国外QA：希特勒本人实际上是个好人吗？

Jean-Marie Valheur
lover of history

让-马里·瓦尔勒
历史爱好者

Few men knew Hitler as well as architect and long-term associate Albert Speer. In his writings, later in life, Speer frequently dove into the late dictator’s psyche, sharing stories of their times together. Speer wrote well, and his anecdotes and analysis of the highest ranking Nazi’s is fascinating. He would often recall how Hitler would be most at ease when meeting with common people. The “little people”, if you will.

很少有人能像建筑师、长期亲信阿尔伯特·施佩尔那样了解希特勒。晚年时，施佩尔在著作中多次深入剖析这位已故独裁者的内心，讲述两人共事相处的往事。他文笔出色，关于这位纳粹核心人物的轶事与分析极具吸引力。他时常回忆，希特勒在与普通民众、也就是所谓的“小人物”相处时，状态最为放松自在。


Say Hitler was early for a meeting, back in the first years when he had just come to power. He’d stroll around a building where a stage was set up. And he’d talk to people. Like really talk to them, person-to-person. A soldier, a fellow veteran of WWI. A carpenter. He’d have animated talks with them, and Speer was amazed by this because many of the top brass of German high society were vain, arrogant, high and mighty figures. Not Hitler. In a restaurant, he’d compliment the chef on a vegetarian dish. Delighted to find out the man who prepared his food was a fellow Austrian. Things like that.

在希特勒刚上台的最初几年里，如果他开会到得早，就会在搭好舞台的建筑附近闲逛，和普通人真正面对面地交谈——士兵、一战老兵、木匠，他都能聊得十分投入。施佩尔对此深感惊讶，因为当时德国上流社会的权贵大多虚荣傲慢、高高在上，希特勒却截然不同。在餐厅里，他会夸赞厨师做的素食，得知对方也是奥地利人时还会格外高兴，诸如此类的小事比比皆是。


You’d think of Hitler, the murderous dictator, and imagine some sort of raving madman, foaming at the mouth, endlessly ranting about “the Jews!” And what you got, instead, was a thoughful, soft-spoken man with a deep voice, speaking in a slow and deliberate way, trying to hide his heavy Austrian accent. He’d remember names, remember intimate details about the lives of people he’d only met once, years after the fact. Like a true politician, really. He was warm, personable. And he could also be absolutely terrible, too. Especially to people who belonged to nobility, the Prussian elites, generals from “old families”, with old money and “von” in their names.

人们想到杀人如麻的独裁者希特勒，总会脑补他是个歇斯底里的疯子，口吐白沫、不停叫嚣着反犹言论。可现实恰恰相反，他心思缜密、语调温和、嗓音低沉，说话语速缓慢且字斟句酌，还刻意掩饰浓重的奥地利口音。哪怕时隔多年，他也能记住只见过一面的人的名字，以及对方生活里的私密细节，活脱脱一个老练政客的模样。他待人亲切、极具亲和力，但对待贵族、普鲁士精英、出身老牌家族、拥有世袭财富且名字里带“冯”的将领时，又会变得极其刻薄。


The high and mighty men of old Weimar never wanted much to do with Hitler. That “silly little corporal” they would say. They despised him, at worst. At best, saw him as a mere parvenu. Someone who had risen far beyond his natural station in life, and who was utterly undeserving of his position. He never was accepted by ‘polite society’ to the degree he wished he would be. And not for lack of trying… he could engage with them, talk to them passionately about a wide variety of subjects. He frequently tried to woo “old money” but was frequently rebuffed. It tired him. Made him bitter. So the niceness, it faded. He had no need for it anymore, anyway, once absolute power was obtained.

魏玛时期的权贵阶层向来不愿与希特勒为伍，背地里称他为“可笑的下士”。往坏了说，他们鄙夷他；往好了说，也只把他当作暴发户，认为他的地位远超自身本分，根本不配身居高位。希特勒从未获得上流社会发自内心的认可，尽管他为此费尽心思——主动与他们交往，满怀热情地和他们探讨各类话题，频频试图拉拢老牌财团，却屡屡碰壁。这让他疲惫又怨恨，待人的和善也逐渐消散。而在掌握绝对权力后，他更是彻底无需再伪装友善。

Still, he acted in a friendly way to “the little guy”. To his secretaries, to their husbands. He’d play matchmaker for his staff. Inquire about the children of friends. Allow his old Jewish childhood dentist to leave the country unharmed before the Holocaust kicked off… Hitler is a great and enduring paradox, an enigma — boundless evil in an often surprisingly polite package. A sea of anger and hatred, brewing underneath a surface that could be deceptively charming.

即便如此，他对底层小人物依旧态度亲和：对待秘书及其丈夫，会为下属牵线搭桥做媒，关心朋友的孩子，甚至在大屠杀开始前，允许自己儿时的犹太牙医平安离开德国……希特勒是一个永恒而巨大的矛盾体、一个难解之谜：无尽的邪恶，却包裹在格外彬彬有礼的外表之下；看似极具魅力的表面之下，涌动着愤怒与仇恨的滔天巨浪。

Susanna Viljanen
Knows Finnish

苏珊娜·维尔亚宁
通晓芬兰语

As gruesome as it sounds, yes. Hannah Arendt could have well used Adolf Hitler as a hallmark of the banality of evil.
If by anything else, this became evident in a clandestine recording by YLE (Finnish broadcasting corporation in 1942. It is the only time Adolf Hitler’s ordinary table voice has been recorded, and turned out he was completely normal.

