QA问答：在你看来，谁是历史上最悲惨的人物？
In your opinion, who is the most tragic figure in history?
译文简介
网友：这个年轻人叫李斯。那时他只是中国战国时期楚国上蔡县的一个普通市民。他发誓不做茅厕里的老鼠，而是想进入最好的粮仓，享受最好的食物。他辞去了工作，上山向大师学习法律和政治。几年后，他的学业完成了。在中国的山顶上，他向大师告别。老人忍不住问他的学生有何打算。是要为祖国服务吗？是要将其恢复到往日的辉煌吗？是要给人民带来幸福吗？
正文翻译
Jimmy
Witold Pilecki
维托尔德·皮莱茨基
Witold Pilecki
维托尔德·皮莱茨基
While maybe not THE most tragic, you'd be hard pressed to find a man as deserving of a happy ending and received anything but.
Pilecki was a cavalry officer in the Polish military, and would co-found the resistance organisation the Secret Polish Army, or TAP, after Poland's annexation in 1939. Eventually rumours of Auschwitz, the most infamous of the Nazi death camps, would reach the TAP.
也许不是最悲惨的人物之一，但你很难找到一个像他这样值得拥有一个幸福结局，却得到了完全相反待遇的人。皮莱茨基是波兰军队的骑兵军官，在波兰于1939年被吞并后，他共同创立了抵抗组织——秘密波兰军，或称TAP。最终，奥斯维辛集中营的恐怖消息传到了秘密波兰军那里。
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It was decided they needed to get an agent inside the camp, to uncover what was going on there. Pilecki volunteered. He allowed himself to be captured during a Gestapo sweep in 1940, and was sent to Auschwitz.
There he would set up a resistance movement of sorts, providing aid and care for the suffering inmates. He'd also write up reports detailing all the atrocities he'd seen.
He'd stay there, avoiding discovery and death, for TWO AND A HALF YEARS. Two and a half years in the home to the most systematic GENO.... in history. Pretty damn impressive.
He'd escape, and rejoin his comrades in the TAP. Notably participating in the Warsaw Uprising.
于是决定需要派遣一个特工深入集中营内部，揭露那里正在发生的事情。皮莱茨基自愿前往，并在1940年在一次盖世太保清洗中被捕，送往奥斯维辛。 在那里，他成立了一种抵抗运动，为受苦的囚犯提供援助和护理。他还写下了详细描述他所见过所有暴行的报告。 他在那里待了两年半，避免被发现和死亡。两年半的时间是历史上最系统的种族灭绝之地。非常令人印象深刻。他逃脱了，并重新加入了TAP的同志们。值得注意的是，他还参加了华沙起义。
There he would set up a resistance movement of sorts, providing aid and care for the suffering inmates. He'd also write up reports detailing all the atrocities he'd seen.
He'd stay there, avoiding discovery and death, for TWO AND A HALF YEARS. Two and a half years in the home to the most systematic GENO.... in history. Pretty damn impressive.
He'd escape, and rejoin his comrades in the TAP. Notably participating in the Warsaw Uprising.
于是决定需要派遣一个特工深入集中营内部，揭露那里正在发生的事情。皮莱茨基自愿前往，并在1940年在一次盖世太保清洗中被捕，送往奥斯维辛。 在那里，他成立了一种抵抗运动，为受苦的囚犯提供援助和护理。他还写下了详细描述他所见过所有暴行的报告。 他在那里待了两年半，避免被发现和死亡。两年半的时间是历史上最系统的种族灭绝之地。非常令人印象深刻。他逃脱了，并重新加入了TAP的同志们。值得注意的是，他还参加了华沙起义。
After the Soviet takeover of Poland, Pilecki remained loyal to the Polish Government-in-exile based in London. He believed his loyalty would result in his execution by the .....sts, and wrote up 'Pilecki’s Report'. This report would form the basis of the Allied understanding of the Holocaust, and if I remember correctly was referenced in the Nuremberg trials. Although I could definitely be wrong there.
在苏联接管波兰之后，皮莱茨基仍然忠于驻伦敦的波兰流亡政府。他相信自己的忠诚将会导致被共产主义者处决，因此写出了“皮莱茨基报告”。这份报告成为盟军理解大屠杀的基础，并在纽伦堡审判中被引用。虽然我可能记错了。
在苏联接管波兰之后，皮莱茨基仍然忠于驻伦敦的波兰流亡政府。他相信自己的忠诚将会导致被共产主义者处决，因此写出了“皮莱茨基报告”。这份报告成为盟军理解大屠杀的基础，并在纽伦堡审判中被引用。虽然我可能记错了。
He was arrested in 1947 by the Polish Ministry of Public Security for aiding “foreign imperialism”. He was subjected to torture and a show trial, resulting in his execution in 1948.
