从军事角度看，300名斯巴达人是如何阻止波斯人的？
From a military standpoint, how did 300 Spartans hold the Persians back?
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网友：斯巴达人只是参与这场羊肠小道（位于塞莫皮莱）防御战的一部分。他们并没有单枪匹马地完成任务，特别是不是只派出部队的“精英”部分（在此例中，指的是300重装军士），他们从来不是在单独进行战斗......
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从军事角度看，300名斯巴达人是如何阻止波斯人的？
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Answered 18h ago · Upvoted by Hugh Weller-Lewis, MA Literature & Social Sciences, The Open University （1991）
Spartans had a part in the defense of that narrow pass （at Thermopylae）. They didn’t do it singlehandedly, and especially not only the “elite” part of its army （dismounted heavy infantry- 300 in this case） which never fought alone anyway. Like WWII machine gun team which, unlike Rambo, had a guy loading the machine gun, Spartan heavy infantry was immediately supported by light troops/assistants fighting around them or immediately behind - not as separate units, which won’t happen until the end of that century.
They were also （an arguably） small part of the Greek allied force which defended the pass, but their role seems to have been a key one, as they were, at the time, considered military “leaders of Hellas” （Hdt. 1.69）. The fact Spartans were seen as the leading military force, claimed by Herodotus, is confirmed by an inscxtion that was, as everything Greek, very hierarchical. It comes from a column Greeks dedicated at Delphi after Battle of Plataea and defeat of Persian invading force. Spartans （Lacedaemonians） are named first.
斯巴达人只是参与这场羊肠小道（位于塞莫皮莱）防御战的一部分。他们并没有单枪匹马地完成任务，特别是不是只派出部队的“精英”部分（在此例中，指的是300重装军士），他们从来不是在单独进行战斗。他们不是像兰波那样，而是像二战时候的机关枪队，有人在旁边协助他给机关枪上弹， 斯巴达的重步兵很快得到了轻兵/助手的支持，他们在斯巴达人周围作战，或者立即在其后面作战--而不是作为单独的作战单位，那是直到上世纪末才会发生的情况。
他们也（可以说）是保卫关隘的希腊盟军的一小部分，但他们的角色似乎是一个关键的角色，因为他们当时被认为是军事方面的“希腊领袖”。希罗多德声称，斯巴达人被视为希腊领军的军事力量，这一事实得到了铭文的证实。在来自普拉塔亚战役和波斯侵略军失败后希腊人设于德尔菲的纪念柱上，斯巴达人被记于第一行。
The three hundred men in Spartan contingent is only a number of heavy full citizen infantrymen later known as hoplites. These were the upper class warriors every city state had, from （at that date） few dozen （Mycenae）, hundreds （Tegea, Mantinea, Corinth） to thousands （Sparta, Athens）. They are sometimes, for better understanding, compared to medi knights despite all the differences between eras. Most would have a （slave） attendant, or seven （9.10） some of which would fight as light infantry, mingling between, charging, fighting, and dying alongside heavy infantrymen. There were other lower class warriors fighting alongside heavy infantry elite as well. While the available numbers aren’t always reliable nor do they add up perfectly, it is accepted that the number of these lower class warriors at Thermopylae （from Spartan contingent） was three times the number of upper class Spartan infantrymen. When describing the “viewing of the dead” after the Greeks’ last stand, Herodotus implies dead Thespians （originally 700 men） and Spartans （300 men） and the lower class warriors including Spartan slaves amounted to 4000 bodies （8.25）.
斯巴达特遣队中的三百人只是后来那些被称为“霍普利特”的重装公民步兵。这些是每个城邦的上层阶级组成的战士，从（当时）几十个（迈锡尼），到数百个（特盖亚、曼蒂尼亚、科林斯）到数千个（斯巴达、雅典）。
为了更好地理解，你可以拿来与中世纪的骑士相比，尽管时代之间存在着很大的差异。大多数人会有一个（奴隶）随从，或者七个，其中一些人会像轻步兵一样战斗，混合在一起，和重型步兵一起冲锋，战斗，死亡。还有其他下层战士与重型精英步兵并肩作战。虽然现有的数字并不总是可靠的，也不能进行完美的相加，但人们认为，在塞莫皮莱（来自斯巴达特遣队）的这些下层战士的数量是上层斯巴达步兵的三倍。在描述幸存的希腊人查看死伤情况时，希罗多德暗示死去的包括特斯匹伊人（最初是700人）和斯巴达人（300人），以及斯巴达奴隶在内的下层战士一共达4000具尸体。
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There is a dedication from one of these archers dated to Persian Wars reading:
“This bow, resting from tearful war, hangs here under the floor of Athene’s temple. Often mid the roar of battle, in the struggle of men, was it washed in the blood of Persian cavaliers.”