尽管听起来令人不寒而栗，但事实的确如此。汉娜·阿伦特完全可以将希特勒作为“平庸之恶”的典型代表。
这一点在1942年芬兰广播公司YLE的一段秘密录音中体现得尤为明显，这也是唯一一段记录希特勒日常闲谈声音的资料，录音里的他表现得再正常不过。

We have a tendency to imagine Hitler as a ravaging maniac lunatic, and as a psychopath. Nothing could be further away the truth. Hitler was a deeply narcissistic individual, but a very much functional narcissist.
Hitler had several redeeming qualities:

人们总习惯把希特勒想象成残暴的疯子、精神变态者，可这与事实相去甚远。希特勒是个极度自恋的人，却是具备正常社会行为能力的自恋者。
希特勒身上甚至有一些看似可取的特质：

He hated child abuse, abuse of women, etc, having himself been seriously abused.
He hated porn and exploitation of women.
He was deeply anti-elitist. He came from the deep ranks of the people, and he got much better along with the little people than the aristocrats or plutocrats
He hated vanity and the pompous lifestyle many Nazi bosses led.
He was easy to talk to outside of business. He had an extremely wide range of general knowledge
He was easy-going with children, and he was known as a matchmaker among the Nazi elites
He liked animals, and dogs in particular. (No, he did not hate cats like Mussolini did.)
He liked natural beauty & scenery, and had an eye for architecture
He was a health fanatic, and he hated drugs and alcohol, and tobacco
He hated law breakers and criminals; yes, the paradox is obvious

他因自身曾遭受严重虐待，十分痛恨虐待儿童、妇女的行为；反感色情制品与对女性的剥削；极度反精英主义，出身底层的他与普通人相处远比和贵族、富豪融洽；厌恶虚荣作风以及许多纳粹高官奢靡浮夸的生活；工作之外待人随和，知识面极为广博；对孩子十分亲切，还常在纳粹精英圈子里为他人做媒；喜爱动物，尤其偏爱狗（他并不像墨索里尼那样讨厌猫）；钟情自然美景与风光，具备出色的建筑审美；是狂热的健康主义者，痛恨毒品、酒精，尤其厌恶烟草；也反感违法者与罪犯——显而易见，这一切都充满了矛盾。

Blondi, du bist mein einziger Freund wie mich verstehen kann

【照片】布隆迪，你是唯一能理解我的朋友。

This banality of evil - that anyone can become a dark lord in suitable circumstances - is striking. Hitler resembled far more a humble company CEO than a crime linchpin.

这种平庸之恶令人震撼：任何人在特定环境下都可能沦为恶魔。希特勒与其说是犯罪头目，不如说更像一位作风低调的企业首席执行官。

Thom Thibeault
Former German Professor (Retired) at Southern Illinois University Carbondale (1989–2013)

汤姆·蒂博
南伊利诺伊大学卡本代尔分校德语荣休教授（1989–2013）

He was to anyone he didn’t perceive as a threat. He was a dog lover, and there is film footage of him playing with children. His secretary, Traudl Junge, described him thus, "I admit, I was fascinated by Adolf Hitler. He was a pleasant boss and a fatherly friend. I deliberately ignored all the warning voices inside me and enjoyed the time by his side, almost until the bitter end. It wasn't what he said, but the way he said things and how he did things." The great danger for us is thinking that Hitler was a different kind of being from us. We all have a little piece of Hitler in us and it could grow out of hand under the right circumstances. Anyone who harbors ill will towards others (Blacks, Whites, Trump supporters, woke people, etc.) is easy game for hate mongers who seek to capitalize on that ill will.

对所有他认为不构成威胁的人，希特勒都表现得十分和善。他喜爱狗，也有影像记录他与孩童玩耍的画面。他的秘书特劳德尔·荣格曾这样描述：“我承认，我曾被希特勒深深吸引。他是个和蔼的上司，像长辈一样友善。我刻意无视内心所有的警示，享受在他身边的时光，几乎直到最后覆灭的时刻。打动我的并非他的言论，而是他说话与行事的方式。”我们最大的危险，是认为希特勒与我们是截然不同的异类。每个人心中都藏着一丝类似希特勒的阴暗面，在合适的环境下便可能失控滋生。任何对他人抱有恶意的人（无论针对黑人、白人、特朗普支持者、觉醒派人士等），都极易被煽动仇恨的人利用，成为其牟利的工具。

Matthew Chicky
I have a friend who knew Hitler.

马修·奇基
我有一位认识希特勒的朋友。

When I lived in Germany, I met a rather abrasive older woman in my apartment complex. Her insults were off-putting to people who didn’t know her but never sincere. If you knew her, you knew that she was joking most of the time.
To give a short example, when I introduced my father to her, the first thing she said to him was “now I understand why your son is so ugly!”

我在德国生活时，在公寓楼里认识了一位说话很冲的老太太。不了解她的人会觉得她的言语冒犯刺耳，但她从来都不是真心的。熟悉她的人都知道，她大多数时候都是在开玩笑。
举个小例子，我把父亲介绍给她认识时，她第一句话就是：“这下我明白你儿子为什么这么丑了！”

I became friends with this woman and loved listening to her crazy stories from her youth. One story, in particular, I’ll always remember and I often tell friends about.
As a young girl, this friend of mine was once just outside the door of an office in which Hitler was holding a meeting. If I remember correctly, her Uncle held some position in government, which explained her proximity to Hitler on this occasion.

