网友细数各个历史时期的地表最强国家有哪些？（下）

500: By the start of the 6th century, theSassanid Empire was enjoying a second Golden Era of prosperity, which wouldultimately last well into the next century. The Guptas meanwhile weredeclining, and would ultimately collapse five decades hence. The Roman Empireon the other hand, saw the final fall of Rome to Odoacer in 476, leaving onlyits Eastern (and more prosperous) half alive. Even so, the East was stillholding firm by this time, and therefore no small pushover for their Persiannemesis. Both were roughly equal it would seem. Verdict: Sassanian Shahdom andEastern Roman Empire.
600: The rise of Islam on the ArabianPeninsula coincides with the decline of the Sassanids, who by then had becomeexhausted from decades of fighting the Romans. The Gokturks, a powerful nomadicconfederation of Turks, arises in Northern Asia meanwhile with the world’slargest empire, and though China by now had reunified under the Sui, wereultimately no match in military terms for said steppe empire. The Eastern RomanEmpire in contrast to their Persian nemesis, remains strong after the Justinianattempts to reclaim the former Western Empire. Decision difficult to ascertain.Verdict (in order): Gokturks, Eastern Roman Empire, SuiDynasty and Sassanian Shahdom.

公元500年：从6世纪开始，萨珊王朝开始享受自己的第二次黄金时期，一直持续到下个世纪。而笈多王朝在衰弱，50年后就会崩溃。至于罗马帝国，罗马在476年终于落入奥多亚塞之手，只剩下东部更加繁荣的一半。尽管如此，此时的罗马帝国依旧站稳脚跟，因此没有受到波斯敌人的侵略。二者貌似平分秋色。结论：萨珊王朝和东罗马帝国。
公元600年：阿拉伯半岛伊斯兰的崛起与萨珊的没落同时发生，萨珊和罗马打了几十年，已经筋疲力尽。Gokturks是强大的突厥游牧联盟，在北亚崛起，同时虽然中国是世界上最大的帝国，当时已经被隋朝统一，可是在军事上无法比肩这个草原帝国。而东罗马帝国在查士丁尼试图重夺先前的西罗马帝国后，东罗马帝国依然保持保持强大。所以很难做出决定。结论（按顺序）：Gokturks，东罗马帝国，隋朝和萨珊王朝。

700: The ascension of the Tang Empire intopower, precipitates in the “Golden Age of China”. Under Tang rule, China mayhave accounted for up to 40% of the world’s economy. At its peak, Chang’an washost to 2 million inhabitants (disputed). Its closest competitor at the timemeanwhile was the Umayyad Caliphate, which monopolized power in Western Eurasiawhilst China reigned supreme in the East. In the West, Umayyad rule likewiseprecipitated in the “Golden Age of Islam”, which amongst other things includedthe maintenance of Greek and Roman treatises on Medicine. The two empires wereroughly equal in many ways. Verdict: Tang Dynasty and Umayyad Caliphate.

公元700年：唐帝国开始上升，在唐朝的统治下造就了“中国的黄金时期”，当时中国经济可能占据了世界的40%。巅峰时期，长安拥有200万人口（有争议）。其最有力的竞争者是倭马亚哈里发王国，在欧亚大陆西部垄断了权力，而中国统治了东方。在西方，倭马亚哈里发王国的统治也造就了“伊斯兰的黄金时期”，包括保持了希腊和罗马的医药专著。这两大帝国在很多方面都几乎持平。结论：唐朝和倭马亚哈里发王国。

800: Whilst China still had the largestcity in the world by the 9th century, it was in terminal decline. The Abbasidswhich replaced the Umayyads on the other hand ruled such that the Golden Age ofIslam was allowed to continue. Whilst smaller than its predecessor, theCaliphate maintained a similarly large empire with a land area of 13 millionkm^2. The Byzantines by this time, whilst smaller than they were a centuryprior had stabilized somewhat (albeit just), but were nowhere near as powerfulas they once were. Whilst influential in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire wasinsignificant to say the least, when compared to the Tang or Abbasids. Verdict:Abbasid Caliphate.

公元800年：虽然到9世纪时中国依然拥有世界上最大的城市，但是已经开始衰退。阿巴斯王朝替代了倭马亚哈里发王国，“伊斯兰黄金时代”得到延续。虽然比前朝小，但是阿巴斯也依然是一个类似的大帝国，土地面积1300万平方公里。此时的拜占庭虽然比100年前小，已经开始稳定下来（刚刚稳定），但是大不如前。虽然在欧洲富有影响力，但是与唐朝或阿巴斯王朝相比，神圣罗马帝国微不足道。结论：阿巴斯王朝。

900: All three major powers of the worldare in decline at this point in time. However, the Abbasids are declining atthe slowest rate. And in any case, by now they also have the largest city inthe world - Baghdad with a population of 900,000 inhabitants. The Holy RomanEmpire is still no match for the Abbasids meanwhile. Sistan arrives on scenebut is still not as powerful as the Caliphate. Kievan Rus emerges and is large,but again, size does not automatically equate to power (though it often helps).Verdict: Abbasid Caliphate.

