国供应商的高层开过会，就像在美国要求在圣诞节或者感恩节开会一样，他们都会告诉你没有问题，不需要重新安排。
当然，中国企业有好有坏。在21世纪初，我接触过一些糟糕的中国企业，但在2008年之后，我接触过的中国企业都非常出色。
 
Tahitoa Toefuata
We speak about the region of Heilongjiang, right? According to the official statistics, over 95% of inhabitants there are Hans, so no matter if there is a shared border with Russia or if Russian is one of the ethnic minority recognised. They hardly exist at the scale of China. And that’s only what counts in such cases. It’s like to say Black people are loved in Korea because there is ONE African guy on TV.
Finally, if I’m not wrong he was a mixed race, and it was his dad who was Chinese and later he was adopted by another Chinese family, so this guy is more likely to be the exception than the norm. And mixed race children are mostly accepted (up to a certain point) only if the father is Chinese because of Chinese lineage system. I know long enough about that hahaha. Pacific Islands are full of stories with leftover children of Chinese descent because the dad wasn’t the Chinese parent or because the Chinese family in China didn’t want to put the shame to have such descendants.
 
我们说的是黑龙江地区，对吧?根据官方统计，那里95%以上的居民是汉族人，所以无论与俄罗斯是否有共同的边界，或者俄罗斯族是否是被承认的少数民族之一都不重要。在中国的这种规模上，他们几乎不存在。这只是在这种情况下才重要。这就像是说在韩国黑人受到喜爱，因为电视上只有一个非洲人。
最后，如果我没记错的话，他（林虎）是一个混血儿，他的父亲是中国人，后来他被另一个中国家庭收养了，所以这个人更有可能是一个例外。由于中国的血统制度，混血孩子通常只有在父亲是中国人的情况下才会被接受(在一定程度上)。我很久之前就已经知道这点了，哈哈哈。
太平洋岛屿上到处都是中国血统的留守子女的故事，因为父亲不是中国人，或者因为中国的家庭不想为有这样的后代感到羞耻。
 
Tom Chen
Western scholars have studied modern China, and concluded that it is a civilization-state rather than a nation-state. Western nation states operates on the basis of secular citizenship, where as to a Chinese you’re considered Chinese or otherwise based on closely your cultural values align with theirs. Some chinese scholars even go so far as to conclude (whether rightly or wrongly), that the only non-western countries to industrialize & modernize successfully are those of confucious-based cultures, like China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan…
 
西方学者对现代中国进行了研究，得出的结论是，中国是一个文明国家，而不是一个民族国家。西方国家的运作基于世俗公民身份，而作为一个中国人，你会被认为是中国人，是因为基于你的文化价值观与他们的文化价值观保持一致。
一些中国学者甚至得出这样的结论(不管正确与否):唯一能够成功实现工业化和现代化的非西方国家是那些以儒家文化为基础的国家，比如中国（大陆）、日本、韩国、台湾地区……