So the entire force of Greeks consisted of thousands of hoplites or heavy upper class infantrymen （more than 5000） and twice or three times the light troops. Persian troop numbers were certainly inflated, but it can safely be assumed that it reflects the real life fact they vastly outnumbered Greeks. So while an impressive feat in and of itself, it isn’t really 300 people holding off a vast enemy force.
How Greeks managed to hold them off for so long?
First the geography. The pass they were fighting in was narrow, surrounded by cliffs and the Malian gulf to the east. What it did is reduce the impact of superior numbers Persians initially had. Or as Herodotus puts it - “since they used shorter spears than the Hellenes and could not use their numbers fighting in a narrow space.” （7.211）
这些弓箭手中的一位后来献词描述波斯战争，内容是：
“这把弓箭，从可怕的战争中退役，悬挂在雅典娜神庙的檐下。在战场的轰鸣声中，在人类的斗争中，它曾用波斯骑士的血液来清洗自己。”
因此，希腊人的整个联军部队由成千上万的霍普利特或重型上层步兵（超过5000人）和两到三倍的轻型部队组成。波斯军队的数量当然是夸大的，但既然可以这么大胆地假设，这反映了他们远远超过希腊人的真实事实。因此，虽然这本身就是一个令人印象深刻的壮举，但并不是真正的300人阻挡了一支数量庞大的敌人部队。
那么希腊人是如何设法阻止了他们这么长时间呢？
首先是地理。他们正在战斗的通道很狭窄，被悬崖和东部的马里湾所包围。这起到的作用是减少了波斯人最初拥有的较多人数的影响。或者像希罗多德斯所说的那样-- ”因为他们使用的长矛比希腊人的短，而且不能使用他们的数量优势在狭窄的空间中作战”
Both Greek and Persian troops took turns fighting in the pass - “standing ordered by nation, each of them fighting in turn…” （7.212） although the Greeks seem to have been more inspired, unsurprisingly, and “…fought memorably”, and towards the end Greeks even “ displayed the greatest strength they had against the barbarians, fighting recklessly and desperately.” （7.223）
Greeks also had a defensive wall （Phocian wall） rebuilt in a particularly narrow place in a pass “In all the previous days they had sallied out into the narrow way and fought there, guarding the defensive wall. ” （7.223）.
Not only was this wall important as a defensive measure but also provided Greeks with a very important cover, since their force remained unknown to the Persians until the very end “[the Persian spy] could, however, not see the whole camp, for it was impossible to see those posted inside the wall which they had rebuilt and were guarding” （7.208）.
希腊和波斯军队轮流在通道上进行战斗--“为了国家，他们每个人依次战斗...” 虽然不出意料地希腊人似乎更有战斗欲，“...进行了刻骨铭心的战斗”，而到了最后，希腊人甚至“展示了他们对野蛮人的最后力量，不顾一切和拼命地战斗。” 希腊人还在一个特别狭窄的地方重建了一堵防御墙（波奇安墙）“在过去的所有日子里，他们一直被困在狭窄的道路上，在那里战斗，守卫着防御墙。”
这堵墙不仅作为防御措施很重要，而且还为希腊人提供了非常重要的掩护，因为波斯人直到最后一刻为止，他们都无法摸清希腊人真正的实力。“（波斯间谍）无法刺探那些守在在他们重建并守卫的墙内的营地。”
It is questionable how long would the Persian force have withstood the mental pressure, had the alternative road behind Greeks’ lines remained unknown to the Persians. They seem to have had trouble motivating their army by the last day of fighting - “Now, however, they joined battle outside the narrows and many of the barbarians fell, for the leaders of the companies beat everyone with whips from behind, urging them ever forward. Many of them were pushed into the sea and drowned; far more were trampled alive by each other, with no regard for who perished. ” （7.223）
因此，波斯人必然会高估希腊军队的规模。因为他们非常有动机和绝望地保卫自己的土地免受入侵者的攻击。那时突出的竞争文化到已成为希腊风气的主要特征，并渴望达到终极的男子气概并与同伴和敌人竞争以证明自己的军事实力。
如果波斯人不是知道了希腊人的防线后面还有另一条路，那么波斯军队能在多长时间内经受住如此的精神压力是值得怀疑的。在战斗的最后一天他们似乎已经无法激励自己的军队-- “然而，现在，他们在狭窄的地方参加战斗，许多野蛮人倒下了，因为长官从后面用鞭子殴打每个人，敦促他们一直向前。他们中的许多人被推入海里淹死；更多的人被互相践踏，而不考虑对方的死活。”
（其中所有带引号的句子皆来自希罗多德的《历史》）
A yes the 300 Spartans held back the Persian army of 5 million killing 20,000 of them :（ now if you feel this isn’t ridiculous it's your problem but let's look at what really happened
So firstly dose 300 Spartans were not alone in their last stand they were closer to 3000 infact the thespians had 700 man in that last stand but the biggest part of them were their slaves
The Persians were not 5 million if they were they would have had the biggest army in human history and more man than the population of Greece it self so how many were there? Well let's look at what we know about Persia to find out now a long time after this battle the Persians founded another empire a far more militarized and centralised empire with a bigger population the Sassanian empire now the Sassanians at their peak had about 130,000 and never managed to gather more than 50,000 at any one battle so I really cant see anyway for the Acheamenids to have bigger army's the most reasonable estimate I have seen is 50,000 man
There is also a mith that the Spartans were better armored and well trained well regarding armer herodotus tells us about a Persian that was so heavily armored that the Greeks couldn't find a way to kill him even after he had fell from his horse!
