Koko Nusantara
Cantonese Jakartanupxed
I can only answer for Indonesia. And boy is it gonna be lengthly because there is a LOT of backstory to this seemingly straightforward question.
In the mid 19th century and before, most (though not all) Chinese in Indonesia were of Hakka or Hokkien stock. More specifically, they trace their ancestries to eastern Guangdong and southern Fujian cities such as Meizhou, Zhangzhou, or Quanzhou. Furthermore, most of them were Peranakan. Meaning their families had been in Indonesia for generations, were well adapted to the local environment, and probably had varying degrees of Pribumi (or European) heritage as well.

我只能代表印度尼西亚回答。他们的故事会很长，因为这个看似简单的问题背后有很多故事。
在19世纪中叶及以前，印度尼西亚的大多数（尽管不是全部）华人都是客家人或福建人。更具体地说，他们的祖先可以追溯到广东东部和福建南部的城市，如梅州、漳州或泉州。此外，他们大多数是（东南亚）土生华人。这意味着他们的家庭世代都生活在印度尼西亚，非常适应当地环境，可能他们也混有不同程度的土著（或欧洲）血统。

At the time, the Dutch colonisers implemented a racial hierarchy as part of their divide et impera strategy. For the full hierarchy and other background information, refer to my answer to:
Are there any Indonesians who want to rejoin with the Netherlands?
To put simply, the Peranakan Chinese were groomed to be a multicultural group that was adept with European, Pribumi, and Chinese cultures. The Dutch further used the Peranakan Chinese, specifically the Kapitan Cina of the Baba Bangsawan or Cabang Atas social strata to collect tax money from Chinese and Pribumi alike. Remember this as it leads to a great disdain of Chinese Indonesians amongst Pribumi that we’ll discuss further along.
By the late 19th century to the mid 20th century China was in serious ruins from successive wars. E.g. Sino-Japanese War part 1, Chinese Civil War part 1, Sino-Japanese War the sequel, Chinese Civil War the sequel, and countless more. To see more of the misfortunes China had to endure during this time, search “Century of Humiliation.”

当时，荷兰殖民者实施了种族等级制度，作为其分治策略的一部分。有关完整的层次结构和其他背景信息，请参考我对以下问题的回答:
有印度尼西亚人想重新加入荷兰吗？
简而言之，土生土长的华人（峇峇娘惹）被培养成一个擅长欧洲、原住民和中国文化的多元文化群体。
荷兰人进一步利用土生土长的华人（峇峇娘惹），特别是土生华人（峇峇娘惹）或Cabang Atas社会阶层，向华人和土著征收税款。
（译注：Baba Bangsawan或者Peranakan 基本是指一个群体——峇峇娘惹，也就是土生华人，指华人和当地东南亚土著的混血后裔，他们精通华人和当地土著文化。峇峇娘惹也可以指受到当地非华人族群文化影响而使用当地语言和文化的华人。男性称为峇峇，女性称为娘惹。1960年代以前峇峇娘惹在马来亚是土著身份（Bumiputera），但由于某些政党政治因素而被马来西亚政府归类为华人，峇峇娘惹今天在马来西亚宪法上的身份和十九世纪后期来的新客无分别，都属于华人；印尼译者不清楚，但在马来西亚华人群体中，他们好像不太认同他们为华人，还是一直叫他们为峇峇娘惹；Cabang Atas： 荷属东印度时代，荷兰人看中华人精明勤奋又熟悉当地社会的特点，加以利用，催生甲必丹阶级（Kapitan Cina），进入甲必丹阶级的华人统称为Cabang Atas。）
记住这一点，因为它导致了土著中对印尼华人的极大蔑视，我们将进一步讨论这一点。
从19世纪末到20世纪中叶，中国因连续不断的战争而成为一片废墟。例如第一次中日战争、第一次中国内战、中日战争续集、中国内战续集等等。想了解更多中国在此期间遭受的不幸，请搜索“百年耻辱”

This period of turmoil in China lead to a new mega wave of Chinese into Indonesia. At the time and even till today, this new wave of immigrants and their descendants are known as Totok or Sinkhek in Bahasa Indonesia. They are stereotyped to still speak Chinese languages, regard China as their kampung, highly value Chinese cultures, and live in more segregated communities (just compare the Peranakan Benteng Chinese community in Tangerang to the Totok Chinese community in Pantai Indah Kapuk).