公元900年：此时所有三大强国都开始衰退。但是阿巴斯衰弱的速度最慢。而且他们现在拥有世界上最大的城市——巴格达，人口90万。同时神圣罗马帝国依然不是阿巴斯的对手。锡斯坦开始出现，但是还没有阿巴斯那么强大。基辅罗斯也开始出现，很大，但是面积不等同于实力（尽管面积大总是有所助益）。结论：阿巴斯王朝。

1000–1200: The Song Empire is consistentlyconsidered - with near unanimity - by scholars everywhere to be the world’smost powerful empire of the 11th-13th centuries. And whilst there are instanceswhere other powers come close (keyword: close) to overshadowing it, none - thelikes of which include but are not limited to the Eastern Roman Empire, theSeljuks, the Liao Dynasty, the Jin Dynasty, the Cholas, Fatimid Caliphate,Ayyubid Sultanate and Ghaznavid Empire - are ultimately able to do so. The Songhosted the world’s largest cities, it produced more steel at its heights thanall of Europe in 1700, had 120 million people (disputed), minted 6 billioncoins per year, reaped 64.2 billion kg of grain per year, invented paper money,the compass, gunpowder, restaurants, the joint-stock corporation, multi-stagerockets, accounted for up to 40% of the world’s economy, and had a unified taxsystem in addition to public schools, public healthcare and graveyards for thehomeless. Verdict: Song Dynasty.

公元1000-1200年：几乎全世界的学者都一致认为宋朝是11-13世纪期间全世界最强大的帝国。虽然也有一些其他强国几乎要超越宋朝（关键字：几乎），这些强国包括但不限于东罗马帝国，塞尔柱人，辽朝，晋朝，朱罗王朝，法蒂玛王朝，阿尤布王朝和伽色尼帝国，但最终没有一个能超越宋朝。宋朝拥有世界上最大的城市，巅峰时期的钢产量超过了1700年全欧洲钢产量，拥有1.2亿人口（有争议），每年铸币60亿个硬币，每年粮食产量642亿公斤，发明了纸币，指南针，火药，餐馆，合资公司，多级火箭，占据了世界经济的40%，统一的税收制度，还有公立学校，公共医保，并且为流浪汉提供墓地。结论：宋朝。

1300: The Mongols created the world’slargest contiguous empire in human history, and in 1300 were at the heights oftheir power having conquered a territory which stretched from the East ChinaSea, all the way to Poland and Ukraine - an domain which was 24 million km^2 inarea. Its might was unmatched in 1300, and whilst the Mongols - similar toAlexander’s empire - eventually crumbled due to infighting not so longthereafter, whilst it lasted proved to be a net good for human progress. TheMongols tolerated trade and religious freedom - and this led to a flourishingin en masse trans-continental trade between East and West for the first time incenturies. Ideas similarly travelled from one end of Eurasia to the other in thisway. Verdict: Mongol Empire.

公元1300年：蒙古人创造了人类历史上最大的持续帝国，1300年的时候他们的权力达到顶峰，所征服的土地从中国东海一直延续到波兰和乌克兰，面积2400万平方公里。1300年的时候所向无敌，虽然蒙古帝国——类似于亚历山大帝国——在不久后因为内斗而崩塌，但是它给人类进步带来了净好处。蒙古人容忍贸易和宗教自由，这使得几百年来东西方之间的贸易第一次繁荣起来。思想也由此在亚欧大陆之间传播。结论：蒙古帝国。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

1400: At the beginning of the 15th century,the Eastern Roman Empire was on its last legs, whilst the Mongols were now inirreversible decline. The Timurids emerged meanwhile, replacing the former IlKhan in Persia whilst the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by the native MingDynasty. Both empires were not only similar in size, but were also vastlywealthy and headed by cruel but competent leaders - Timur in the West, andHongwu in the East. In saying that though, at this point in time China is stilllikely richer and more powerful than its western counterpart. The TimuridEmpire had a population of 49 million in 1400, as opposed to Ming which had 65million. The former’s capital, Samarkand had merely 150,000, a far cry fromJinling (Nanjing)’s 1 million inhabitants. Verdict: Ming Dynasty.