Regarding training Spartans trained from age 5 Persian immortals from age 3 infact before the battle the Persians changed the Greeks to single combat no one was willing to exapt it
So in conclusion the Spartans are overrated
Battle of Thermopylae - Wikipedia
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlwIKh2Qk14
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hMQmU0epVr4
是的，这300名斯巴达人阻止了500万人的波斯军队，造成2万人丧生: （ 现在，如果你还不觉得这可笑，那这就是你的问题了，但让我们看看到底发生了什么。
所以首先在数量上300斯巴达人在最后一战中并不孤单，他们实际上接近3000人，而特斯匹伊人在最后一战有700人，但其中最大的一部分是他们的奴隶。
如果波斯人拥有人类历史上最大的军队，并且比希腊本身的人口还要多，那么他们的人口就波斯人也没有500万的军队，如果他们真的有的话，他们会是人类历史上最大的军队，比整个希腊的人口还多，那么他们有多少人呢？好，让我们来看看，以我们对波斯的了解，在这场战役之后很长一段时间，波斯人建立了另一个帝国，一个更军事化和中央集权的帝国，人口也更多，那就是萨珊波斯。现在我们知道萨珊波斯在他们的巅峰时期有大约13万人的军队，并且从来没有设法在任何一场战斗中聚集超过5万人，所以我真的不认为上千年前的阿契美尼德王朝会有更大的军队，我认为最合理的估计是5万人。
还有一种说法是，斯巴达人的装甲更好，更训练有素，然而阿尔默·希罗多德告诉我们，波斯人的装甲很重，即使在他们从马背上摔下来，希腊人也找不到杀死他们的方法！
关于训练，斯巴达人从5岁开始，波斯人从3岁开始，事实上，在这场战斗之前，波斯人对希腊叫阵单挑，然而并没有人敢出战。
所以总结就是斯巴达人被高估了
原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlwIKh2Qk14
https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=hMQmU0epVr4
Dino Karas
The “last stand" at Thermopyles was meant simply as a suicide mission/sacrificial mission by the Greeks to delay the Persian Empire's forces while word got back to the other Greek forces that the Persians had landed and offer enough time to assimilate the other Greek forces for further battle. The significance of the decision and battle was that these （Greek） soldiers knew that they were going to be killed, there was no doubt about that, simply the sheer numbers they were up against offers this as a given…but the fact remains that they stayed on to stand up for themselves and their fellow countrymen （if we can even say this given that they were just united city-states and kingdoms, not a “nation” per se or empire yet） against foreign invasion, fighting to their last breath to defend their freedom versus enslavement by foreign powers.