这段时间中国的动荡导致了新一轮大规模的华人涌入印尼。当时，甚至直到今天，这一波新移民及其后代在印尼语中被称为Totok或Sinkhek。他们被定型为仍然说中文，把中国视为他们的传统家乡，高度重视中国文化，生活在更种族隔离的社区（可以将Tangerang的峇峇娘惹华人社区与Pantai Indah Kapuk的新客（Totok）华人社区进行比较）。
（译注：Totok或Sinkhek:新客华人是比土生华人更后期移民去的华人。）

An important detail to note with this new wave is that it brought in a lot more Chinese from different regions in China compared to the prior Zhangzhou, Quanzhou, Meizhou ancestries of the Peranakan. Such that we can construct a spectrum of most Peranakan to most Totok:
Can be really Peranakan, or also really Totok:

这股新浪潮需要注意的一个重要细节是，与之前祖籍来自漳州、泉州、梅州的相比，这些华人来自中国不同的地区。这样我们就可以构建一个从大多数峇峇娘惹华人到大多数新客华人的光谱：
以下，可能是土华，也可能是新华：
1. Southern Min Hokkien (福建閩南人)
2. Hakka (客家人)

Mostly Totok, but may also be Peranakan:

3. Southern Min Tiociu (閩南系潮州人)
4. Southern Min Hoklo (閩南系福佬)
5. Konghu/Cantonese, including Taishanese and other 粵語 speakers
6. QiongLei-Min, Hainamese & Luichownese (瓊雷閩系海南人)
7. Puxian-Min Henghua (莆仙閩系興化人)

Totok:

8. Min/Wu Samkiang, including Shanghainese (閩/吳系三江人/江南人)
9. Mandarin, Ping, Cantonese, Hakka, and Min Guangxi (官/平/粵/客系廣西人)
10. Hubei (官/客系湖北人)
11. Eastern Min Hokciu/Foochow (閩東系福州人)
12. Eastern Min Hokcia/Fuqing (閩東系福清人)
13. Santung (山東人)
14. Others （其他地区）
· Kong Koan 公館

◦ Peranakan-founded
◦ Council of Kapitan Cina
◦ A branch of the Dutch colonial government
◦ 1660

吧城公館；
土生华人-创立；
是甲必丹的委员会；
是荷兰殖民政府的一个分支；
1660年。
· Tiong Hoa Hwee Koan 中華會館

◦ Peranakan-founded
◦ Intended to unite Peranakan and Totok alike
◦ 1900

中华会馆；
土生华人-创立；
旨在团结土生华人和新客华人；
1900年。
· Kwong Shauw Hui Kuan 廣肇會館

◦ Cantonese-founded
◦ 1909

广肇会馆
广东人创建；
1909年。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


· Giok Hiong Kong Hui
◦ Hokcia-founded
◦ 1933

福清会馆；
福清人创建；
1933年。

This is where the privileged position of the Peranakan Chinese as landlords and tax collectors comes into play. Upon Indonesian independence, the Chinese (and other non-Pribumi groups like the Indo people) had a significantly higher economic position than the majority Pribumi. In the eyes of the Pribumi, the Chinese (indistinguishable between Peranakan and Totok), the Indos (even if their European ancestry wasn’t Dutch), and the Dutch colonial officials were all greedy colonisers alike.
The racial hierarchy the Dutch had put in place had to be done away with if Indonesia was to move forward. The social standing of the majority had to be elevated. But most of the tangible and intangible resources were in the hands of those that sided with the Dutch colonial government. So what did Indonesia’s founding fathers do?