公元1400年：在15世纪初，东罗马帝国已经奄奄一息，而蒙古帝国则处于不可逆转的衰退中。帖木儿汗国开始崛起，替代了之前的两个波斯可汗，而蒙古人的元朝被本土的明朝推翻。两个帝国不仅面积差不多，而且非常富有，领导人也是非常残忍有能力，分别是西部的帖木儿和东部的洪武皇帝。话虽如此，此时的中国可能比帖木儿更强大更富有。1400年帖木儿帝国人口4900万，明朝6500万。前者的首都撒马尔罕人口只有15万，而金陵（南京）有100万居民。结论：明朝。

1450: After the death of Timur, the TimuridEmpire begun to slowly fall apart such, that by the mid-15th century it wasalready declining. Similarly, whilst the Ming Empire started off strong, havingsent a series of famous voyages around the world from 1405–33, after the deathof Emperor Yongle, China likewise also began to infamously stagnate as a wholedespite remaining the richest country in the world. The Eastern Roman Empiremeanwhile, finally collapsed in 1453 after centuries of decline, and theOttomans emerged in its place. Poland-Lithuania and Denmark maintain largeempires, but the Delhi Sultanate and Vijayanagara India were also notablywealthy. Portugal starting in 1415, had meanwhile begun to expand overseas. Allin all, a difficult call. Verdict (in order): Ming Dynasty, Delhi Sultanate,Vijayanagara, Ottoman Empire, Holy Roman Empire and the Polish-LithuanianCommonwealth.

公元1450年：在帖木儿去世后，帖木儿帝国开始渐渐瓦解，到15世纪中叶，已经开始衰弱。类似的，虽然明朝起步强劲，1405-33年间进行了一系列著名的航海（七次下西洋），在永乐皇帝去世后，中国也开始停滞不前，尽管此时还是世界上最富有的国家。同时，在经历了几个世纪的衰退后，东罗马帝国终于在1453年瓦解，被奥斯曼帝国替代。波兰-立陶宛和丹麦都是大型帝国，但是德里苏丹国和毗奢耶那伽罗王朝也非常富有。葡萄牙从1415年开始向海外扩张。总之，很难决定。结论（按顺序）：明朝，德里苏丹国，毗奢耶那伽罗王朝，奥斯曼帝国，神圣罗马帝国以及波兰-立陶宛联邦。

1500: In general, the rankings should besimilar as China and India were still the richest and most populous nations inthe world. The Ottomans were stronger than they were 50 years priorterritorially speaking, but their population was not as impressive at merely 11million inhabitants (France for comparison had 15). Portugal and Spain on theother hand - and especially Portugal - had recently had their territorialdisputes settled with the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), thereby paving the wayfor rapid colonization and conquest. Otherwise, there was generally littlechange which would go so far as to affect the 1450 balance of powers. Verdict:Same as 1450 (see previous verdict).

公元1500年：总体上，排名和上面差不多，因为此时中国和印度依然是世界上最富裕、人口最多的国家。领土上，奥斯曼比50年前的自己更强大，但是人口就没那么多了，仅仅1100万人（此时法国有1500万人）。葡萄牙和西班牙，尤其是葡萄牙，通过《托德西利亚斯条约》解决了领土争端，因此为快速的殖民和征服铺平了道路。此外，几乎没有其他事件可以改变1450年的权力平衡。结论：同上。

1550: By 1550, a number of significantchanges had occurred. The Safavid Empire was formed for one, the Ottoman Empirehad grown rapidly to include an area of 3.2 million km^2, whilst Spain andPortugal were making rapid gains in the New World. Similarly, Poland-Lithuaniahas expanded its reach in that time, whilst the Danish unx had broken up,with Sweden emerging from its ashes. Tsardom of Russia had emerged. China andthe Indian kingdoms remain wealthy and populous, but the former is now in evenfurther decline than it was previously. However, its overly large populationmore than makes up for its disadvantages. Militarily, China was vastly inferiorto both the European powers as well as the Ottomans. And this has to beincluded in the verdict. Ditto India. Verdict (in order): Ottoman Empire,Portuguese Empire <=> Spanish Empire, Ming Dynasty, Mughal Dynasty andPoland-Lithuania.

