In the last 30 years, everybody was talking about the digital revolution. Recently — well, for about 5 years at least — many people in the investment community started looking at blockchain technology—the next gamechanger.

在过去的三十年间,每个人都在谈论数码科技的变革。近来,大概至少五年左右的时间,许多投资界的投资者开始关注于区块链技术——下一个改变法则的技术。
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I ignored it at first as I, as a confident follower of Warren Buffett, just shared his point of view — it is a worthless piece of code, and Cryptocurrency doesn’t serve a purpose.

我(原作者Christian Soschner)起初也忽略了这一项技术,因为我是沃伦·巴菲特坚定的追随者。他的重要观点有说到——这是一串没有任何价值的代码,而且加密货币并不能满足需求。

Well, I forgot that it is always about what people make out of technology and what problems they learn to solve.

是的,我忽略了它总是跟人们能运用科技做出什么和学习去解决什么问题相关。

It is always about the Use-Cases. Nevertheless, those who take the highest risk by investing early when the Use-Cases are not even developed get the highest rewards.

它通常与用例有关,然而,那些早期在用例还未真正发展时的,承受着最高投资风险的人,也就获得了最大的利益。

Amazon IPOed at 18 dollars and now has a value of more than 3,000 dollars. In between were 3 stock splits, two 2:1 and one 3:1 split.

亚马逊以18美元的市值上市,如今拥有了超过3000美元的价值。其中分成三种股票,两种2:1以及一种3:1。

1 share of Amazon for 18 dollars would now be 12 shares at 3,000 dollars each — in total, 36.000 dollars.

一份额18美元的亚马逊现在以及变成12份额3000美元,总共36000美元。

Similar to Bitcoin.10,000 bitcoin in 2010 bought two pizzas for 45 dollars, and today it would be worth 60,000 dollars — per coin, in total 600 Million dollars
.

这与比特币类似。10000个比特币在2010年只能购买两个价值45美元的披萨,今天每个比特币却价值60000美元,一共价值6亿美元。

Those are the rare growth rates early-stage investors are looking for.Making millions out of nothing — not overnight, but over a time period of 20–40 years.

那些缓慢的增值速度是早期投资者所希望看到的。从一无所有到百万身家不是一夜奇迹,而是历经二十到四十年。

Once technologies are ripe, the growth rates naturally go down, and neither for bitcoin nor for Amazon, I would expect a value inflection in the coming 20 years as it was in the past 10 to 20.

一旦科技成熟,增值的速度也会自然地放慢。我可以预料到对于过去10到20年,在接下来的20年将形成一种价值的转换。

But what should investors invest in who want to see a significant uptake in value in the coming 5–10 years?

但是那些在接下来的5-10年间想要得到显著的财富升值的投资者应该投资于什么呢?

According to Cathie Wood from Ark Investment, it is the genomics revolution, and Gene-Editing is part of it.

据来自Ark基金的“牛市女皇”Cathie Wood所看好的,那就是基因组的变革,而且基因编辑就是其中的一部分。

A Brief History of Gene-Editing

一段简短的基因编辑的发展历史

For Austrians, Gene Editing is an exciting story to read, as researchers from this country contributed a lot to the development of Gene-Editing.

对于奥地利人来说,基因编辑是一段说来激动人心的故事,因为他们国家的研究者花费了许多心血用于基因编辑的发展。

In the midst of the 19th century, the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel revealed the probability of genes passing from generation to generation. A few years later, the Swiss researcher Friedrich Miescher became the first scientist to identify DNA as a distinct molecule, thanks to his blood cells' study from the pus of discarded bandages.

在19世纪中期,奥地利一个名叫Gregor Mendel的修道士揭示了基因逐代遗传的可能性。若干年后,一个瑞士的研究者,Friedrich Miescher,因为他根据废弃绷带的脓汁所做的血细胞研究,成为了第一个证明了DNA是一种实际的微小分子的科学家。

A century later, the DNA structure discovery occurred, resulting in the entire human genome's sequencing completed in 2003.

一个世纪以后,得益于2003年完成了完整的人类基因组测序,DNA构筑发明问世。

In 2012, Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier, and their teams elucidated CRISPR technology's biochemical mechanism, which resulted in the foundation of CRISPR Technology and the noble prize for Emmannuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna in 2020.