这就是土生华人作为地主和税吏的特权地位发挥作用的地方。印度尼西亚独立时，华人（以及其他非土著族群，如印度人）的经济地位明显高于占人口多数的土著人。在土著人眼中，华人（无法区分土生华人和新客华人）、印度人（即使他们有欧洲血统，但不是荷兰人）和荷兰殖民官员都是贪婪的殖民者。
如果印度尼西亚要向前发展，荷兰人建立的种族等级制度就必须废除。大多数人的社会地位必须提高。但大多数有形和无形资源都掌握在支持荷兰殖民政府的人手中。那么印尼的开国元勋们都做了些什么呢？

They seized the largest Dutch, Indo, and Peranakan Chinese owned businesses and nationalised them. One such company was Kian Gwan. Formerly the largest multinational in Southeast Asia, owned by Indonesia’s very own Crazy Rich Asians: The Oei Family of Semarang. Kian Gwan was eventually converted into the state-owned agricultural, pharmaceutical, and trading company, Rajawali Nusantara Indonesia.
But at this point Indonesia began experiencing massive brain drain as many of the Dutch leaning elites, fleeing persecution, fled Indonesia. Taking with them their resources, skills, and knowledge.

To jumpstart the economy, the Pribumi political elites formed a pact with the Totok Chinese. The Totok Chinese were not in as good of a position as the Peranakan at the time as they were less adapted locally and had less time to build up their wealth after fleeing from war. That being said, many (though not all) were merchants or craftsmen that had brought their skills and knowledge from China. They were still better off than the average Pribumi at the time who may have been a simple farmer. The Totok Chinese also had little connection or leaning to the former colonial government. They were the perfect business partners for the Pribumi political elites, and titled cukong (主公).

The political elites would favour specific businesses, giving them immunity to certain laws, or helping them grow in other ways. This would grow a new class of business elites who control massive conglomerations, and get the economy rolling. Partnership between political elites and business elites is not unique to Indonesia. It was a common way for Asian countries to grow their economies post-WW2. See Chaebol in South Korea and Zaibatsu in Japan.

他们夺取了荷兰人、印度人和土生华人拥有的最大企业，并将其国有化。建源公司（Kian Gwan）就是这样一家公司。以前是东南亚最大的跨国公司，由印尼自己的亚洲巨富：三宝垄的黄氏家族（Oei）所有。Kian Gwan最终转变为国有农业、制药和贸易公司（印尼大型农业国有控股公司）。
（译注：三宝垄（印尼语：Semarang），简称垄川，为印度尼西亚爪哇岛北岸的城市，为中爪哇省的首府。人口约150万，为印度尼西亚第五大城市。三宝垄是为数众多的华人聚居的印尼城市之一。在荷兰人统治时期就是主要大港，直至今日。三宝垄的地名由来起自于郑和本名。郑和本名为“马三宝”，后因于“靖难之役”有功，故受皇帝赐姓“郑”。）
这么一搞，印尼开始经历大规模的人才外流，许多倾向荷兰的精英逃离迫害，逃离印尼。带上他们的资源、技能和知识。
为了刺激经济，土著印尼人的政治精英们与新客华人达成了一项协议。新客华人当时的处境不如土生华人，因为他们在当地的适应能力较差，逃离中国本土的战争后也没有时间积累财富。话虽如此，许多（尽管不是全部）是从中国带来技能和知识的商人或工匠。他们的生活仍然比当时的普通土著印尼人要好，普通土著印尼人通常可能只是一个简单的农民。新客华人也与前殖民地政府几乎没有联系或倾向。他们是土著印尼人政治精英的完美商业伙伴，并被称为cukong(主公)；
政治精英会支持特定的企业，使其免受某些法律的约束，或者帮助它们以其他方式发展。这将培养出一批新的商业精英，他们控制着大规模的企业集团，并推动经济发展。政治精英和商业精英之间的伙伴关系并非印尼独有。这是亚洲国家在二战后发展经济的一种常见方式。参见韩国的财阀和日本的财团。

Here are some cukong whose companies skyrocketed in growth during Soeharto’s dictatorship (New Order Era):

以下是一些在苏哈托独裁时期（新秩序时代）公司飞速发展的华人公司:
(译注：以下人名全是印尼榜上有名的华人富豪的印尼语之类的名字，译者也不懂，
例如Susilo Wonowidjojo（蔡道平）………………就不放上来了。

…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
…………………………………………
And how could we forget the most well-known of them all? Liem Sioe Liong of Indofood (right) and his beloved President Soeharto (left).