1550年：到了1550年，发生了一系列的重大变化。萨法维王朝开始形成，奥斯曼帝国开始快速扩张，面积达320万平方公里，而西班牙和葡萄牙也在新世界大有斩获。类似的，波兰-立陶宛也进行了扩张，但是丹麦联盟破裂了，瑞典开始崛起。沙俄也开始出现。中国和印度王国依然保持富有和众多人口，但是中国比之前更加衰弱了。然而，其众多人口足以弥补其劣势。军事上，中国远远不及欧洲强国和奥斯曼人。印度也是如此。结论（按顺序）：奥斯曼帝国，葡萄牙帝国=西班牙帝国，明朝，莫卧儿王朝，波兰-立陶宛联邦。

1600: Ottomans continue to gain strength.The Tsardom of Russia grows in size immensely. Ming China declines yet evenmore. Mughals rise, and nears its zenith. Spain and Portugal owing to asuccession crisis, unite to form the Iberian unx. Having recently declared theirindependence, the Dutch Republic arrives on the global stage also. The Iberianunx is important, because it combines the strength and influence of twoglobal empires into one. The resulting empire as a consequence is immenselyrich, and lacks little in influence and power. However it was also true thatthe British recently defeated the Spanish Armada. Again, an ultimatelydifficult choice, however the sheer population and wealth of India, combinedwith the fact that they were then at their heights, is somewhat convincing.Verdict (in order): Mughal Dynasty, Ottoman Empire, Iberian unx, MingDynasty, Holy Roman Empire, Poland-Lithuania and Kingdom of France.

1600年：奥斯曼帝国继续强大。沙俄在面积上获得巨大增加。明朝中国进一步衰退。莫卧儿崛起，几乎达到巅峰状态。西班牙和葡萄牙由于一系列危机开始形成伊比利亚联盟。在刚刚宣布独立后，荷兰共和国也开始走向全球舞台。伊比利亚联盟很重要，因为它将两个全球帝国的影响力和势力合二为一。所以形成了一个非常富裕的帝国。但是就在不久前英国打败了西班牙的无敌舰队。所以也很难作出决定，但是印度的人口和财富之盛加上当时印度处于顶峰状态，所以让人觉得相当强大。结论（按顺序）：莫卧儿王朝，奥斯曼帝国，伊比利亚联盟，明朝，神圣罗马帝国，波兰-立陶宛联邦，法国。

1650: By this time, the “Dutch Golden Age”is in full swing. Ottomans continue to rise, Ming China collapses and isreplaced by the Qing, leading to the death of 25 million. Mughals continue tostay prosperous well into the 1600s, while the Iberian unx ultimatelydissolves when Portugal essentially wins back its independence from Spain.Russia makes unprecedented gains in terms of territory, but are ultimatelyovershadowed by an emergent Sweden. England and France on the other hand, haverecently arrived in the New World and are quickly creating colonies in NorthAmerica. It will be some time before either overtake the Dutch, Spanish andPortuguese however. The largest city is now Constantinople with a population of750,000. Again, this is a difficult choice since the European powers are all sowell balanced. Verdict (in order): Ottoman Empire, Spanish Empire, DutchEmpire, Portuguese Empire, Mughal Dynasty, Swedish Empire, and Russia.

1650年：此时，“荷兰黄金时代”马力全开。奥斯曼继续崛起，明朝崩溃，被清朝取代，导致2500万人死亡。莫卧儿继续保持繁荣，一直到17世纪，而伊比利亚联盟最终瓦解，因为葡萄牙终于摆脱了西班牙，赢得了独立地位。俄罗斯在领土上实现了史无前例的斩获，但还是被崛起的瑞典盖过。英国和法国刚刚抵达新世界不久，并且在北美快速建立殖民地。二者要想赶上荷兰，西班牙和葡萄牙还需要一定时间。现在最大的城市叫做君士但丁堡，人口75万。所以这也是一次艰难的选举，因为这些欧洲强国实力都差不多。结论（按顺序）：奥斯曼帝国，西班牙帝国，荷兰帝国，葡萄牙帝国，莫卧儿帝国，瑞典帝国，俄罗斯。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

1700: Under the reign of Louis XIV, theKingdom of France emerges as Europe’s most powerful nation. The Ottoman Empireis also at its peak (at least with regards to territory), with a land area of5.2 million km^2. China under the wise rule of the Kangxi Emperor meanwhile,had also rebounded and then possessed the world’s most populated cities(disputed), total population is 210 million. Portugal meanwhile declines inrelative strength despite additions to its territory. Spain similarly followssuit and is now somewhat subordinate to France. England like France had madeheadways into the New World, and is quickly emerging as a crucial player in therace for world domination. The Dutch Golden Age has meanwhile ended by thispoint in time, with the Chinese taking back Taiwan recently. The Mughals arenow also in decline. Verdict (in order): Ottoman Empire, Qing Dynasty, France,Mughals, England, Russia and the Dutch Republic.、

1700年：在路易十四的统治下，法国成为了欧洲最强大的国家。奥斯曼帝国也达到自己的顶峰（至少领土上是如此），土地520万平方公里。而中国在康熙皇帝的良好统治下也开始恢复，拥有了世界上人口最多的城市（有争议），总人口达2.1亿。葡萄牙相对而言衰退了，尽管领土增加了。西班牙也是如此，某种程度上臣服于法国。英格兰像法国一样也大举进入新世界，成为了主宰世界竞赛的重要选手。荷兰黄金时代在这个时候差不多结束了，中国则刚刚拿回台湾。莫卧儿也在衰退。结论（按顺序）：奥斯曼帝国，清朝，法国，莫卧儿，英格兰，俄罗斯，荷兰共和国。