我和这位老太太成了朋友，很喜欢听她讲年轻时那些离奇的故事。有一件事我至今记忆犹新，也经常讲给朋友听。
这位朋友小时候，曾站在一间办公室门外，希特勒正在里面开会。如果我没记错，她的叔叔在政府部门任职，这也是她当时能近距离见到希特勒的原因。

The meeting ended and Hitler emerged from the office. My friend (then about 12 years old) threw up the Hitlergruß (Nazi salute) and said "Heil Hitler, mein Führer!" as the dictator stormed forward. He was visibly angry about the meeting outcome. He pushed my dear friend out of the way, causing her to fall backward into the wall.
My friend responded by muttering "bastard" under her breath, one of the few words she knew in English at the time. Hitler was within earshot but either didn't notice or didn't care. Let's just say she got a severe scolding from her aunt later that day.

会议结束后，希特勒从办公室走出来，步履匆匆，显然对会议结果十分恼怒。当时我这位朋友大概12岁，立刻行纳粹礼并喊道：“希特勒万岁，我的元首！”结果希特勒一把将她推开，她向后摔倒，撞在了墙上。
我朋友当时低声嘟囔了一句“混蛋”，这是她当时为数不多会的英文单词之一。希特勒听得见，但要么没在意，要么根本不在乎。后来她被姨妈狠狠训斥了一顿。

I think the story tells us a lot about how Hitler was in person. At least, how he was in person when he was angry.

我觉得这个故事很能体现希特勒本人的真实样子，至少是他发怒时的真实模样。

Jon Mixon
Semi-pro historian.

乔恩·米克森
业余历史学家。

Question: Was Hitler actually a nice guy in person?
Not really..no.

问题：希特勒本人真的是个和善的人吗？
其实并不是。

Frankly I’m stunned by the “positive” answers so far as they demonstrate a serious lack of basic scholarship on the subject.
Even if we are able to distill Hitler’s personal life somehow from the fact that he started a war that killed millions and that he gave tacit approval to a series of mass murders that killed millions more, we still end up with a pretty crappy human being.

坦白说，我对目前那些“正面评价”感到震惊，这些回答充分说明回答者对这一主题缺乏基本的学术认知。
即便抛开他发动导致数百万人死亡的战争、默许一系列造成数百万人死亡的大屠杀这些事实，单看希特勒的个人生活，他也依然是一个极其糟糕的人。

Let’s see:
Hitler had a sexual relationship with his niece and seems to have tried to cover up what was either her suicide, or what may have been an accidental death of which he had some hand - Geli Raubal was her name and the entire backstory is nauseating. (See below)

具体来说：
希特勒与侄女吉莉·拉包尔存在不正当性关系，还试图掩盖她的死因——无论是自杀，还是与他有关的意外身亡，整件事的始末都令人作呕。

He had a very short fuse and very poor impulse control - Hitler was not known for possessing a deep wellspring of patience and he was often curt and rude to other people, often unnecessarily. When things didn’t go his way, he didn’t just “go with the flow”; he had volcanic eruptions of temper that could last for hours.
He was a drug addict - By the end of his life, he basically required multiple daily injections simply to keep him going. Drug addiction is not known to engender outstanding human behavior and that alone would seem to remove any consideration of him being “nice”.

他脾气暴躁，自控力极差——希特勒从来都不是有耐心的人，经常毫无缘由地对人粗鲁无礼、言语刻薄。一旦事情不顺他的意，他绝不会顺其自然，而是会爆发持续数小时的雷霆怒火。
他是瘾君子——到了人生最后阶段，他基本每天都要靠多次注射药物才能维持状态。毒瘾从来都不会让人表现出良好品行，仅凭这一点，就足以否定他“和善”的说法。

He was a narcissist - Basically, Hitler not only had an oversized opinion of himself and his abilities, he DEMANDED that others acknowledge his perceived greatness. When they did not, he had a range of behaviors which he engaged in, none of which are positive.

他极度自恋——希特勒不仅自视甚高、夸大自身能力，还强行要求他人承认他所谓的伟大。一旦有人不服从，他就会做出各种极端行为，无一可取。

He gave orders that would have resulted in the deaths of millions of Germans had they been carried out, simply because he was losing the war that he started - Hitler gave multiple orders that Germany engage in a scorched policy inside of its own borders. that meant destroying factories, bridges, food stores, and repair facilities as the Allies were closing in on Berlin. Besides that not being necessary had he simply surrendered in late 1944/ early 1945 when it was certain that Germany was going to lose, had it occurred (Albert Speer, Himmler, and others slowrolled things to make it impossible to happen) MILLIONS of Germans would have died of starvation and disease. A truly nice person wouldn’t even conceived of any approximating this as they would have been able to grasp how terrible it would have made life for others.

仅仅因为自己发动的战争即将失败，他就下令实施焦土政策，一旦执行，数百万德国人将因此死亡。希特勒多次下令在德国境内摧毁工厂、桥梁、粮食储备和维修设施，尤其是在盟军逼近柏林之际。事实上，1944年末至1945年初，德国败局已定，他只要投降就完全没必要这么做。而即便最终因为阿尔伯特·施佩尔、希姆莱等人拖延执行，政策并未彻底落实，可一旦成真，数百万德国人会死于饥饿与疾病。一个真正善良的人，根本不会产生这种念头，因为他能体会到这会给他人带来何等深重的灾难。

The facts that he liked dogs and children, hated smoking, and was occasionally courteous to others pale in comparison to just how sh*tless that he was as a human being.
Again, I’m flabbergasted at the positive answers to this question, as his being pleasant in a few social situations did nothing to make up for his numerous failings as a human being.

