为什么美国华裔企业家没有印度裔企业家多？

原创翻译：龙腾网 http://www.ltaaa.com 翻译：星际圣母 转载请注明出处

Aakash Chopra
It''''''''s a very good question . Let me give you the exact reasons for this. No matter what anyone says but the truth is that Indians and Chinese are equally hardworking and that is why they get the attraction of US employers. Now there are 3 major reasons for less Chinese entrepreneurs or CEOs than Indians:
The language issue: Indians are better in English speaking than Chinese. This may look like a small issue but believe me it is very important for US companies or management. Therefore, you will see a lot of Indians hanging around with Americans but less Chinese. At Top management level, interpersonal skills are more important than technical.
Employer vs Employee mindset: Now this might hurt some sentiments but the fact is WORLD SEE CHINESE AS VERY GOOD EMPLOYEES BUT NOT GOOD EMPLOYERS. This is a major reason that they choose Indians over Chinese.
The Country call: A lot of Successful Chinese go back to their own country and become entrepreneurs there while Indians choose to stay back. Now a lot of Indians are also coming back here from Silicon valley but the proportion is very high with Chinese.

非常好的问题。让我告诉你这个问题的原因吧。不管其他人怎么说，但是事实是，印度裔和华裔都是一样勤劳的人，这就是为什么他们受到了美国僱主的亲徕。为什么华裔企业家或CEO比印度裔的少，这里有3个原因：
语言问题：印度裔的英语说得比华裔更好。这可能看起来不是什么大问题，但是相信我，这对美国公司或管理层来说非常重要。因此，你会看到很多印度裔跟美国人聊天，但是很少看到华裔这样。在管理高层当中，人际交往能力和技巧比专业技术更重要。
雇主和员工思维模式：这一点可能会伤到一些人的感情，但事实上，全世界都认为中国人是非常好的员工，但不是好雇主。这就是他们选择印度裔而非华裔的主要原因。
国家的召唤：很多成功的华裔回到了他们的祖国，变成了中国的企业家，而印度人选择留下。虽然现在也有很多印度裔从硅谷回来印度，但是华裔回去的比例非常高。
Gabriel Chan, Overseas Chinese (華僑)

Chinese and Indian parents are very similar. They are extremely entrepreneurial themselves immigrating to a strange land with no social connections and take many other risks, all for the sake of their children. They are also aware of their status as the “model minority” and that America is the world of the white man, and they best stay out of trouble. Thus, they wish that the children would not take too much risks, with preferred career paths such as doctor, lawyer, engineer, rather than politician, entrepreneur, etc.
So both Chinese and Indians are restricted by the same “mindset” issue.
Perhaps you hear about the accomplishments of Indians in America more than Chinese in America.
Chinese people tend to be very humble and downplay their accomplishments.
Indians tend to brag about their accomplishments: past, present, and future.
Consequently, Chinese usually sell themselves short, and Indians oversell themselves. You will find that many Chinese do not like working with Indians for this reason.
Indians also tend to be more positive or less pessimistic than Chinese. All this translates to Indians getting more of the spotlight than Chinese in general.
Even if you take away these cultural advantage of Indians, they still have another major one up their sleeve over the Chinese:
For most Indians, the answer is yes. For most Chinese, the answer is what?
Although Chinese and Indians learn English in school, China’s administrative language is Mandarin while English is the administrative language of India and Pakistan, with de facto status in Bangladesh. Immigrants from English-admin Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore have a slight advantage compared to Chinese coming from Mainland or Taiwan.
Historically, the Chinese were oppressed more than Indians in America (and Canada), so higher proportion of Chinese in America are not as high skilled as Indian immigrants, who made their moves to American much later when the atmosphere was less hostile towards non-white people. Post-9/11 America might be a worse place for South Asians than for East Asians, but no one in the right mind would post signs that say NO DOGS OR BROWN PEOPLE ALLOWED, though all bets are off regarding Post-Trump America.
Finally, on the Chinese and Indians that actually become entrepreneurs. Indians tend to stay in America, while Chinese tend to leave. And it’s not just the “bamboo ceiling”.
India and the rest of South Asia is a mess. China is rising.
For Chinese entrepreneurs, they have more opportunity to develop in China or Hong Kong if they don’t want to or can’t live in China. Did you know Baidu aka China’s Google was founded by a Chinese American?If you are Chinese and you love your motherland, it is easy for you to go to China.
For Indian entrepreneurs, they are frustrated by the (lack of) infrastructure in India, so developing in America is better. How do you run a tech startup when your office randomly experiences blackouts or it takes you a ridiculous amount of time to commute?
But if you are a successful Indian abroad, and you love your motherland, the best thing for you to do is to go to India, endure the present, and contribute to its future.