在塞莫皮尔莱的“最后一战”仅仅是希腊人的自杀式任务/自我牺牲的使命，以推迟波斯帝国的军队，让消息传到其他希腊城邦，提供足够的时间来集合其他希腊军队，等波斯人登陆的时候再进行进一步的战斗。这一决定和战斗的意义在于，这些（希腊）士兵知道他们将被杀害，这一点毫无疑问，只需看看他们需要对抗的敌军数量...但事实仍然是，他们坚持为自己和他们的同胞挺身而出（我们甚至可以这样说，他们只是联合起来的城邦和王国，而不是一个“国家”本身或帝国）反对外国入侵，为捍卫自己的自由而斗争，而不是被外国势力奴役。
这就是为什么这个姿态是重要的...如果波斯帝国没有被拖住，那么历史的进程就会被改变，我们所熟知的战后希腊的“知识和艺术黄金时代”，很可能就不会发生或如此繁荣。这是一个“弱者”战胜一切困难的故事，这标志着它成为历史上一个值得纪念的事件，因为一些坚定的人的这种行为，使得无论是希腊人，还是那些喜欢不可侵犯的民主和随之而来的繁荣的人都得以庆贺。这是一种成功的战略性拖延战术。从军事战略的角度来看，希腊人利用特定的地形/战场获得重大优势，加上他们特殊的武器/装甲和军事战术/情报/训练，还有进一步坚定地克服如此大困难的决心。
我不会进一步详细说明双方的士兵人数，已经有学者和帖子在其他地方详细论述了这一点。 但我会肯定这样一个事实，即一些训练有素、具有决心和战略优势的士兵无疑可以阻挡、甚至击败规模巨大的军队......数量并不总是胜过质量。顺便说一句，不仅是300名斯巴达人，还有更多的希腊士兵和其他城邦的士兵和斯巴达人站在一起，尽管只有斯巴达人获得了历史上最著名的荣耀，特别是因为这次战斗而最为人知的斯巴达国王列奥尼达。
First, it was not 300. The 300 are the full Spartiates - the professional warrior class of Sparta. There were also a contingent of Laconian levies, similarly armed, plus light helots and a small allied force. So at least 1000. It’s a narrow pass between mountain and sea, and their job was to hold the pass long enough to allow the main Greek force to retreat.
The Persian forces were equipped for fighting on the plains of Asia - lightly armoured, relying on archery and cavalry. Cavalry was no use in the pass. Hoplite armour would keep out most of the arrows and allow the Greeks to close with the Persian infantry - after which they had an advantage.
In this case, they were surrounded, so fought as long as they could.
首先不是300人。这三百个斯巴达人是全副武装的--斯巴达的职业战士阶层。还有一支拉哥尼亚的队伍，有着和斯巴达人同样的武装，还有一支奴隶轻步兵和少数联军军队。所以至少有1000人。这是一个狭窄的山和海之间的通道，他们的工作是防御这个通道保持足够长的时间，以允许希腊主力撤退。
波斯军队装备的是在亚洲平原上作战的轻装甲，依靠射箭和骑兵。骑兵在这种通道上是没用的。希腊的重装步兵会挡住大部分的箭，让希腊人和波斯步兵接近--在那之后优势在他们。
在这种情况下，他们被包围了，所以只能尽所能地战斗。
Answered 11h ago · Upvoted by Li Song, Docter Mathematics & History, Colleges and Universities （2020）
Military, Thermopylae was a natural “choke point.” As the name suggest, it was critical point that controls everything regardless of size. The opponent must approach from one direction, in one way, in small numbers:
It was a larger version of this situation:
Put guys like this in that space:
That was the phalanx. That formation was the strongest frontal infantry formation in the history of man, prior to fire arms. It was unassailable from the front, if the hoplite does not retreat.
Persian numbers were irrelevant. Only a few Persians could attack at one time and those attacking was attacking a wall of stabbing spears.
This was not the only time someone has used a choke point like this. Harold Hardrada placed one of his men on the bridge at Stamford, at the Battle of Stamford Bridge:
This one man stopped the entire Anglo-Saxon army and he killed 40 soldiers.
The Persians defeated Spartans the same way Harold Godwinson defeated Hardrada’s bezerker. He outflanked the opponent and assaulted him from a different direction.
军事上，塞莫皮莱是一个天然的“咽喉要道。”正如这个名字所暗示的，无论大小，控制关键点才是一切。对手必须从一个方向，以一种方式，少量地接近：
这是这种情况的放大版：
把这样的人放在那个地方：
那是一个方阵。在火器发明之前，这个方阵是人类历史上最强的正面步兵方阵。如果霍普利特不撤退，从前面看是无懈可击的。
波斯人的数量是无关紧要的。一次只有少数波斯人能进行攻击，而那些攻击者正在攻击一堵全是刺矛的墙。
这不是唯一一次有人使用这样的咽喉要道。哈拉尔·哈德拉达在斯坦福德桥的战役中，把他的一个士兵放在桥上：
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这一个人阻止了整个盎格鲁-撒克逊军队，他杀死了40名士兵。
波斯人打败斯巴达人的方式和哈罗德·戈丁森打败哈拉尔的那个狂战士一样。他从侧翼包围了对手，并从另一个方向攻击他。
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As others have noted, there were more than the Spartans there. Even so, the Greeks were greatly outnumbered by the Persian army. In an open field, the Persians would have overwhelmed the Greeks due to numbers.