在2012年,Jennifer Doudna、Emmanuelle Charpentier和他们的团队阐明了CRISPR技术的生化机制,这导致了CRISPR Technology组织的建立和2020年他们所获的丰厚的奖品。

What role did Austria play? Emmanuelle Charpentier researched in Austria, where she met Rodger Novak, who led the Austrian company . Both founded CRISPR Therapeutics in 2013.

而其中奥地利扮演了什么角色呢?Emmanuelle Charpentier在奥地利做研究,在这里,她遇到了掌管奥地利公司Nabriva Therapeutics的Rodger Novak。他们于2013年共同成立了CRISPR Therapeutics。

CRISPR — a molecular Swiss Army Knife

CRISPR——一种分子大小的“瑞士军刀”

CRISPR is a simple, powerful, and programmable genome-editing tool. An acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats, CRISPR is the equivalent of a “molecular Swiss Army Knife” composed of two parts: first, the body, or the ‘guide RNA,’ that isolates the portion of the DNA that a researcher wishes to manipulate and, second, the tool, or ‘nuclease,’ that operates on that stretch of DNA.

CRISPR是一个简单、富含能量和可设计的基因组编辑工具。作为Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats的缩写,CRISPR与分子型瑞士军刀同样有两部分组成:第一,形体部分,相当于“指示RNA”,它使研究者想要去控制的一部分DNA分离出来,第二,工具部分,相当于“RNA酶”,它使DNA链产生作用。

In a simple example of today’s most popular guide-nuclease pairing, CRISPRCas9, CRISPR guides the molecular Swiss Army Knife to a targeted spot in the genome and uses Cas9 as “molecular scissors” to cut the double-strand of DNA. Other nucleases can alter the specificity and cutting efficiency/patterns, target RNA, and address the genome's different stretches. In this paper, “CRISPR” will encompass all CRISPR editing systems and mechanisms of action.

以当今最火的指示核酸酶的配对为例,CRISPRCas9和CRISPR指导这一分子型瑞士军刀去锁定基因组上的目标序列并以Cas9为“分子剪刀”去切断双链DNA。另一种核酸酶可以改变其特异性并削弱功效,瞄准RNA,并确定基因组的不同的变异位置。在这个例子中,CRISPR包含了所有的CRISPR编辑系统和反应机制。

Commercial potential

商业上的潜力

Gene editing methods historically were expensive and slow. The CRISPR technology does the same work in 25% time consumption and at 5% of the cost. A significant improvement as this development opens up the use of the technology even for high school students — metaphorically speaking.

基因编辑技术在历史发展上是开销大却发展缓慢的。运用CRISPR技术做同样的工作只需花费25%的时间和5%的开销。比如说,这次开发中的里程碑式的进步就是开放使用这项技术,甚至是向高中生开放。

With the completion of the human genome sequencing, the number of single-gene aberrations known to cause disease jumped from around 100 to nearly 3,000, and more than 200 genes were now lixed to cancer, nearly three times the previous number.

随着人类基因测序的完成,我们知道了单一基因变异的数量会造成从大概100到几乎3000种疾病。超过200个基因与癌症无关,是先前确定数量的三倍。

In 2018 Ark Funds issued a report on CRISPR Technology and state right at the beginning:
In fewer than five years, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)- genome-editing technology has taken the scientific community by storm and has revolutionized the pace of modern biology, promising an era of curative medicine and rapid biotechnological breakthroughs. Thanks to its accessible cost and ease-of-use, CRISPR has democratized genomeediting. Many companies are deploying the CRISPR platform to commercialize novel therapies and to increase research and development productivity across the drug discovery process, agriculture, diagnostics, chemicals, and material sciences.

在2018年,Ark基金在CRISPR Technology发表了一个报告,并在一开始就确立了其正确性:
在过去五年内,规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列(CRISPR)基因编辑技术已经像暴风雨般席卷了科学界,并改变了现代生物技术的步伐,预示着一个医疗用药和先进生物技术突破的时期。得益于CRISPR的低开销和可用性,它已经使基因编辑大众化。许多公司利用CRISPR的平台使这一新型的疗法商业化并增强研发和发展,使产品贯穿医学研发过程、农业、诊断、化学和材料科学。

Cathie Woods team believes that CRISPR is one of the breakthrough technologies of this century, and its application in medicine and agriculture is limitless.

Cathie Wood的团队坚信CRISPR是这个世纪突破性的科技之一,而且它在医学和农业的应用是无限的。

One could say it is the internet of developing new innovative and personalized medicine.

有人说它是发展创新的和针对个人药物的互联网。