中国和印度父母们非常相似。他们自己就非常有创业精神，移民到一个陌生的地方，没有任何社会关系，还要承担很多其他风险，这一切都是为了他们的孩子。他们也清楚他们的“少数族群模范”的地位，以及美国是一个白人的世界，他们最好别惹麻烦。他们希望孩子不会承担太多风险，所以偏爱医生、律师这样的职业道路，而不是政客和企业家等等。
所以，华裔和印度裔都被同样的“思维模式”限制了
也许你听说在美国的印度裔比华裔更有成就。
华人倾向于非常谦虚地做人，贬低自己的成就。
印度人倾向于吹嘘他们的成就：过去的、现在的和未来的。
结果，华裔通常没有足够地展现自己，印度裔则是过度表现自己。你会发现很多华裔因此不愿意跟印度裔共事。
此外，印度裔也倾向于比华裔更积极或不消极。换句话说就是，印度裔一般会比华裔获得更多的聚光灯。
就算印度裔没有这些文化优势，他们相比华裔也有很多其他主要优势：
对此，大部分印度裔会说，是的。大部分华裔会说，什么？
尽管华裔和印度裔在学校都学英语，但是中国的官方语言是汉语普通话，而印度和巴基斯坦的官方语言是英语，在孟加拉也是事实官方语言。从受过英语统治的香巷、马来西亚和新加坡来的移民相比从大陆或台湾来的移民也略微更有优势。
历史上，华裔在美国（和加拿大）比印度裔受到的压迫更多，所以在美国有较大比例的华裔不像印度裔那样拥有较高的技能。印度裔移民到美国的时间较晚，那时对非白人的敌意氛围已经减少了。911事件后的美国对南亚裔相比对东亚裔来说可能是个更糟糕的地方，但是精神正常的人都不会挂“棕色人种与狗不得入内”的牌子，但是在特朗普执政的美国就世事难料了。
最后，谈谈关于已经成功的华裔和印度裔企业家。印度裔企业家倾向于留在美国，而华裔企业家倾向于离开。这并非只是因为“竹子天花板”（译注：竹子天花板是指一种无形的升职障碍。美国企管中的不同种族占据各自位置的结构如同金字塔，界限分明很难打破，大部分亚裔处于底端，少数处于中间管理层，进入更高领导层的屈指可数）
印度和其他南亚国家现在是一团糟，而中国正在崛起。
如果你是华人并且爱着你的祖国，你很自然地就会去中国。
对于印度裔企业家来说，印度的基础设施（缺乏）让他们很受措，所以留在美国发展更好。如果你的办公室随便停电或者上下班要花巨量通勤时间，你还怎么能经营一家技术型初创公司？

Korak Mitra
I have not seen any statistics on this, so I don''''''''t know if the premise of the question is true. But if it is, perhaps one answer is Indian immigrants tend to know English and can assimilate and integrate much more easily. A second answer is that the Indian immigrants of today''''''''s era are mostly engineers/technologists who have high technical expertise levels and can more easily start or work at tech related startups. This also gives them high work mobility, which perhaps enables them to better take the risks necessary for entrepreneurial behavior. It is certainly true that in the past, the Chinese immigrants who came over, came to perform hard labor on the railroads, so they may have come with a different set of skills than recent immigrants to Silicon Valley. I don''''''''t know if this is true, but it may also be true that recent Chinese immigrants to the US start companies focused on the Chinese market instead of the global or American markets and thus, it looks to Americans like they are not entrepreneurial. Besides being huge and growing fast, the Chinese market may also be most attractive to the Chinese immigrant due to familiarity.