1750: On the eve of the Seven Years War,France remains the most powerful European country. Russia has emerged as anempire, and is bolstered greatly by the revolutionary reforms of Peter theGreat, which modernizes the lands of the Tsar. The Qing and Ottoman Empiresremains strong, the former especially despite its technological stagnation dueto the wise reign of the Qianlong Emperor. Austria emerges as a powerfulplayer. Poland-Lithuania in rapid decline. England begins to rival France butis not as powerful yet (arguably). The European Enlightenment is in full swing,France benefits most and introduces the ideas of Rousseau, Montesquieu andVoltaire to the world. Verdict (in order): France, Britain, Qing Dynasty,Ottoman Empire, Russia, Austria and the Dutch Republic.

1750年：在七年战争前夜，法国是欧洲最强大的国家。俄罗斯成为帝国，在彼得大帝的革命性改革下获得了长足的发展，他对沙皇的土地进行了现代化。清朝和奥斯曼帝国依然强大，尤其是乾隆皇帝统治下的清朝，尽管技术发展停滞不前。奥地利崛起成为强国。波兰-立陶宛在快速衰退。英国开始成为法国对手，但还不够强大（可论证的）。欧洲启蒙运动马力全开，法国受益最大，将卢梭，孟德斯鸠和伏尔泰的思想传向全世界。结论（按顺序）：法国，不列颠，清朝，奥斯曼帝国，俄罗斯，奥地利，荷兰共和国。

1800: The Ottoman Empire by this stage ison the eve of decline. France is likely still the most powerful country inEurope at this time especially since Napoleon Bonaparte came to power the yearprior. Russia expands its territories to Alaska, the British do likewise to theIndian Subcontinent, Australia and Canada. Prussia emerges as a major EuropeanGreat Power. Spain and Portugal have an unprecedented amount of territory butremain mere shadows of their former selves. Britain is the biggest winner fromthe Seven Years War, acquiring territories from both France and Spain. InNorthern India, the Marathas emerge as a powerful force and the second mostpopulated nation on Earth. China reigns supreme with the world’s largestcities, largest economy (35% share) and largest population at 300 millioninhabitants. Verdict (in order): France, Britain, Prussia, Russia, Austria,Qing Dynasty, and Marathas.

1800年：这时的奥斯曼帝国已经处于衰退的前夜。法国可能依然是最强大的欧洲国家，尤其是前一年拿破仑上位了。俄罗斯将领土扩张到阿拉斯加，英国也扩张到印度次大陆，澳洲和加拿大。普鲁士崛起成为一个主要的欧洲强国。西班牙和葡萄牙的领土面积空前，但是依然无法和之前的自己比较。英国成为了七年战争的最大赢家，从法国和西班牙那里获得了领土。在印度北部，马拉塔成为一支强大的力量，也是地球上人口第二多的国家。中国拥有世界上最大的城市，最大的经济（占世界35%），最多的人口，3亿人。结论（按顺序）：法国，不列颠，普鲁士，俄罗斯，奥地利，清朝，马拉塔。

1850: Post Manifest Destiny, the newlyformed United States of America is able to acquire a large amount of territoryin a short amount of time. With Napoleon’s defeat, Britain becomes the mostpowerful country in Europe and therefore the world. A number of new countriesin Central and South America are formed at the expense of Spain and Portugal.The Ottomans decline further. Prussia continues to dominate. All of AustraliaIndia and Canada have been colonized by the British. The Dutch increase theirpresence in the East Indies. The First Opium War cripples the Middle Kingdom,finally vanquishing all internal thoughts of Chinese superiority in addition tosending an indirect message to all Asian countries in the region, chief amongstwhich was Japan that the world had changed. Britain has largest city in theworld at 2.3 million people. Verdict (in order): British Empire, RussianEmpire, France, Prussia, Austria, Ottoman Empire, and Qing Dynasty.

