中国的汽车贸易顺差刚刚超过德国
China's car trade surplus just overtook Germany's.
译文简介
中国与欧洲五大汽车出口国（德国、法国、西班牙、英国和意大利）之间竞争格局发生了多么剧烈的变化。
正文翻译
Quarterly trade data from OEC.world for cars (HS 8703) reveals how sharply the competitive landscape has shifted between China and Europe's five largest auto-exporting nations (Germany, France, Spain, the UK, and Italy) over the past three years.
来自 OEC.world 的汽车（HS 8703）季度贸易数据揭示了过去三年间，中国与欧洲五大汽车出口国（德国、法国、西班牙、英国和意大利）之间竞争格局发生了多么剧烈的变化。
China's car exports went from $77B in 2023 to $110B in 2025, a 43% increase. Over the same period, the EU5 combined fell from $290B to $257B, an 11% decline. Germany still leads in absolute quarterly exports, but barely. In Q4 2025, Germany shipped $36.6B in cars versus China's $35.6B. That gap was $26B just two years earlier.
中国的汽车出口从2023年的770亿美元增长到2025年的1100亿美元，增幅达到43%。同期，欧盟五国合计从2900亿美元下降到2570亿美元，下降了11%。德国在季度出口总量上仍然领先，但优势已非常微弱。到2025年第四季度，德国汽车出口为366亿美元，而中国为356亿美元。就在两年前，这一差距还高达260亿美元。
What's arguably more significant is the trade balance. Germany has long been the world's dominant car trade surplus country, but China overtook it in Q3 2025. By Q4 2025, China's quarterly surplus reached $30.3B compared to Germany's $18.6B. China's car imports have collapsed, falling from $10–13B per quarter in 2023 to around $5–6B by late 2025. That suggests domestic Chinese automakers, especially in EVs, are displacing foreign brands at home while simultaneously ramping up exports abroad.
或许更重要的是贸易顺差。德国长期以来一直是全球汽车贸易顺差最大的国家，但中国在2025年第三季度已实现反超。到2025年第四季度，中国季度顺差达到303亿美元，而德国为186亿美元。中国汽车进口大幅下滑，从2023年每季度100亿至130亿美元，降至2025年末约50亿至60亿美元。这表明中国本土汽车制造商，尤其是在电动车领域，正在在国内取代外国品牌，同时也在加速扩大海外出口。
The destination data is also worth noting. China's top markets are Russia ($23.7B), Belgium ($13.8B, likely a transshipment hub into Europe), the UAE, and the UK. The EU5 still rely heavily on intra-European trade (roughly a third of their combined exports go to other EU5 members) with the US as their largest external market at $64.4B.
目的地数据同样值得注意。中国的主要市场包括俄罗斯（237亿美元）、比利时（138亿美元，很可能是进入欧洲的中转枢纽）、阿联酋和英国。欧盟五国则仍然高度依赖欧洲内部贸易（约三分之一的出口流向其他欧盟五国成员），其最大的外部市场是美国，总额达644亿美元。
Every European exporter declined year-over-year in 2025. The UK was hit hardest at −17.3%, followed by Spain at −6.3%, Germany at −3.1%, and France at −0.5%. Italy's data is only available through Q2 2025 but was already trending down sharply in 2024 (−21%).
2025年，所有欧洲出口国的汽车出口均同比下降。其中英国跌幅最大，为−17.3%，其次是西班牙−6.3%、德国−3.1%、法国−0.5%。意大利的数据仅截至2025年第二季度，但在2024年已呈现出明显下滑趋势（−21%）。
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To be frank, wage levels in Eastern European countries are not particularly high, and labour costs account for a relatively small proportion of total costs in the highly automated automotive industry.
The fact that Chinese electric vehicles offer good value for money is not solely down to labour costs; discussing labour costs merely serves as a form of psychological consolation for Europeans.
For many years, the EU has talked incessantly about electric vehicles but has never taken concrete action; the same applies to the solar photovoltaic industry.
When China began with mining, the European media constantly questioned its feasibility.
China persisted, right through to success.
Europe lacks the capacity for vertical integration, which is why it has now fallen behind; it is not merely a matter of labour costs.