他喜欢狗和孩子、讨厌吸烟、偶尔待人礼貌这些事实，与他作为人的极度卑劣相比，根本不值一提。
我再次对这个问题下的正面回答感到难以置信，他在少数社交场合的和善，根本无法弥补他作为人的无数劣迹。

Trent Diamanti
Obsessed with social sciences, philosophy, and history. Non-fiction reader.

特伦特·迪亚曼蒂
痴迷社会科学、哲学与历史，非虚构类作品读者。

Like many national leaders, Hitler was an unalloyed narcissist, which was exacerbated by his 12 years as Chancellor. During long dinner parties he was known to monologue for long stretches of time and dominate conversation. Hitler was not shy about telling people how they should live, urging them to quit smoking or eat a vegetarian diet. In many ways he was a typical obnoxious lifestyle evangelist, unleashing torrents of unsolicited advice. True to his narcissism, he was moody and controlling, seeing other people as extensions of himself.

和许多国家领导人一样，希特勒是个纯粹的自恋者，而12年的总理任期更让这种特质变本加厉。众所周知，在漫长的晚宴上，他常会长篇大论、垄断整场谈话。他毫不避讳地指点他人的生活方式，敦促人们戒烟、吃素，在很多方面，他就是个典型又讨人厌的生活方式布道者，滔滔不绝地给出别人根本没想要的建议。出于自恋本性，他情绪多变、控制欲极强，只把他人当作自己的附属品。

Another common trait of powerful people who rise from humble socio-economic circumstances is that they often carry powerful grudges and fixate on certain groups as enemies. It's frequently due moments growing up when they felt disrespected and began to associate it with larger groups. Richard Nixon did it with liberal intellectuals and the eastern establishment, Hitler experienced it with Jews and the Prussian aristocracy. Nixon was no Hitler, but there’s some personality parallels in the endless ambition they both derived from moments when they were younger and felt others had made them small. A person who acquires status in one area- like wealth or political power - will often carry a grievance about not being accepted by the those either born into it or who seem to obtain it easily. Modest beginnings or coarse manners often play into it.

出身底层却登上权力巅峰的人，往往还有一个共同特征：心怀强烈怨恨，将特定群体视为敌人。这通常源于成长中遭受的不被尊重的经历，并由此将负面感受与更大的群体绑定。理查德·尼克松针对自由派知识分子与东部权势集团，希特勒则针对犹太人与普鲁士贵族。尼克松远非希特勒，但二人性格确有相似之处——年少时被轻视、被贬低的经历，催生出了无尽的野心。一个在财富或政治权力领域获得地位的人，若不被天生拥有地位或轻松上位的人接纳，往往会心生不满，出身卑微、举止粗鄙常常会加剧这种心态。

Given his talkative nature and impressive memory Hitler likely had the good vocabulary and reading comprehension skills of a classic high verbal. I would wager that like many high verbals Hitler liked numbers and precise facts but otherwise didn’t have a particularly strong aptitude for math. His education and career choices are compatible with that notion.

希特勒能言善辩、记忆力出众，具备典型高语言能力者的优秀词汇量与阅读理解力。我敢说，和许多高语言能力者一样，他喜欢数字与精准事实，但数学天赋并不突出，他的教育背景与职业选择也印证了这一点。
People have suggested that Hitler was a psychopath, but that is unconvincing, given the modern definition of a psychopath as someone with an inborn lack of empathy. Instead, he likely had a combination of natural impulsivity and sensitivity (he could be very empathetic and emotional) that made him capable of being unempathetic when专注于目标。Supporting the notion that he was impulsive, Hitler talked over people and liked to work late into the night and sleep in. He rarely wrote things down, lacking self-discipline and focus.

有人认为希特勒是精神变态者，但按照现代定义，精神变态者天生缺乏共情能力，这一说法并不成立。相反，他天生冲动又敏感（有时极具共情心、情绪丰富），只是在追逐目标时可以刻意变得冷漠无情。他的冲动特质体现在：经常打断别人说话、喜欢熬夜工作、睡懒觉，几乎不做书面记录，缺乏自律与专注力。

His leadership was very impetuous and involved many big gambles. Hitler’s natural sensitivity was affected by the experience of serving in the Germany infantry in WWI, which hardened him to suffering and sacrifice - especially in service of the nation-state. Taking into account those experiences and his pathological narcissism it is fair to place him on the sociopath spectrum. As part of that he developed an extreme version of something we all share to one degree or another: the need to evade responsibility and guilt.

他的领导风格鲁莽冲动，偏好豪赌。一战期间在德国步兵服役的经历，影响了他天生的敏感，让他对苦难与牺牲变得麻木，尤其是为国家利益付出的牺牲。结合这段经历与病态自恋，将希特勒归为反社会人格谱系是合理的。他还将人类共有的逃避责任与愧疚感的倾向，发展到了极端程度。

There’s decent evidence that he had either a low sex drive or lacked sexual confidence - maybe a combination of the two. He rarely had sex as an adult, something that frustrated Eva Braun. As a teenager he was very shy and insecure with women. It's quite possible much of his sexual energies and drive were redirected to his political ambitions.