我们怎么能忘记他们中最著名的人呢？印多食品公司的Liem Sioe Liong（右）和他敬爱的苏哈托总统（左）。

So, what do all these tycoons have in common?
They are men of Fuqing.
Referring to the latter seven Totok groups on the list, their population sizes are estimated to be much smaller than the former seven. Makes sense, right? There was a smaller window of immigration for newcomers. Among them, Hokcia from Fuqing are the most sizeable. Yet, they still don’t hold a candle to the number of Teochew or Cantonese in the country. Let alone to the Hakka or Hokkien. Hokcia are a minority within a minority.
And Fuqing is but one DISTRICT in China, within the city of Fuzhou.
It’s population around 1.4 million (in 2018), compared to the South Jakarta district’s 2 million (in 2010). Contrast that with say the Hakka who came from a multitude of cities from Yongding, Meizhou, Huizhou, Heyuan, Shanwei, Shenzhen, etc.

那么，所有这些大亨都有什么共同点呢？
他们是福清人。
关于名单上的后七个新客群体，其人口规模估计要比前七个群体小得多。情理之中，对吧？毕竟新移民的入境窗口变小了。其中，来自福清的Hokcia规模最大。然而，他们仍然无法与这个国家的潮州话或广府群体相比。更别说客家人或福建人了。而福州是少数中的少数。
而福清只是中国福州市的一个地区。
它的人口约为140万（2018年），而南雅加达区的人口为200万（2010年）。相比之下，客家人来自永定、梅州、惠州、河源、汕尾、深圳等多个城市。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Now look at the Top 10 Richest Indonesians of 2020 (ancestry on the right):

现在看看2020年最富有的10名印尼人（祖籍在右边）:
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处




15. Hartono brothers (Chinese - Hokcia) 香港人
16. Widjaja family (Chinese - Hokkien) 福建人
17. Prajogo Pangestu (Chinese - Hakka) 客家人
18. Susilo Wonowidjojo (Chinese - Hokcia) 福清人
19. Sri Prakash Lohia (Indian - Delhi) 印度人
20. Anthoni Salim (Chinese - Hokcia) 福清人
21. Tahir (Chinese - Hokcia) 福清人
22. Boenjamin Setiawan (Chinese - unknown) 华人 祖籍未知
23. Chairul Tanjung (Batak - Mandailing) 印尼本地人
24. Jogi Hendra Atmadja (Chinese - unknown) 华人祖籍未知
How many of them are Chinese? 8/10 他们中有多少是华人？8成是华人。
How many of the Chinese are Hokcia? 4~6/8 有多少华人是福清人？4-6成。

Indeed, many of the wealthiest people in Indonesia are of Min descent. But more specifically - Hokcia.

事实上，印尼许多最富有的人都是闽人后裔。但更确切地说是福清人。

Disclaimer:
Not all Chinese Indonesians are elite. Most are middle class or below- you just don’t hear about them. They are the fishermen in Riau, the truck drivers in Bangka, the farmers in West Kalimantan, the warung owners in Lasem, etc.
These publications listing the wealthiest people of X country list mostly private sector conglomerates. The truly rich often have wealth too diverse and unknown to be quantified. Ever see the Queen of England or King of the Netherlands on Forbes?
The aforementioned political elites of Indonesia are often just as wealthy, if not wealthier, than those that make the Forbes listings. They are the policy makers, the corrupt officials, with major shares everywhere (including cukong-owned businesses), and able to steer the spotlight away from them and onto the cukong.
By some estimates, President Soeharto had embezzled as much as 35 billion USD over his 32 year dictatorship. The most corrupt leader in history. Why isn’t he on Forbes?