1850年：后宿命时代（命定扩张论; 该理论认为美国是上帝的选中之地，上帝将整个北美洲赐给了美国），新建的美国在短时间内获取了大量领土。拿破仑失败，使得不列颠成为了最强大的欧洲国家，即世界最强国。西班牙和葡萄牙的败退，使得中美洲和南美洲出现了很多新国家。奥斯曼帝国进一步衰退。普鲁士继续主宰。澳洲，印度和加拿大都被英国殖民。荷兰增加了自己在东印度群岛的存在。第一次鸦片战争开始削弱中国，摧毁了中国优越的思想，并且向所有亚洲国家发出了一个间接讯息，日本成为了亚洲首领，当时日本已经变革。不列颠拥有世界最大城市，人口230万。结论（按顺序）：大英帝国，俄罗斯帝国，法国，普鲁士，奥地利，奥斯曼帝国，清朝。

1900: Meiji Restoration invigorates Japan,which becomes the only nation outside of Europe and North America toindustrialize. The United States emerges victorious against Spain and takes thePhilippines for itself. Britain mostly loses Canada, but gains a huge sectionof Africa. Since 1881, the Scramble for Africa has been ongoing with France,Belgium, Portugal and Spain making inroads to varying degrees. All of SouthAsia in addition to Myanmar is now under British control. France colonizesEastern Indochina, and the Dutch completely subjugates the East Indies. Japanis the biggest surprise, having defeated Qing China (1895) - its traditionalmaster - much to the horror of the world. Ottoman Empire is quickly declining,given the derogatory title “Sick Man of Europe”, China is similarly named “SickMan of Asia”. Germany unifies in 1871, and rapidly rises prompting Britishfears. Tide has turned completely. Verdict (in order): British Empire, GermanEmpire, United States of America, French Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire,Russian Empire, and the Japanese Empire.

1900年：明治维新振兴了日本，成为欧美以外唯一一个工业化的国家。美国打败了西班牙，夺走了菲律宾。英国大体上输掉了加拿大，但是占领了很大一部分非洲地区。1881年以来，法国，比利时，葡萄牙和西班牙争夺非洲，不同程度的侵入非洲。现在英国控制了整个南亚，外加缅甸。法国殖民中南半岛东部，荷兰完全征服了东印度群岛。日本成为了最大的意外，打败了自己的传统主人清朝（1895年），令世界感到恐慌。奥斯曼帝国快速衰退，被赋予了“欧洲病夫”的称号，而中国则被称为“亚洲病夫”。德国1871年统一，快速崛起，引发了英国的恐慌。潮流已经完全转向。结论（按顺序）：大英帝国，德意志帝国，美国，法兰西帝国，奥匈帝国，俄罗斯帝国，日本帝国。

1930: The First World War ends with 37million dead. The Allies emerge victorious and quickly see to the subsequenthumiliation of Germany, who is forced to pay war reparations far beyond itsmeans to the victors. During this time, Britain loses Egypt, China losesMongolia, and the Soviet unx is formed. Austria and Hungary are now twoseparate countries, Poland is back, whilst both Japan and the United Statescontinue to strengthen. The new Chinese Republic devolves into warlordism, andthe entire world is eventually affected also by the outbreak of the infamousGreat Depression which would ultimately last 10 years, leading to unprecedentedunemployment rates. By 1930, the United States is the world’s richest nation,the Soviet unx possesses the world’s largest army, and Britain continues tohold the world’s largest empire. Germany meanwhile transitions into theultimately unsuccessful Weimar Republic, and is hit especially hard by theGreat Depression. Verdict (in order): British Empire, United States of America,unx of Soviet Socialist Republics, French Empire, Japanese Empire, WeimarRepublic and Republic of China.

1930年：第一次世界大战结束，3700万人死亡。协约国取得胜利，德国被羞辱，被迫向战胜国支付巨额战争赔款，德国根本无力承担。在此期间，英国失去了埃及，中国失去了蒙古，苏联开始形成。奥地利和匈牙利成为了两个不同的国家，波兰回归，日本和美国继续强大。新的中国共和国变成军阀混战，整个世界都受到了大萧条影响，持续了10年时间，导致了空前的失业率。到1930年，美国成为世界第一富国，苏联拥有世界规模第一的军队，英国依然是世界最大的帝国。德国变成了不成功的魏玛共和国，受大萧条影响最大。结论（按顺序）：大英帝国，美国，苏维埃社会主义共和国联盟，法兰西帝国，日本帝国，魏玛共和国，“中华民国”。

1939: On the eve of World War II, thebalance of powers was altered yet again. Beginning in 1937, the newly empoweredJapanese Empire begins an invasion of its weak neighbor, the Chinese Republic.Germany recovers rapidly under the leadership of a new charismatic leader,Adolf Hitler and quickly ascends to power as what was probably the mightiestpower in Europe. The United States meanwhile continues to prosper post theimplementation of Roosevelt’s New Deal which established a social securitysystem in America. The US at this point is now the undisputed world’swealthiest nation. The Italian Empire is reformed in 1936 and emerges underMussolini as one of Europe’s Great Powers, though it pales in comparison toBritain, Germany, Russia and France. France constructs the Maginot lineintending to fend against an invasion from its East, and the Soviet unxcontinues its military buildup, secure in its strength. Even so, Germanyemerges as the world’s most powerful nation by 1939. Verdict (in order): NaziGermany, United States of America, British Empire, Soviet unx, JapaneseEmpire, French Empire and Italian Empire.