However, the Greeks chose their fighting position wisely, fighting in a pass guarded on the sides by cliffs. While the Persians brought overwhelming numbers, the narrowness of the pass meant the Greeks faced even numbers at the front. In other words, the terrain prevented the Persians from bringing the weight of their numbers against the Greeks. The front was so narrow that the Greeks were in equal numbers where the fighting took place.
That is until a Greek slave showed the Persians around the Greek flanks and to an open space behind the Greek lines, allowing the Persians to bring their weight in numbers to bear. Once free of the pass’ confines, the Persians were able to overwhelm the Greeks.
We often remember the stand, but forget the Persians won the battle…
正如其他人所指出的，那里的斯巴达人不止那么多。 即使如此，希腊人的人数也远远低于波斯军队。在一个开阔地带，波斯人会因为数量而一波冲倒希腊人。
然而，希腊人明智地选择了他们战斗的位置，在悬崖边的通道中进行防御战。虽然波斯人带来了压倒性的人数，但狭窄的通道意味着希腊人只需面对面前的敌人。换句话说，地形阻止了波斯人把他们强于希腊人的人数优势。前面太窄了，所以希腊人面对的人数和他们相等，战斗在那里发生。直到一个希腊奴隶把波斯人带到希腊侧翼，并将战斗带到希腊阵线后面的空地上，让波斯人发挥了他们人数优势。 一旦摆脱了狭窄地形的限制，波斯人就压垮了希腊人。
我们经常记起这场战斗，但总是忘记波斯人赢得了最后的战斗...
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By being more than 4000.
Look, yes there were 300 spartans. But what most people fail to remember is that there were plenty of greeks with them too.
Herodotus says there were 4000 greek bodies after the battle was over (book 8, chapter 25). That’s a lot of bodies for only 300 spartans.
From a military standpoint, 300 soldiers cannot hold a pathway meant to be used by an army, because such a pathway is not the small kind of path 300 men can defend without stretching out.
超过4000人。
是的，有300个斯巴达人。但大多数人不记得的是，他们也有很多希腊人盟友。
希罗多德说，战斗结束后有4000具希腊尸体（书8，第25章）。是在这众多尸体中有300个斯巴达人的尸体。
从军事的角度来看，300名士兵无法守住一条供军队使用的道路，因为这样的道路并不是300名士兵展开来可以守住的。
, B.A. History, The Citadel, the Military College of South Carolina (1972)
The Spartans had analyzed the landscape and sexted what is called “key terrain”. In this case, it was a narrow defile through the mountain, a pass. They rightly determined that if they occupied this narrow space in a tight phalanx, that the mighty Persian Army, despite vastly outnumbering the Greeks, would be unable to bring their overwhelming numbers to bear against that phalanx. It was just too narrow. The Greeks were like a stopper in a bottle, so the only Persians who COULD attack the Greeks, would only be able to present the same number of warriors in their front rank as that of the Greeks. And when it came to an “even” fight, the Spartans were superior warriors. This is what allowed them to delay the Persians for so long.
斯巴达人分析了地形，并选择了所谓的“关键地形”。在这种情况下，这是一条穿过大山的狭窄通道，一方通行。他们正确地决定，如果他们以方阵占据这一狭窄的空间，强大的波斯军队，尽管人数远远超过希腊人，亦将无法使他们的压倒性人数来对抗这个方阵。反正就是太窄了。希腊人就像瓶子里的塞子，所以唯一能攻击希腊人的波斯人，只能在他们的前线上呈现与希腊人相同数量的战士。而在一场“人数均匀”的战斗中，斯巴达人是优秀的战士。这就是他们让波斯人拖延这么久的原因。
The pass was so narrow that only a few men could pass through. So what happened was that the Spartans kept shooting arrows and spears at the Persians who tried to come through the narrow pass.
Sadly, a traitor named Ephialtes showed the Persians a secret trail into the rear of the Spartan force. All 300 Spartans including their King Leonids, fell in battle.
那条通道太窄了，只有几个人能通过。因此，发生的事情就是斯巴达人不断向试图穿过狭窄通道的波斯人射箭和掷矛。
不幸的是，一个名叫厄菲阿尔特的叛徒向波斯人展示了进入斯巴达军队后方的秘密路径。包括列奥尼达国王在内的300名斯巴达人都在战斗中牺牲了
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