坦率地说，东欧国家的工资水平并不算高，而在高度自动化的汽车行业中，劳动力成本在总成本中所占比例也相对较小。
中国电动车之所以具有较高的性价比，并不仅仅是因为劳动力成本；反复强调劳动力成本，其实只是欧洲人的一种心理安慰。
多年来，欧盟一直不停地谈论电动车，却从未采取实际行动；太阳能光伏行业也是如此。
当中国开始从采矿起步时，欧洲媒体不断质疑其可行性。
而中国坚持了下来，直到取得成功。
欧洲缺乏纵向整合的能力，这才是其如今落后的原因，而不仅仅是劳动力成本的问题
WallabyInTraining
the same applies to the solar photovoltaic industry.
That is so far from the truth it feels intentional.
Europe scaled up fast and was a big producer in the early 2000s.
Then China heavily subsidised their pv manufacturing creating an unfair advantage, they overproduced and even when demand didn't keep up they kept going hard, subsidised by the Chinese goverment. Sometimes they even sold below cost. The price uderstandably cratered and many European factories went bankrupt.
“太阳能光伏行业也是如此”——
这说法离事实差得太远了，甚至让人觉得是故意的。
欧洲在21世纪初光伏曾迅速扩张，并且是重要的生产方。
后来中国对光伏制造进行了大量补贴，形成了不公平优势；他们大规模过度生产，即使需求跟不上也依然全力推进，由中国政府补贴支持。
有时他们甚至以低于成本的价格出售。
价格因此理所当然地暴跌，许多欧洲工厂也随之破产。
SnooStories8432
I do not believe this accusation holds water. Back then, Europe criticised China on a daily basis over carbon emissions; Europe itself had introduced a carbon tax, and there was nothing morally wrong with accelerating the energy transition. Yet, once China had driven down the price of solar panels sufficiently, Europe then accused China of providing industrial subsidies,
我认为这种指控站不住脚。
当年欧洲几乎每天都在批评中国的碳排放；欧洲自身还引入了碳税，而加速能源转型在道德上并没有问题。
然而，一旦中国把太阳能板价格压低到足够程度后，欧洲却又转而指责中国提供产业补贴。
tooltalk01
there was nothing morally wrong with accelerating the energy transition
Sure, nothing morally wrong with accelerating the energy transition, but China's mercantile/anti-market practices/market distortion have caused a lot of problems around the world. In EU, there are over 100 ACTIVE counter anti-dumping and anti-subsidy measures against Chinese imports ranging from decor papers, to steel, to bicycles, to etc...
“在道德上没有问题去加速能源转型”——
当然，加速能源转型在道德上没有问题，但中国的重商主义/反市场做法/市场扭曲，已经在全球范围内引发了不少问题。
在欧盟，目前针对中国进口产品（从装饰纸到钢铁再到自行车等）仍然有超过100项正在执行的反倾销和反补贴措施。
Yet, once China had driven down the price of solar panels sufficiently, Europe then accused China of providing industrial subsidies,
The EU Commission is to this date accused of doing very little to counter China's illegal subsidies and other anti-market practices back in the days of solar panels. This is also why the Commission acted early this time around against Chinese EVs, starting with the Commission's WTO complain back in 2018 -- see WT/DS549: China — Certain Measures on the Transfer of Technology.
至于“当中国把太阳能板价格压低后欧洲才开始指责补贴”——
直到今天，欧盟委员会仍被指责在当年太阳能板问题上，对中国的非法补贴及其他反市场行为应对不力。
这也是为什么这一次在电动车问题上，委员会更早采取行动，比如早在2018年就向WTO提出申诉（案件编号：WT/DS549：中国——某些技术转让措施）。
tooltalk01
That's also pretty much what happened in the EV business, starting with batteries, when it started back in 2010.
China's tactic of force tech transfer/IP theft, ban foreign competition, subsidize overcapacity to under-price and drive out foreign competitor isn't isolated to green industries.
电动车行业其实也大致经历了类似过程，从2010年前后电池产业开始就是这样。
C通过强制技术转让/知识产权窃取、限制外国竞争、补贴产能过剩以低价倾销、挤出外国竞争者的策略，并不只存在于绿色产业。
OddAcanthaceae8490
Stop coping. Northvolt itself is a joke
别再自我安慰了。北伏本身就是个笑话。
tooltalk01
China torpedoed Northvolt back in 2020 with EV-grade graphite export ban because Sweden protected a Chinese dissident, or a naturalized Swede, and called out China's human rights violation. It's not at all surprising that Peter Carlsson came out accusing its Chinese upstream equipment supplier, Wuxi Lead, for sabotaging their ramp-up.