1939年：二战前夕，权力的平衡再次产生变化。1937年始，强大的日本帝国开始侵略其虚弱的邻国——“中华民国”。德国在希特勒的领导下开始快速恢复，并且快速成为了欧洲最强大的国家。美国在罗斯福新政下继续繁荣。美国此时成为了无可争议的世界第一富国。意大利帝国在1936年进行改革，在墨索里尼的治理下成为欧洲强国，但是无法比肩英德俄法。法国构建了马其诺防线，意图抵挡来自东边的入侵，而苏联继续加强自己的军事建设，保证自己的实力。即便如此，1939年时，德国成为了世界上最强大的国家。结论（按顺序）：纳粹德国，美国，大英帝国，苏联，日本帝国，法兰西帝国，意大利帝国。

1950: With the end of the Second World War,the United States of America (USA) and unx of Soviet Socialist Republics(USSR) emerge as the world’s two most powerful countries. The British Empiremeanwhile declines. By 1950, both had become armed with nuclear weapons. TheUnited States economy in 1950 was estimated by one economist to hold no lessthan 50% of the world’s wealth. Both maintained formidable militaries, both hadnumerous amounts of natural resources, both wielded unprecedented influence andneither was willing to back down in the race for supremacy. Even so, the UnitedStates had a larger economy despite having a smaller amount of land and people.Its people by the 1950s were the world’s most prosperous and it maintained theworld’s largest city at the time - New York (12.5 million inhabitants). Whilstboth nations were powerful, most would agree that the United States wasstronger. Verdict (in order): the United States of America and the unx ofSoviet Socialist Republics.

1950年：随着二战结束，美国和苏联成为世界两大强权。大英帝国衰弱。到1950年，二者都拥有了核武器。根据某个经济学家估计，1950年的美国经济至少占据世界一半。二者都拥有强大的军队，都拥有无数的自然资源，都拥有空前的影响力，二者都不愿意在霸权竞争上让步。即便如此，美国经济规模更大，尽管人口和土地更小。1950年代其人口是世界上最富裕的，也拥有世界最最大城市——纽约，人口1250万。虽然两国都很强大，但是大部分人都赞同美国更强。结论（按顺序）：美国，苏联。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

2000: With the collapse of the USSR in1991, the United States of America emerges from the Cold War as the world’ssole superpower. A British journalist, Peregrine Worsthorne has since then comeup with the term “Hyperpower” in an effort to describe the unchallenged mightof Pax Americana in light of Soviet and by extension com...st collapse. Indeedby 2000, there were few countries which could rival the United States eithereconomically, culturally, technologically or most importantly of all,militarily - even if they had combined forces. The United States was thusindisputably the world’s most powerful nation in 2000. Verdict: the UnitedStates of America.

2000年：随着苏联1991年解体，从冷战中走出来的美国成为了世界上唯一的超级强国。自那以后英国记者Peregrine Worsthorne就创造了Hyperpower（超级强国）这个词，用来形容苏联解体后的美式和平地位。到2000年，几乎没有国家可以在经济，文化，技术以及最重要的军事上挑战美国，即使这些国家联合起来也不是美国对手。所以2000年的时候美国是无可争议的世界最强国。结论：美国。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处

2019: Whilst the People’s Republic of Chinahas in recent times sought to challenge the status-quo, it has a long way yetto go before it can totally usurp America’s position as the world’s foremosthegemon. Experts however and indeed China itself argues that it will not seekto challenge US hegemony. Irrespective, today America is still the world’s mostpowerful country. Its military budget is such, that it outspends the next 13countries in the world combined. Per top educational institutes, America ishome to most. Ditto the Fortune 500. Hollywood remains unchallenged (with fewexceptions) similarly with millions from around the world eagerly awaiting thenext US produced movie. Its pop culture is the world’s pop culture, and itstrends are the world’s trends. Apple and the “Golden Arch” are universallyrecognized furthermore. For all its flaws as such, the US will continue to bethe world’s most influential nation for the foreseeable future. Verdict: theUnited States of America.