免责（错）声明:
并非所有印尼华人都是精英。大多数是中产阶级或以下——你只是没有听说过他们。他们是廖内的渔民，邦加的卡车司机，西加里曼丹的农民，拉辛的小餐馆老板等。
那些出版物上列出的各国最富有的人都是民营大公司。而真正的富人往往拥有多种多样、难以量化的未知财富。在福布斯杂志上见过英国女王或荷兰国王吗？
前面提到的印度尼西亚政治精英往往与福布斯排行榜上的人一样富有，如果不是更富有的话。他们是政策制定者，是腐败官员，在任何地方都拥有主要股份（包括主公拥有的企业），并能够将聚光灯从他们身上转移到主公身上。
据估计，苏哈托总统在他32年的独裁统治中贪污了350亿美元。历史上最腐败的领导人。他为什么不在福布斯上？

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ML Gutiérrez Chan 「陳信安」

Wow very interesting, I think this is sort of similar in a way in the Philippines too, but a few differences. In the philippines, most Chinese filipinos have overwhelmingly Hokkien descent, as in Southern Min specifically mostly Quanzhou specifically usually Jinjiang or Nan'an within Quanzhou, sometimes some from xiamen or some older families rarely from Zhangzhou, not anywhere else in Fujian so people here do not even know what is hokciu/hokchew or tiociu/teochew or even hakka. There is also a few rare people of cantonese descent here, specifically Taishanese descent or people from Macau or Canton/Guangzhou or Hong kong, but these people are rare minority of minority and those that have cantonese spelled surnames that come from Hong kong are usually also mostly Hokkien too that simply jumped from Fujian to Hong kong before moving to ph.

哇，非常有趣，我认为这在菲律宾也有点相似，但也有一些不同。在菲律宾，大多数华裔律宾人都有福建血统，祖籍在闽南，尤其是泉州，通常是泉州境内的晋江或南安，有时一些人来自厦门；或者一些来得比较早的家族来自漳州，但这群很少；福建其他地方的血统基本没有，所以这里的人甚至不知道什么是福州（hocciu/hokchew）或潮州（tiociu/teochew），甚至也不知道什么是客家人。这里也有一些罕见的广府人后裔，特别是台山人或澳门人、广州人或香港人，但这些人是少数族裔中罕见的少数，那些来自香港的广东人，通过姓氏可以看出也大多是福建人，他们只是从福建先到香港，然后才转到菲律宾。

Then, if Indonesia has Peranakan and Totok, Philippines has Sangley/Mestizo de Sangley and Lannang/Chinoy and well. In Spanish colonial times, Sangley were the colonial era Chinese who were usually middle to lower class merchants, artisans and kargadors(coolies) and later their mixed assimilated filipino descendants were known formally as Mestizo de Sangley(Chinese Mestizo), but casually as simply mestiso just like all other mestizos tho they were the more populous bunch of the demographic tho the Mestizo de Español (Spanish Mestizo) held more popular representation and status in the common mind when one thinks of Mestizos. Generations later they would all be generalized as simply mestizo filipino families, regardless if originally Chinese mestizo or spanish mestizo or both or even the rarer indian mestizo or japanese mestizo. The ones that eventually became wealthy landowners, political elites, business elites who were formerly land tenant families of haciendas(plantations), town capitans/mayors, and etc were the mestiso families. Till now, philippine politics, under the padrino/patronage system of big political families and their political dynasties, and the ones running big infrastructure conglomerate companies are all run by mestiso families or a few old pure spanish elite families. The mestiso and spanish filipino families mostly focus as political elites or landowning or infrastructure companies. Meanwhile, the modern wealthy lannang/chinoy families focus at being business elites.

然后，如果印尼有土著华人和新客华人，菲律宾对应的就是（生理人Sangley）/Mestizo de Sangley（中国混血儿：土著华人）和Lannang/Chinoy（新华人）
（译注：Sangley是西班牙语对于菲律宾华人的称呼，源自古代，西班牙人征服菲律宾听当地人叫中国人为"生理人，问中国人，中国人说他们是来做“生理”的；于是才有了这个词（Sangley），可能是方言的缘故，这个生理人就是生意人的意思。当然西班牙史学家还有另外一种说法，认为这个词是常来人和商旅人的音译。）
在西班牙殖民时代，生理人Sangley是殖民时代的中国人，他们通常是中下阶层的商人、工匠和苦力，后来他们与菲律宾混血后裔被正式称为Mestizo de Sangley（中国混血儿），但与所有其他混血儿相比，他们是人口较多的群体，因此当人们想到混血儿时，西班牙混血儿在公众心目中会拥有更受欢迎的代表性和地位。几代人之后，他们都被简单的概括为混血儿家族，无论最初是中国混血，还是西班牙混血，或者两者兼而有之，甚至是更罕见的印度混血儿以及日本混血儿。那些最终成为富有的土地所有者、政治精英、商业精英的人，他们以前是庄园（种植园）的土地租户家庭；到目前为止，在大政治家族及其政治王朝的padrino/庇护制度下，菲律宾政治，以及经营大型基础设施企业集团的公司，都是由梅斯提索家族或少数古老的纯西班牙精英家族经营的。梅斯提索和西班牙裔菲律宾人家族大多专注于政治精英、土地所有者或基础设施公司。与此同时，现代富有的新移民华人家族专注于成为商业精英。