中国早在2020年就通过对电动车级石墨实施出口限制，重创了北伏——起因是瑞典保护了一名中国异见人士（或归化瑞典人），并公开批评中国的任泉问题。因此，Peter Carlsson 出面指责其中国上游设备供应商无锡先导（Wuxi Lead）在产能爬坡过程中“从中作梗”，一点也不令人意外。
Let's also not forget, China also effectively banned all foreign battery producers in China, including the industry leading Panasonic from Japan and LG/Samsung from South Korea since 2015 -- even after they made huge IPR concession and massive investment in battery production in China since 2010.
另外也别忘了，自2015年以来，中国实际上已经禁止所有外国电池制造商在中国发展，包括行业领先的日本松下，以及韩国的LG、三星——尽管它们自2010年以来已经在中国电池生产上做出了巨大的知识产权让步并投入了巨额资金。
IMO, it was a huge mistake for Northvolt to continue relying on a Chinese equipment supplier to save a few bucks after the CCP revealed their anti-market tactics in 2015.
在我看来，在中G于2015年就已经展现出其反市场策略之后，北伏仍然为了省点钱继续依赖中国设备供应商，这是一个巨大的错误。
SnooStories8432
The rise and fall of Northvolt had very little to do with China. If anything, the problems were baked into its DNA from the start.
Northvolt 的兴衰与中国关系不大。如果说有什么原因，那也是从一开始就写在它“基因”里的问题。
Lithium-ion batteries are incredibly "delicate" products. The production environment requires strict temperature and humidity control. I honestly don’t understand why they chose a site near the Arctic Circle. It’s an environment hostile to manufacturing, and it lacked any existing industrial ecosystem. Manufacturing cannot survive in a vacuum; it needs a supporting cluster.
锂离子电池是一种极其“娇贵”的产品。
生产环境需要对温度和湿度进行严格控制。
我真的不理解他们为什么选择靠近北极圈的地点。
这是一个对制造业极其不友好的环境，而且那里也缺乏任何现成的产业生态。
制造业不可能在真空中生存，它需要配套的产业集群。
Northvolt’s workforce was a patchwork of people from different countries and backgrounds, to the point where even basic communication became a hurdle. This didn’t look like a serious attempt at manufacturing; it looked like a social experiment. The fact that three employees died outside of work hours in 2024 alone is a massive red flag for poor management and a toxic environment.
北伏的员工队伍来自不同国家和背景，拼凑在一起，连最基本的沟通都成了障碍。
这看起来不像是一次严肃的制造尝试，更像是一场社会实验。
仅在2024年，就有三名员工在非工作时间死亡，这本身就是管理混乱和环境有毒的重大警示信号。
Whether it’s cathode/anode materials, electrolytes, or separators, the capacity of European suppliers is abysmal and the costs are sky-high. If Northvolt had forced an "all-European" supply chain, their battery costs would likely have been 50% to 100% higher than CATL’s.
无论是正负极材料、电解液还是隔膜，欧洲供应商的产能都极其有限，而且成本极高。
如果北伏强行采用“全欧洲”供应链，其电池成本很可能会比宁德时代高出50%到100%。
European giants like Siemens or ThyssenKrupp have already fallen behind Asia in specialized lithium battery production equipment. If Northvolt had waited for European companies to develop equivalent machinery, they would have gone bankrupt by 2020 just waiting for the lights to turn on.
像西门子或蒂森克虏伯这样的欧洲工业巨头，在专用锂电池生产设备方面早已落后于亚洲。
如果北伏等着欧洲企业开发出同等设备，那它在2020年之前就会因为“等设备”而破产。
Going with Japanese or Korean suppliers wasn't a viable escape route either. Their equipment and licensing fees are significantly higher, and companies like Panasonic or LG are direct competitors. Unlike Chinese equipment providers (like Wuxi Lead), who act as pure vendors, Japanese and Korean giants are protective of their core processes. They were never going to send hundreds of engineers to Sweden to hold Northvolt’s hand and teach them how to build a battery from scratch.
If Northvolt had relied on any other country's supply chain, they would have collapsed even sooner.