有充分证据表明，希特勒要么性欲低下，要么性自信不足，也可能二者兼有。成年后他极少有性生活，这让爱娃·布劳恩十分苦恼。青少年时期，他在女性面前极度害羞、缺乏安全感。他的性能量与欲望，很可能大量转移到了政治野心上。

Finally, it was been claimed that Hitler had a photographic memory, but psychologists are very skeptical that anyone truly has that trait. What Hitler likely had - and is compatible with the evidence offered for his supposed photographic memory - was a prodigious specialized memory. When people immerse themselves in certain types of information over long stretches of time they get better at acquiring and retaining that type of information.

此外，有人称希特勒拥有过目不忘的照相式记忆，但心理学家对这种能力是否真实存在持高度怀疑态度。希特勒具备的，更可能是超强的专项记忆力，这也与所谓“照相式记忆”的相关证据相符。
人若长期沉浸于某类信息，就会更擅长接收与记住这类信息，对某一领域的热爱所带来的情感联结，更是极强的记忆助力。

The emotional associations that come with passion for a subject are an extremely powerful memory aid. Ever try to learn the names of cities or persons from an unfamiliar？The mind gets used to certain types of information it builds up multi-level association webs. Hitler was likely already an intelligent person who had been obsessed with military equipment and visual art during his life, so he got better at memorizing those types of information. General photographic memories don’t really exist, and people born with prodigious autobiographical memories are crippled by them. Forgetting can be useful.

你是否试过记忆陌生文化里的城市或人名？大脑会适应特定信息，并构建多层关联网络。希特勒本就聪慧，一生痴迷军事装备与视觉艺术，因此更擅长记忆这类信息。真正通用的照相式记忆并不存在，天生拥有超强自传体记忆的人，反而会被这种能力拖累，适度遗忘其实是有益的。

T.A. Midtrød
Associate Professor of History at University of Iowa

T.A. 米特罗德
爱荷华大学历史学副教授

According to Lutz Schwerin von Krosigk, Hitler once called himself "the greatest actor in Europe," and he did have an amazing ability to assume different personas in different settings. When speaking to the party faithful, he could be the brown-shirted street fighter who despised bourgeois society; in polite settings, he kissed women's hands and was a charming conversationalist; when speaking to the Reichstag, he could talk like a wise statesman;

据卢茨·施韦林·冯·克罗西克回忆，希特勒曾自称“欧洲最伟大的演员”，而他确实拥有惊人的能力，能在不同场合切换不同人设。面对纳粹忠实信徒，他是蔑视资产阶级社会的褐衫街头斗士；在正式社交场合，他会亲吻女士的手，谈吐优雅迷人；
在国会演讲时，他是睿智的政治家；

when meeting with industrialists, he sounded like one of them; when he met with workers, he came across as a man of the people; when he interacted with children, he was a kindly uncle who doled out sweets; when talking to officers, he liked to assume the persona of a World War I veteran tried in the acid test of war; when talking to foreign diplomats, he could reassure, flatter, or threaten, coming across as a man of compromise and sense or as an raging implacable fanatic, all based on which strategy he thought would work.

会见实业家时，他的语气与他们如出一辙；
面对工人，他又化身亲民的人民公仆；与孩子相处，他是分发糖果的慈祥叔叔；与军官交谈，他扮演历经战火考验的一战老兵；会见外国外交官时，他可以安抚、奉承或威胁，时而显得通情达理、愿意妥协，时而化身狂躁偏执的狂热分子，全看哪种策略更有效。

He had an extraordinary ability to work himself into a fit of rage, but few could be sure whether this was an act or not, and he rarely lost control of his emotions to the extent that he made statements he would later regret. Hitler’s press-secretary Otto Dietrich described his true personality as unknowable and “sphinx-like.”

他能轻而易举地勃然大怒，却几乎没人能分辨这是表演还是真情流露，而且他极少情绪失控到说出事后后悔的话。希特勒的新闻发言人奥托·迪特里希曾形容，他的真实性格难以捉摸，如同“斯芬克斯”。

Von Krosigk in Allied custody in 1945.

1945年，被盟军关押的克罗西克。

He also had an extremely retentive memory and could read quickly and distill the essence of an article simply by glancing at it. He disdained formal education but was proud of displaying his extensive but sextive knowledge to people with university degrees. Like many autodidacts who have acquired broad but superficial knowledge of many topics, he was sure he knew better than the experts, but was delighted when he received any kind of recognition from professors or other people with formal expertise. He always liked to hog the conversation and often kept his entourage up late at night listening to his monologues.

他记忆力极强，阅读速度极快，只需扫一眼文章就能提炼出核心内容。他鄙视正规教育，却乐于向拥有大学学位的人展示自己广博却有选择性的知识。和许多涉猎广泛但知识流于表面的自学者一样，他坚信自己比专家更懂，可一旦得到教授或专业人士的认可，又会十分欣喜。他总爱垄断谈话，经常让随从熬夜听他长篇大论。

Hitler and Goebbels sharing a laugh at the O，even as things are beginning to unravel in 1943. Blondi in the background: Hitler was very fond of her, though that didn’t stop him from having the effectiveness of a cyanide capsule tested on the dog at the very end.

1943年战局已开始恶化，希特勒与戈培尔仍在奥贝萨尔茨堡相视而笑，身后是他的爱犬布隆迪。希特勒对这只狗极为宠爱，可即便如此，在最后时刻，他仍让人用氰化物胶囊在布隆迪身上测试药效。

He could be very good-humored and friendly to his secretaries and in social settings, but he took no one into his complete confidence, and, as suggested above, even members of his inner circle sometimes remarked that the true Hitler remained opaque. After 1933, especially, he deliberately kept a distance to other people, cultivating an aloof image fitting his status as the German messiah exalted above the rest of mankind.