Those of Chinese mestizo de sangley roots are usually mostly of Hokkien heritage with a few Cantonese/Taishanese heritage and maybe very rare obscure Hakka or Teochew or even Japanese heritage. The specific cities of origin are usually Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Canton (Guangzhou), Macau. They are generations mostly assimilated already tho like Peranakan so they usually just identify as nothing but filipino only, especially that the native filipino populace regards them as same as any filipino rather than being a separate people group. This is why there isn't as much racism among the filipino populace on the political front because the big oligarchic families and old elites are still regarded as filipino just like anyone even if they are more accurately usually mestiso.

那些有着中国混血血统的人通常大多是福建人，也有一些广东人/台山人的血统，可能还有非常罕见的不为人知的客家人、潮州人，甚至日本血统。具体的始发城市通常是泉州、漳州、广州、澳门。他们是已经被同化的一代，就像土生华人一样，所以他们通常只被认为是菲律宾人，特别是土生土长的菲律宾民众认为他们和任何菲律宾人一样，而不是一个独立的人群。这就是为什么菲律宾民众在政治方面没有那么多种族主义，因为大寡头家族和旧精英也仍然被视为菲律宾人，就像任何人一样，即使这些旧日精英家族更准确地说通常是梅斯蒂索人。

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Muhammad Nurhaikal
Lives in Singapore
Because the other races don't really seek wealth I guess. They're happy with a decent, comfortable life. They don't see the need to work so hard cause after all, you only life once. Let's face it the successful people are usually those who work hard and have a pretty poor work life balance. Many of them aren't close to their family due to possibly time constraints etc.

我想是因为其他种族并不真正追求财富。他们对体面舒适的生活很满意。他们不认为有必要非常努力工作，因为毕竟你只有一次生命。让我们面对现实吧，成功人士通常是那些努力工作、工作和生活平衡很差的人。由于时间限制等原因，他们中的许多人与家人不在一起。

Drews
You are a Singaporean Malay.
Is it true that Malays are discriminted and disenfranchised both in politics, education, economy so they are made very hard to climb social ladder and be rich or succesful and achieve high position?
Cause in Indonesia, many hardline Islamic clerics, also Zakir Naik siad this, that Malays in Singapore face situation like Palestinians under Israeli occupation, like Native and Blacks in USA during Jim Crow segregation era, and like Black Africans under Apartheid South Africa.
Are you being made very hard to build nosques and set up Halal restaurants?
Is it true?
This is the question from an Indonesian who wish to visit Singapore again.

你是新加坡马来人。
马来人在政治、教育和经济方面都受到歧视和剥夺权利，因此他们很难攀登社会阶梯，变得富有或成功并获得高地位，这是真的吗？
因为在印尼，许多强硬派伊斯兰神职人员，就像扎基尔·纳伊克说新加坡的马来人面临的情况就像以色列占领下的巴勒斯坦人，像美国种族隔离时期的本地人和黑人，也像南非种族隔离时期的非洲黑人。
你们想要建设清真寺和清真产餐厅是否很困难？
是真的吗？
这是一个希望再次访问新加坡的印尼人提出的问题。

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Harry Teo
Because Chinese are hard working, intelligent and right now wealthy, it is this headstart is half the Battle win already. Most natives lack capital, less hardworking. You should know the rest. Natives got no history on business but Chinese got a long long history of doing trading etc..