转向日本或韩国供应商也不是可行的出路。
他们的设备和授权费用明显更高，而且像松下或LG这样的公司本身就是直接竞争对手。
不同于像无锡先导这样的中国设备商（纯粹作为供应商存在），日韩巨头对核心工艺高度保护。
他们绝不会派出数百名工程师去瑞典手把手教北伏从零开始造电池。
如果北伏依赖任何其他国家的供应链，它只会更早崩溃。
TomatoExpensive170
I think the labour costs are a rather small portion of this.
But we have had an extreme focus on climate - which in itself is not a bad thing - but it has left Europes industry on the chopping block, where China is ready to take full advantage.
Its nearly impossible to start up mining in most western european countries - here in Norway its a constant fight with the greens to allow rare earth mining in several locations - which will make it take years before we have any mining industry up.
Then you have the fact that the energy market in Europe is completely ruined, one by the shutdowns of nuclear powerplants, second by the reliance on cheap russian gas which blew up in our faces in 2022 and now when it was looking to stabilize the americans are having "fun" in ME again..
我认为劳动力成本在中国车成本占比相当小。
但欧洲确实长期过度聚焦气候议题——这本身并不是坏事——但结果却是把欧洲工业推上了“案板”，而中国正准备充分利用这一点。
在大多数西欧国家，启动采矿业几乎是不可能的——比如在挪威，允许在多个地点开采稀土一直受到环保派的持续阻挠，这将导致我们建立采矿产业还需要很多年时间。
再加上欧洲能源市场几乎被彻底搞乱：一方面是关闭核电站，另一方面是过去依赖廉价俄罗斯天然气，而这一点在2022年彻底反噬；现在刚刚有点稳定迹象，美国又在中东“搞事情”。
The last one people overlook when they blame VW/BMW etc - China subsidizes their auto industry heavily - they would be losing money without and the entire reason China is doing this is to smother out any EV competition to completely own the industry.
EU needs to change up, and start acting like an entity that wants industrial muscles. That means some other sacrifices politically.
还有一点很多人在批评大众、宝马等企业时忽略了——中国对其汽车产业提供了大量补贴，如果没有这些补贴，它们很可能是亏损的。
而中国这样做的目的，就是通过压制竞争对手来完全掌控电动车产业。
欧盟需要做出改变，开始像一个真正想拥有工业实力的整体来行动。
这意味着在政治上必须做出一些其他方面的牺牲。
DenizzineD
Why are you acting like all of this fell apart in the last 3 years. European politicians basically gave up on EVs and photovoltaics 10-15 years ago. This is a selfmade issue.
你为什么表现得好像欧洲这一切都是最近三年才崩溃的？
欧洲政客在10到15年前就基本放弃了电动车和光伏产业。
这完全是自作自受的问题。
dmthoth
It honestly feels like German automakers got way too comfortable relying on the Chinese market for profits over the past decade, and now they’re stuck. They poured huge amounts of investment and technology into Chinese partnerships, basically sitting in the pot without realizing how hot things were getting.
说实话，感觉德国汽车制造商在过去十年里过于依赖中国市场来获取利润，现在被困住了。
他们向中国的合资合作投入了大量资金和技术，简直就像“温水煮青蛙”，却没有意识到局势正在迅速升温。
When EVs started taking off, they hesitated and couldn’t pivot without risking that entire revenue stream. Meanwhile, Chinese brands went all in, got cheaper, and rapidly caught up on batteries and software. Now German carmakers are actually losing share in the very market that used to sustain them. The only legacy automaker that really managed a successful EV transition that comes to mind is Hyundai. They moved earlier on EVs and weren’t nearly as dependent on China to begin with. It probably also helped that South Korea has a strong battery industry, which Germany doesn’t have to the same extent.
So yeah, at this point you really have to wonder what the hell these executives have been doing for the past decade.
当电动车开始起飞时，他们犹豫不决，因为一旦转型就可能危及这整条收入来源。
与此同时，中国品牌全力投入，成本更低，并且在电池和软件方面迅速追赶上来。
现在，德国车企甚至正在失去这个曾经支撑它们的市场份额。
在传统车企中，真正成功完成电动车转型的，我能想到的也就只有现代。
他们更早布局电动车，而且本身也没有那么依赖中国市场。
韩国本身拥有强大的电池产业，这一点德国并不具备，这大概也起到了帮助作用。
所以说，到现在这个阶段，你真的不得不怀疑这些高管过去十年到底在干什么。
edparadox
It all boils down to the fact that Germany and its automotive industry did not want to realize since 20 years, to be gentle (as well as its energy industry and politics) that electric was the future of vehicles.