在社交场合和面对秘书时，他可以表现得十分幽默友善，却从不对任何人完全推心置腹。正如前文所说，即便核心圈子成员也时常感慨，真实的希特勒始终难以捉摸。1933年之后，他更是刻意与他人保持距离，塑造出一种高冷疏离的形象，以匹配他被奉为超越众生的德国“救世主”的身份。

Still, he valued human companionship in controlled settings and clearly enjoyed the company of the Goebbelses and their children (Helga, the eldest, was his favorite); he was sort of a loner but didn’t like to be alone. He could joke and be funny—Goebbels wrote that he did a humorous imitation of Mussolini—but he could not stand jokes at his own expense, as Hitler had a strong fear of seeming ridiculous in any sense of the word. He was extremely secretive about his private life: Only members of the inner circle knew about the existence of Eva Braun.

尽管如此，他仍重视可控范围内的人际陪伴，显然很喜欢戈培尔一家及其孩子（长女海尔加是他最疼爱的一个）。他本质上是个孤僻的人，却又害怕独处。他会开玩笑、也很有幽默感——戈培尔曾写道，他模仿墨索里尼的样子十分滑稽——但他绝不能忍受拿自己开玩笑，因为他极度害怕在任何方面显得荒唐可笑。他对私生活讳莫如深，只有核心亲信才知道爱娃·布劳恩的存在。

The Goebbels children knew him as “Uncle Hitler.” Their parents killed them in the Führerbunker shortly after Hitler’s suicide.

戈培尔的孩子们都称他为“希特勒叔叔”，而在希特勒自杀后不久，他们的父母就在元首地堡内亲手杀害了这些孩子。

Hitler chose his associates based on their usefulness and loyalty, yet he did not easily cast aside people to whom he had grown accustomed, and, oddly, he didn't like to reprimand subordinates face-to-face. Instead, he preferred to let his displeasure be known through third parties. He retained a sense of loyalty to the Nazi Party "old fighters" from "the time of struggle" and did not readily disown them, except, of course, when he became convinced that they had failed in their loyalty to him.

希特勒挑选亲信的标准是可用与忠诚，可对于已经习惯相处的人，他并不会轻易抛弃。奇怪的是，他不喜欢当面斥责下属，更愿意通过第三方传达自己的不满。他对“斗争年代”的纳粹“老战士”始终怀有一份忠诚，不会轻易与之决裂，当然，除非他确信这些人背叛了自己。

Hitler, Göring, and other participants in the 1923 Putsch at their annual commemoration in Munich. In keeping with his austere style in personal appearance, Hitler usually wore only his Iron Cross (first class), his Wound Badge WWI decoration, and a golden Party Badge, but on these occasions he also wore the Blood Order medal, awarded to the participants in the failed coup.

希特勒、戈林以及其他1923年啤酒馆暴动参与者，在慕尼黑参加年度纪念活动。希特勒一贯衣着朴素，日常只佩戴一级铁十字勋章、一战负伤勋章与纳粹金质党徽，但在这类纪念场合，他还会佩戴血序奖章——授予此次失败政变参与者的荣誉。

He also had a marked ability to read people and detect their weaknesses, insecurities, and vanities, and how best to prod them in the direction he wanted. Almost everyone who met him remarked on his expressive eyes, which some described as honest and gentle and others as cold and fanatical; many people felt he had a downright hypnotic gaze (though, of course, after the downfall of the regime, blaming Hitler’s hypnotic personality was a convenient excuse for those who had followed him).

他还极具识人能力，能敏锐捕捉他人的弱点、不安与虚荣，并精准操控对方走向自己期望的方向。几乎所有见过他的人都会提及他极具表现力的眼睛：有人觉得真诚温和，有人觉得冷酷狂热，许多人甚至认为他的目光带有强烈的催眠效果。当然，在纳粹政权倒台后，将盲从归咎于希特勒的催眠人格，也成了追随者们最方便的借口。

His personal lifestyle was a mixture of extreme luxury in living and working quarters (as well as automobiles and personal train carts) and an austere taste in clothing and food and drink—except that he was very fond of cakes and sweets, much to the detriment of his teeth.
Hitler’s study in the New Reich Chancellery.

他的个人生活方式极为矛盾：居所与办公场所极尽奢华，汽车、私人专列也无比考究，可衣着、饮食却十分简朴，唯独酷爱蛋糕与甜食，这也严重损害了他的牙齿。
希特勒在新总理府的书房。

Hitler was very worried about his health, to the extent that he was probably a hypochondriac, and, indeed, he was convinced that he would have a short life. This, in part, explains the breakneck speed he proceeded with his plans for expansion and war after he came into power: He had to complete his mission while he still could.

希特勒极度担忧自身健康，近乎疑病症患者，他也确实坚信自己寿命不长。这在一定程度上解释了，为何他上台后会以惊人的速度推进扩张与战争计划：他必须在有生之年完成自己的“使命”。

James George
BSGS in History & Political Science (college major), Northwestern University

詹姆斯·乔治
西北大学历史与政治学学士

William Langer was the head of the OSS Research & Analysis Branch. He assigned his younger brother Walter, who worked as a psychoanalyst for the OSS to profile Hitler. Walter Langer achieved a measure of fame in 1943 for his classified 249-page analysis of Hitler’s character.