2019年：虽然中国近来一直在挑战现状，但是要想夺取美国的霸权，还有很长的路要走。但是专家以及中国自己都说不会去挑战美国霸权。无论如何，今天的美国依然是世界第一强国。其军费开支超过其后13个国家的总和。美国拥有最多的顶尖教育机构。也拥有最多的世界500强企业。好莱坞依然无人可以撼动，无数人都在期待下一部的美国电影。其流行文化就是世界的流行文化，其趋势就是世界的趋势。苹果和金拱门全球闻名。虽然美国有很多不足，但是在可预见的未来，美国会继续成为世界上最富影响力的国家。

Tom Müller
Mon · 54 upvotes including Matthew Nghiem
Good answer, but I really have some issueswith some of the things you said.
The Qing Empire being on the list since1800 is just wrong. It was an ultra conservative, rural, feudal peasant state,barely worth anything. It’s dynasty was hated so much that hundreds of revoltsand rebellions broke out in China against the foreign dynasty in the 19thcentury, the Taiping Rebellion in particular was the second bloodiest war inhistory and it was merely a 19th century chinese civil war.
You also didn’t include Spain in 1750 or1800. In 1750, the Spanish Empire was at it’s height, while the decline ofSpain only hapenned around the 1810s-1830s, when the colonies declaredindependence.
Additionally, Japan was more powerful thanRussia in 1900, they did win the Russo-Japanese war afterall. Likewise, Japanwas an industrializing country, Russia was still a feudal peasant Empire.
Furthermore, Prussia was a Great Powersince the 18th century and much more powerful than Russia or Austria, yet younever included them. They should have been on the 1800 and 1850 list, rankingjust behind France and Britain.
The Swedish Empire should be part of thelist in 1650 and 1700. It was a Great Power, more powerful thanPoland-Lithuania and Russia combined.
The Ottoman Empire shouldn’t be on the listanymore since the 1800s.
You didn’t include the Safavid Empire (Persia ). It was, together with the Ottoman and Mughal Empire, also a GunpowderEmpire and highly advance and powerful.
Italy was a Great Power in the 1850 and1900, it should have ranked above Japan and Russia in the latter case.
Lastly, using population as an indictatorfor who is the strongest in the world is not accurate. A country like QingChina, being the most populated on the world, but being ruled by a hatedforeign dynasty and ~95% of the population are peasants is not a powerfulcountry at all, as it was proven time and time again by the native Chinesepeople and foreigners during the 19th century.

回答得很好，但是某些方面我不赞同。
1800年后清朝就不应该上榜了。它是一个非常保守封建的农奴国家，根本不值一提。人们非常痛恨清朝，以至于19世纪中国爆发了大量的反清叛乱（清朝是外来政权），尤其太平天国运动是人类历史上第二血腥的战争，而它不过是19世纪的一次中国内战。
1750年或1800年你也没有包含西班牙。1750年，西班牙帝国达到权力顶峰，而西班牙的衰退只发生在1810-30年间，因为当时殖民地都宣布独立。
此外，1900年的时候日本比俄罗斯强大，毕竟人家赢得了日俄战争。同样的，日本是一个工业化国家，而当时俄罗斯是一个封建的农奴帝国。
此外，普鲁士自18世纪以来就是一个大国，比俄罗斯和奥地利都强大，可是你从未提及。1800年和1850年都应该上榜，排在法国和不列颠之后。
瑞典帝国应该上班1650年和1700年。它是一个强国，比波兰-立陶宛和俄罗斯加起来都强大。
19世纪后奥斯曼帝国就不应该出现在名单上了。
你没有提及萨法维王朝（波斯）。它与奥斯曼和莫卧儿帝国一样都是火药帝国，非常先进和强大。
1850年和1900年，意大利也是一个强国，1900年的时候应该排在日本和俄罗斯前面。
最后，用人口来作为强大指标是不准确的。比如清朝中国，人口第一，可是却被一个遭人痛恨的外来王朝统治，95%的人口都是农民，这怎么可能是一个强国，因为19世纪的时候中国人自己和外国人一再证明清朝是多么的弱。

Matthew Nghiem
Original Author · 23h ago · 28 upvotesincluding Tom Müller
You’re right, I should have added in Swedenand Prussia. I’ll fix that asap.
I disagree with Spain and Qing however. Igenerally work with the consensus that Spain was no longer a great power afterthe 1715 War of Succession. As for China, my rationale there is centered aroundterritory, wealth and population reasons.
I’m aware that population as a viablemetric for national power becomes more obsolete the closer we get to theIndustrial Revolution, but I disagree with taking China completely out of thepicture in 1800. 1850 however is a different matter.

你说的对，我应该加入瑞典和普鲁士。我会修改的。
但西班牙和清朝，我不同意你的看法。一般的共识是在1715年的继承之战后，西班牙就不再是一个强国了。至于中国，我主要是根据领土，财富和人口作出判断的。
我知道越是接近工业革命，人口作为强国指标的分量就会下降，1800年时完全不考虑中国是不对的，1850年另当别论。