France had had already plenty of electric vehicles which failed to attract the general public, and Germany position on ICE (not to mention scandals) undermine all of Europe.
It all comes down to this since 2 or 3 decades.
归根结底，就是德国及其汽车工业（以及其能源行业和政治层面）在过去20年里——保守地说——一直不愿承认电动化才是未来。
法国其实早就推出过不少电动车，但未能吸引大众，而德国对内燃机（再加上一些丑闻）的坚持，也拖累了整个欧洲。
问题本质上可以追溯到过去二三十年。
BasielBob
Allowing Chinese cars on EU market is going to kill VW and Stellantis and other non-luxury or niche brands. Surprise, surprise…
允许中国汽车进入欧盟市场，会直接“杀死”大众、Stellantis以及其他非豪华或小众品牌。真是意料之中……
i_have_tiny_ants
Then maybe VW should start making affordable cars again. The downfall of these German manufacturers is mostly their own fault.
那也许大众应该重新开始生产“买得起”的汽车。德国这些制造商的衰落，很大程度上是他们自己的问题。
UdyrVulpayne
that is pretty much it exactly.
they have apparently decided to just give up on the entire non premium market segment and have instead chosen to whine about declining demand.
there would definitely be some reasonable arguments to be made about unfair advantages of Chinese production if there were any german made cars even trying to compete at a low cost level.
基本就是这样。
大众显然已经决定彻底放弃非高端市场，而转而抱怨需求下降。
如果德国车企中还有任何一款试图在低成本层面竞争的车型，那么关于中国生产存在“不公平优势”的论点或许还能更有说服力。
VisibleReport5008
I mean how can they? Higher energy prices higher labour...
但他们怎么可能做到？更高的能源成本、更高的劳动力成本……
chekitch
I don't think anybody expects VW to produce them at the same-same price. But the Chinese have like 20-40% tarriff, transport fee and are still quite cheaper..
Yes VW not only could have, but should have been able to compete if it prepared for this and not played the US card..
我不认为有人期待大众做到和中国完全同价竞争。
但问题是，中国车还要承担20%到40%的关税和运输成本，却仍然明显更便宜。
如果大众提前做好准备，而不是把重心放在美国市场策略上，它不仅“可以”，而且“应该”具备竞争能力。
RealToiletPaper007
The Chinese get away with some of those extra costs reduced by having the final assembly made in Europe. In any case, this is not only a matter of consumer preference. With less European made vehicles, there will be less demand for related jobs, impacting the job market.
中国车之所以能抵消一部分额外成本，是因为最终组装放在欧洲完成。
无论如何，这不仅仅是消费者选择的问题。
随着欧洲本土汽车产量下降，对相关岗位的需求也会减少，从而影响就业市场。
Turbulent_Pin7635
Don't blame China. Europe, specially Germany was accepting lobbies that delayed the electric cars.
Don't blame the one that work and endured difficults to turn this possible. Blame the old companies that was too stubborn to change.
别怪中国。
欧洲，尤其是德国，一直在接受各种游说，从而拖延了电动车的发展。
不要责怪那些努力工作、克服困难才把事情做成的一方。该责怪的是那些顽固、不愿改变的老牌企业。
gookman
If China wants to sell on the EU market it needs to build factories in Europe and hire Europeans. We need to protect our industry and people's jobs.
EDIT: I don't really understand the people that would prefer the economy to crash rather than pay more. You want manufacturing in Europe, but you also want it cheap. You don't want to work for low wages, but the cheap Easter Europeans can do it for you? Fucking pathetic. You are either really self serving or bots.
如果中国想进入欧盟市场销售，就应该在欧洲建厂并雇佣欧洲人。我们需要保护我们的产业和人民的就业。
编辑：我真的不理解那些宁愿经济崩溃也不愿多付一点钱的人。你们既想要制造业回到欧洲，又希望价格便宜；你们自己不愿意接受低工资，却让便宜的东欧劳动力替你们做事？真是可悲。要么就是极端自利，要么就是机器人。
Lanhalt
well, they didn't add an everage of 10 to 15k to every car over the past 10 years, maybe we would not be there. You could buy a small new car 10 to 15k a few years ago. There nothing under 20 to 25 k today. The whole industry decided to fuck the clients up, and now they cry because China build more affordable cars.