威廉·兰格是美国战略情报局研究分析部主管，他指派自己的弟弟、战略情报局精神分析学家瓦尔特·兰格为希特勒撰写人格分析报告。1943年，瓦尔特这份长达249页的机密性格分析令他声名鹊起。

The profile addressed how the dictator viewed himself and how the German public and his own close associates saw him; it also featured a reconstruction of Hitler’s life to解释 his behavior during World War II. In the book’s conclusion, Langer accurately predicted that the dictator would commit suicide just before the German surrender.

The profile uses Sigmund Freud's earliest and greatest contribution to psychiatry: the importance of the first years of a child's life in shaping his future character.

这份报告分析了希特勒如何看待自己、德国公众与核心亲信如何看待他，并重构了希特勒的人生经历，以解释他在二战中的行为。在报告结尾，兰格精准预测：这位独裁者将在德国投降前夕自杀。
这份分析运用了弗洛伊德对精神病学最早也最重要的贡献：童年早期经历对人一生性格塑造的决定性作用。

It is during these early years, when the child's acquaintanceship with the world is still meagre and his capacities are still immature, that the chances of misinterpreting the nature of the world about him are the greatest. The mind of the child is inadequate for understanding the demands which a complex culture makes upon him or the host of confusing experiences to which he is exposed. In consequence, as has been shown over and over again, a child during his early years frequently misinterprets what is going on about him and builds his personality structure on false premises. Even Hitler concedes that this finding is true, for he says in “Mein Kampf”:

在童年早期，孩子对世界的认知极为有限，心智尚未成熟，最容易曲解周遭世界的本质。他们无法理解复杂社会对自己的要求，也无法厘清身边诸多令人困惑的经历。因此，无数研究早已证明，儿童在成长初期常常会误读身边发生的一切，并在错误的认知基础上构建自身人格。就连希特勒本人也承认这一观点，他在《我的奋斗》中写道：

"There is a boy, let us say, of three. This is the age at which a child becomes conscious of his first impressions. In many intelligent people, traces of these early memories are found even in old age."
The only source is Hitler’s autobiography Mein Kampf, where Hitler attempts to create the impression that his home was rather peaceful and quiet, his "father a faithful civil servant, the mother devoting herself to the cares of the household and looking after her children with eternally the same loving care."

“比方说，有个三岁的孩子，正是开始形成最初印象的年纪。许多聪慧之人即便到了晚年，仍能找到这些早期记忆的痕迹。”
相关信息唯一的来源是希特勒自传《我的奋斗》，书中他刻意营造出家庭和睦安宁的形象：父亲是尽职的公务员，母亲全心操持家务，始终用不变的关爱照料孩子。

Langer contends that were this a true picture of his home life, there would be no reason for his concealing it so scrupulously. In reality, the few friends that Hitler made in the course of his life, and not a single intimate friend, makes you wonder where he had the opportunity of observing these scenes personally, hundreds of times, if it was not in his own home. And then he continues:

兰格认为，如果希特勒的家庭生活真如书中所述，他根本没必要如此刻意隐瞒。事实上，希特勒一生朋友寥寥，更无真正的密友，这让人不禁怀疑：若非亲身在家中无数次目睹，他怎会有机会反复见到这类场景？他在书中接着写道：

"The other things the little fellow hears at home do not tend to further his respect for his surroundings. Not a single good shred is left for humanity, not a single institution is left unattacked; starting with the teacher, up to the head of the State, be it religion, or morality as such, be it the State or society, no matter which, everything is pulled down in the nastiest manner into the filth of a depraved mentality." (MK, 43)

“孩子在家中听到的其他一切，都不会让他对周遭世界心生尊重。人性被践踏殆尽，所有制度都遭到攻击：从教师到国家元首，从宗教、道德，到国家与社会，无一例外，全都以最卑劣的方式被拖入堕落思想的泥潭。”（《我的奋斗》第43页）

Hitler’s feelings of alienation were aggravated by the fact that when his father was sober he tried to create an entirely different impression. At such times he stood very much on his dignity and prided himself on his position in the civil service.

让希特勒的疏离感愈发强烈的是，父亲清醒时又会刻意营造出完全不同的形象：时刻保持威严，为自己的公务员身份倍感自豪。

Even after he had retired from this service he always insisted on wearing his uniform when he appeared in public. He was fastidious about his appearance and strode down the village street in his most dignified manner. When he spoke to his neighbors or acquaintances he was condescending and always demanded that they use his full title when they addressed him. If one of them happened to omit a part of it, he would call attention to their omission. He carried this to the point where, so informants tell us, he became a source of amusement to the other villagers and their children. At home, he demanded that the children address him as Herr Vater instead of using one of the intimate forms or nicknames that children commonly do.

即便退休后，他在公共场合也坚持穿制服，对仪表极为讲究，以最威严的姿态走在乡村街道上。与邻居或熟人交谈时，他态度傲慢，坚持要求对方使用完整头衔称呼自己，若有人遗漏，他会刻意提醒。据知情者回忆，这种做派甚至到了让村民及其孩子当作笑料的地步。在家中，他要求孩子必须称他为“父亲大人”，禁止使用孩子间常见的亲昵称呼或昵称。

The study of childhood development tells us that the character of father is one of the major factors determining the character of the child during infancy, particularly that of a boy. In cases in which the father is a fairly well-integrated individual and presents a consistent pattern of behavior which the small boy can respect, he becomes a model which the child strives to emulate. The image the child has of his father becomes the cornerstone of his later character-structure and with its help he is able to integrate his own behavior along socially accepted lines. The importance of this first step in character development is almost a prerequisite for a stable, secure and well-integrated personality in later life. And Hitler didn’t have it.