因为华人努力工作，聪明，而且现在很富裕，这是一个良好的开端，已经成功了一半。大多数当地人缺乏资本，更不勤劳。剩下的你应该知道了。当地人没有经商的历史，但华人有很长很长的经商历史。

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Bill Smith
Lives in Perth, Western Australia
One theory is that the Chinese were used by colonial powers as middlemen between the colonisers and the colonised populations. In a divide and conquer style the locals could direct their anger at the people they had most contact with, the middlemen. The middlemen accepted this because it put them in the middle strata of society and gave them benefits not available to the locals. The colonisers became very rich, the middlemen (almost always Chinese in south east Asia) became a bit rich and the locals found it difficult to prosper. When the colonisers left this put the Chinese middlemen in the firing line as they were viewed as collaborators who'd prospered at the expense of the indigenous population.

一种说法是华人被殖民国家用作殖民者和被殖民人口之间的中间人。在分而治之的方式下，当地人可以把愤怒发泄在他们接触的最多的人身上，即中间商。中间人接受了这一点，因为这使他们处于社会的中层，并获得了当地人所没有的好处。殖民者变得非常富有，中间商（东南亚几乎都是华人）变得比较富裕，而当地人发现他们很难繁荣。当殖民者离开时，这使华裔中间商处于风口浪尖上，因为他们被视为牺牲土著人口利益而致富的合作者。

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Dan Nguyen
Not in the case of Vietnam, the top 10 even top 20 richest people in Vietnam are all of pure Vietnamese descent. The Chinese businesses are not dominant here and will not be.

越南的情况并非如此，越南最富有的前十名甚至前二十名都是纯越南裔。华人企业在这里并不占主导地位，也不会占主导地位。

Troy Mcclure
Because out of all the Chinese purges in South East Asia, the Vietnamese government took their wealth and kicked them out the hardest. Anyway tons of Vietnamese are actually descendants of South Chinese and they have a very similar culture.

因为在东南亚的所有针对华人的清洗中，只有越南政府夺走了他们的财富，并狠狠的驱逐了他们。不管怎么说，很多越南人实际上是中国南方人的后裔，他们有着非常相似的文化。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


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Tony Dusk
Superstitious people and racist people usually sum it up to Chinese having some type of magical ancestry from being the oldest continuous civilization or they call it genetics. The truth is actually the culture that has been refined and reformed thousands of years for the sake of bettering its own people as a whole.
Sacrifice and Tenacity in the face of insurmountable odds stacked against them and finding ways to overcome them.
In my opinion, Asians in general have it harder than any other minority group in the US, the other minorities at the time thought they were white and also hated them despite how they were in the same situations as they were and the whites thought of them as trash like the rest of the minorities. The only help they had was from each other as fellow Asians. The Chinese community took lead and helped other Chinese settle down after their kids went to school to learn English and help translate, next they reached out to other Asians starting with the Vietnamese who spoke Cantonese, then the Koreans, Philippines, and even the Japanese. Why? Because America was a place to escape from conflict and strife against each other and start over again while putting the past behind us for the sake of building a better future together. Then a generation of hardwork and sacrifice later, boom the Asian Americans rise out of poverty from being dirt poor in a single generation and it all starts with education and hard work.

迷信的人和种族主义者通常总结说中国人拥有某种神奇的祖先，是最古老的连续文明，或者他们称之为遗传学。事实上，数千年来，为了改善本国人民的整体生活，中国文化一直在不断完善和改革。
面对不可克服的困难并寻找克服困难的方法时所表现出的牺牲精神和坚韧不拔的精神。
在我看来，亚洲人总体上比美国其他任何少数族裔群体都要艰难，当时的其他少数族裔认为他们是白人，也讨厌他们，尽管他们的处境与他们相同，而白人认为他们像其他少数族裔一样是垃圾。他们唯一的帮助来自同为亚洲人的彼此。华人社区带头帮助其他华人安顿下来，在他们的孩子去学校学习英语并帮助翻译后，他们开始接触其他亚洲人，首先是讲广东话的越南人，然后是韩国人、菲律宾人，甚至日本人。为什么？因为美国是一个逃避彼此冲突和争斗的地方，为了共同建设更美好的未来，我们可以放下过去，重新开始。经过一代人的努力和牺牲，亚裔美国人在一代人的时间里摆脱了贫困，这一切都始于教育和努力工作。