如果过去10年里每辆车没有普遍涨价1万到1.5万欧元，也许现在不会变成这样。
几年前你还能用1万到1.5万买一辆新的小车，现在低于2万到2.5万的基本没有。
整个行业都在“割消费者的韭菜”，现在却反过来抱怨中国造出更便宜的车。
zippopwnage
And all europe is doing is adding more tax to these instead of making affordable products for eu citizens.
I love EU for a lot of stuff, but I also hate it for how expensive it is and their solutions is to just tax more the prodcuts made outside.
Like I get why we do this, but it still suck. A good Chinese electric car cost around 20K and you get something amazing. Same car here is at least 10k+
而欧洲的做法只是对这些产品加更多税，而不是为本地消费者生产更实惠的产品。
我在很多方面喜欢欧盟，但我也讨厌这里的高成本，以及他们的解决方案总是对外来产品加税。
我理解为什么要这么做，但这确实很糟。
一辆不错的中国电动车大约2万欧，而在欧洲，同样水平至少要贵1万欧以上。
Turbulent_Pin7635
China deserves it, they invested in the new technology, the state supported new companies and nurture them until they became self propelled.
Europe was making politics with US lobbists and the old men from traditional companies that refuse to invest in EC.
Europe should let the IC companies from the past adapt and support it or die. The Chinese are allies, not the problem.
Don't blame them to beat you in your own game following your own rules. Adapt!
中国是应得的，他们在新技术上投入了大量资源，国家支持新公司并培育它们，直到能够自我运转。
欧洲却在和美国的游说团体以及那些拒绝投资电动车的传统企业老派人物搞政治博弈。
欧洲应该让那些传统内燃机公司要么转型并获得支持，要么淘汰。
中国是竞争者，但不该被当成问题本身。
他们只是按照你们的规则，在你们的游戏里击败了你们。
适应吧。
Meins447
That is going to far.
They aren't allies. They are, and very openly at that, seek absolute market dominance above all else. Seeking to push out anyone else by constantly under bidding, by running at a loss (financed by state) combined with a complete lack of respect for their environment and workforce/population. And started it all and empower it whenever opportune by doing IP theft of technology.
That is not really the way to play nice or on equal footing as an ally would do.
这说得太过头了。
他们不是盟友，而且他们也毫不掩饰地追求绝对市场主导地位。
中国通过不断压价竞争、在国家资金支持下以亏损运行、以及对环境和劳动力缺乏尊重来挤出其他竞争者。
并且在适当的时候通过技术/IP获取来强化这种优势。
这并不是盟友应有的“公平竞争”方式。
MiskatonicDreams
More virtue signaling that will get you nowhere. Where were you when Volkswagen sold absolute shitboxes in China for x4 the price they were worth when China could not make cars? What happened to morality?
If you think I am exaggerating, my family got a Volkswagen for 200k rmb in 2008 (a Volvo xc60 was in the same price range in when sold in Europe). It was a small sedan with a 1.6L engine. 0-100 was like 11 seconds or something.
For 150k rmb today (roughly 70k in 2008 money), we got a arcfox aT. Heated seats, assisted driving, massage chairs and all that jazz.
So where did the money that Volkswagen ripped us off go?! Why is it that Volkswagen barely advanced in tech? How about you answer that question first before moralizing.
更多这种毫无意义的道德表演，根本解决不了任何问题。
你们当年在哪里？当中国还造不出汽车的时候，大众在中国卖那些“破烂车”，价格却是实际价值的四倍？
那时候你们的“道德”去哪了？
如果你觉得我在夸张，我家在2008年买了一辆大众，花了20万人民币（当时在欧洲，同价位已经可以买到沃尔沃XC60了）。
那只是一辆1.6L发动机的小轿车，0-100公里加速大概11秒左右。
而现在，用15万人民币（按2008年的购买力大约相当于7万人民币）我们买了一辆Arcfox αT，配有座椅加热、辅助驾驶、按摩座椅等等各种配置。
那么问题来了：大众当年从中国消费者身上“赚走”的那些钱到底去哪了？为什么大众在技术上几乎没有明显进步？在你开始讲道德之前，先回答这个问题。