儿童发展研究表明，父亲的性格是决定幼儿时期人格、尤其是男孩人格的关键因素之一。如果父亲人格健全、行为稳定，能让孩子心生敬佩，便会成为孩子效仿的榜样。孩子心中的父亲形象，是其日后人格结构的基石，也能帮助孩子形成符合社会规范的行为模式。这一人格发展的关键起步，几乎是成年后拥有稳定、健全、成熟人格的前提，而希特勒恰恰缺失了这一点。

Hitler’s only true childhood friend was a boy named August Kubizek and he provides the only substantial witness account of Adolf Hitler’s early years in Linz and Vienna between 1907 and 1912. Born within nine months of each other, they met in their hometown of Linz where a shared love of art and music, especially the operas of Richard Wagner, brought them together. They became firm friends to the point Hitler became resentful if Kubizek paid too much attention to anyone else. The two friends did reconnect in 1938, as Hitler, by now the most powerful man in Germany, was paying a visit to his hometown of Linz. Hitler agreed to meet up with Kubizek at a hotel lounge and reminisced for an hour.

希特勒童年唯一真正的朋友是奥古斯特·库比泽克，他也是1907至1912年间，希特勒在林茨与维也纳早年生活唯一重要的亲历见证者。两人出生仅相差九个月，在家乡林茨相识，共同热爱艺术与音乐，尤其是瓦格纳的歌剧，这份爱好让他们结为挚友。希特勒甚至会因为库比泽克与他人过于亲近而心生嫉妒。1938年，已是德国最高掌权者的希特勒回到家乡林茨，两人再度重逢，希特勒同意在酒店休息室与他会面，畅谈了一小时。

As a man, Hitler desires the role of "a faithful civil servant" who respects his position and the society he serves, and demands that all others do likewise. At such times he is the soul of dignity, propriety, sternness and justice. To the outside world he tries to appear as a pillar of society whom all should respect and obey.

成年后的希特勒，渴望扮演“尽职公务员”的角色：尊重自己的职位与所服务的社会，并要求所有人同样遵守规则。此时的他，俨然是威严、得体、严苛与正义的化身。在公众面前，他竭力塑造社会支柱的形象，要求所有人敬畏与服从。

Hitler didn’t consume alcohol, and this is in direct opposition to his father’s habit of regular drinking. Hitler's father guy is brutal, unjust and inconsiderate. He has no respect for anybody or anything. The world is all wrong and an unfit place in which to live. At such times he also plays the part of the bully and whips his wife and children who are unable to defend themselves. Even the dog comes in for his share of his sadistic display. We see this treatment from Hitler when things go wrong. He takes no responsibility and others pay.

希特勒滴酒不沾，这与父亲酗酒的习惯截然相反。在希特勒眼中，父亲残暴、不公、自私自利，不尊重任何人与任何事，认为整个世界都混乱不堪、不值得生存。清醒时的父亲是暴君，会殴打无力反抗的妻儿，甚至连狗都要遭受他的施虐行径。而当事情不顺时，希特勒也会展现出同样的一面：从不承担责任，永远让他人付出代价。

Langer believes Hitler attempted to find great men in history who could fill this ‘modeling’ need. Caesar, Napoleon and Frederick the Great are only a few of the many to whom he became attached. Though historic figures can serve important role of this kind in the life of almost every child, they are in themselves inadequate. Unless a fairly solid foundation already exists in the mind of the child these heroes never become flesh and blood people inasmuch as the relationship is one-sided and lacks reciprocation. The same is also true of the political figures with which Hitler sought to identify himself during the Vienna period.

兰格认为，希特勒试图在历史伟人中寻找能够填补榜样空缺的人物，恺撒、拿破仑、腓特烈大帝只是他崇拜的众多人物中的几位。尽管历史伟人几乎可以成为每个孩子的重要榜样，但这种榜样本身存在局限：除非孩子内心已有坚实的人格基础，否则这些英雄永远无法成为有血有肉的真实存在，因为这种关系是单向的、缺乏互动的。希特勒在维也纳时期试图效仿认同的政治人物，同样存在这一问题。

This will change Hitler’s time in the army, which give us insightful examples of Hitler's willingness to submit to the leadership of strong males who were willing to guide him and protect him. Throughout his army life there is not a shred of evidence to show that Hitler was anything but the model soldier as far as submissiveness and obedience are concerned.

这种状况在希特勒参军后发生了改变，军队经历也清晰展现出：他愿意服从那些愿意引导、保护自己的强势男性领导。在整个军旅生涯中，没有任何证据表明，希特勒在顺从与服从方面，不是一名模范士兵。

From a psychological point of view his life in the army was a kind of substitute for the home life he had always wanted but could never find, and he fulfilled his duties willingly and faithfully. He liked it so well that after he was wounded, in 1916, he wrote to his commanding officer and requested that he be called back to front duty before his leave had expired. Hitler stayed in touch with the men he served with. They were as close as he ever came to having real friends.

从心理学角度看，军队生活是希特勒一直渴望却从未拥有的家庭生活的替代品，他心甘情愿、忠诚尽责地履行职责。他对军队生活极为热爱，1916年负伤后，甚至在休假结束前就主动写信给指挥官，请求提前返回前线。希特勒与战友保持联系，这些人是他一生中最接近真正朋友的存在。