我没有看过任何这方面的统计数据，所有我不知道这个问题预设的前提是否属实。但是如果属实的话，也许其中一个原因是，印度移民更懂英文，并且能更容易地融入美国社会。第二个原因是，当今的印度裔移民大部分是工程师/技术人员，他们有很高的专业技术水平，能更容易地创立或供职于技术相关的创业公司。这也给了他们很高的工作能动性，或许这让他们在创业方面能更好地承担必要的风险。确实，在过去，到美国的华裔移民在铁路上做苦力，所以他们的技能可能跟最近移民的硅谷的人不同。我不知道这样说对不对，但是还有一点可能也是事实，就是到美国的新华裔移民创立的公司是针对中国市场，而不是全球和美国市场。因此，对美国人来说，他们没有创业精神。另外，作为一个规模大增长快的市场，中国市场对华裔移民来说可能也是最具吸引力的，因为他们熟悉。

Geoffrey Routh
I live here in Silicon Valley, and personally know of a lot of Chinese start-up companies - at least in biotech. I''''''''m not sure that there are fewer of them than Indian startups. Do you have statistics? By no means do I want to rag on the Indians either. They''''''''re starting companies too.

我现在住在硅谷，我个人知道很多华裔的初创公司，至少在生物科技方面有很多。我不确定华裔的初创公司是不是比印度裔的少。你有统计数据吗？我也决不是想批评印度裔。他们也在创立企业。

Anonymous
I don''''''''t know what you said was true or not. What kind of entrepreneurs are you talking about? Are restaurant owners entrepreneurs in your mind? Or are you talking about IT start-ups in silicon valley? If you were talking about silicon valley, there are quite some ethic Chinese entrepreneurs, such as the founder of Yahoo, YouTube, Data domain, Nvidia, ATI, Marvel, Fortinet, Foxit etc. These are successful ones. There are many on-going ones.
Although, there are more Chinese studying in US college than Indians, but less of them would stay in US. Particularly, because of the rise of Chinese investors, Chinese in silicon valley increasingly choose to go back China to start business, e.g. the founder of Baidu,
BTW, it wasn''''''''t exactly true to say that Chinese migrated before Indian. Due to the internal chaos, most of the mainland Chinese got chance to study and migrate to US starting from early 1990s.
Finally, China has a flattened social structure. There is no caste system in China, so many Chinese in US are from ordinary families. Many get where they are from zero completely by themselves. They tend to not risk what they have. On the other hand, many successful Indian I knew are from high castes and they have brought their confidence (built by privileges) and social connections into US. China was in the same stage 70 years ago. E.g. people such as Qian Xuesen, Roger Y. Tsien, they have their family name dated back to more than 1000 years ago. These families marry each other. Now, China has past that stage.

我不知道你说的是不是真的。你说的是什么样的企业家？饭店老板在你看来是企业家吗？还是说硅谷的IT初创公司？如果你说的是硅谷，那么那里有很多华裔企业家，例如雅虎、油管、数据域、英伟达、ATI、迈威科技、飞塔、福昕软件的创始人都是华裔。这些都是已经成功的，还有很多创业中的华裔。
虽然在美国大学里的中国留学生比印度留学生多，但是他们当中很少人会留下。尤其是，由于中国投资人的壮大，硅谷的中国人越来越多地选择回中国创业，比如百度的创始人。
顺便说一下，说华裔比印度裔更早移民到美国也不全对。因为历史原因，大部分中国大陆籍移民90年代初才有机会移民和留学美国。最后一点，中国的社会结构是扁平的。中国没有种姓制度，所以很多美国华裔都来自普通家庭。他们很多人有今天的成就都是靠自己从零开始的。他们倾向于不拿自己所拥有的去冒险。另一方面，我认识的很多成功的印度裔都来自高种姓家庭，他们把自己的自信（特权赋予他们的）和社会关系带到了美国。70年前的中国也处于这样一个阶段，比如钱学森，他们的家族可追溯到1000年前。这些家族相互通婚。现在中国已经走出那个阶段了。