他在1947年被波兰公共安全部门以援助“外国帝国主义”的罪名逮捕。他遭受酷刑和一次表演审判，最终在1948年被处决。
他在1947年被波兰公共安全部门以援助“外国帝国主义”的罪名逮捕。他遭受酷刑和一次表演审判，最终在1948年被处决。
Witold Pilecki at his trial, looking like a total badass
Knowledge of Pilecki was suppressed by the .....st government until 1989, when his story began to be told.
Now there are streets, monuments and institutions in Poland named after him. He's included amongst the busts of great Poles in Jordan Park, alongside those such as Marie Curie. He was awarded the Order of the White Eagle in 2006, the highest Polish award. He was also post humously promoted to Colonel in 2013.
维托尔德 皮莱茨基在受审时看起来像个十足的坏蛋
皮莱茨基的消息被共产主义政府压制直到1989年才开始传播。现在，波兰有街道、纪念碑和机构以他的名字命名。他与玛丽·居里等人一起被列入乔丹公园伟大波兰人的半身像中。2006年，他获得了波兰最高荣誉——白鹰勋章。2013年，他被追授上校军衔。
Pilecki was one of the most heroic and courageous men in history, described by Poland's chief Rabbi as “of blessed memory", and was paid back for his courage with a bullet to the head.
Like I said before, maybe he wasn't the most tragic figure in history. But he still deserved a whole lot better then he got.
Rest in peace Pilecki, you will not be forgotten.
皮莱茨基是历史上最英勇、最勇敢的人物之一，被波兰首席拉比描述为“受祝福的记忆”，但他的勇气却用一颗子弹回报。就像我之前说过的，也许他不是历史上最悲惨的人物之一。但他仍然应该得到更好的待遇。 安息吧，皮莱茨基，你不会被遗忘。
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Like I said before, maybe he wasn't the most tragic figure in history. But he still deserved a whole lot better then he got.
Rest in peace Pilecki, you will not be forgotten.
皮莱茨基是历史上最英勇、最勇敢的人物之一，被波兰首席拉比描述为“受祝福的记忆”，但他的勇气却用一颗子弹回报。就像我之前说过的，也许他不是历史上最悲惨的人物之一。但他仍然应该得到更好的待遇。 安息吧，皮莱茨基，你不会被遗忘。
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My father’s godfather, a close family friend when I was growing up, was one of the many Poles (and another former cavalry officer) who reluctantly chose exile rather than returning home to be executed or sent into the Gulag prison system.
Sadly, many Poles serving alongside the western Allies actually committed suicide when they heard their country had been freed from Nazi Germany only to be conquered by the USSR.
There have been so many heroes who met tragic ends or who were forced to live in exile, but Witold Pilecki has to be one of the greatest and most tragic.
我父亲的教父，我在成长过程中的密切家庭朋友，是众多波兰人之一（另一个前骑兵军官），他不情愿地选择流亡，而不是回国被处决或被送进古拉格监狱系统。 可悲的是，许多在西方盟军旁边服役的波兰人在听说自己的国家从纳粹德国解放后，却被苏联征服时选择自杀。 有这么多英雄遭遇悲剧结局，或被迫流亡，但维托尔德·皮莱茨基无疑是其中最伟大、最悲剧的人物之一。
Some of my Ukrainian relatives fled after the war, because being “liberated” was not going to be an improvement. They were actually denied entry to the US because someone was sick, but Australia admitted them. How much the eastern front was a no-win situation for the countries between Germany and the USSR is something that gets buried very deep in American histories of the war.
我的一些乌克兰亲戚在战后逃离了国家，因为“解放”并不会带来改善。他们实际上被美国拒绝入境，因为有人生病，但澳大利亚接纳了他们。关于东线战场对于德国和苏联之间的国家来说是一个无法取胜的局面，在美国对战争的历史中几乎没有被提及。
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This guy truly was a hero. The word is being overused and inflated, but if we go back to the original meaning of the word, a person who truly did exceptional deeds at great personal risk to themselves, this guy meets all the criteria.
这个人真的是一位英雄。虽然“英雄”这个词被滥用和夸大，但如果我们回到这个词最原始的意义上，一个真正以巨大个人风险为代价做出非凡事迹的人，他符合所有的标准。
See, this is one of the reasons I love Quora. I’ve read so much about different aspects of WW2, heard multiple first hand stories from survivors, watched countless movies and I have never been exposed to this HERO or the affect that USSR had on European countries not in their fold, during liberation. This is so important to be known, thanks so much for your answer!
看，这就是我喜欢Quora的原因之一。我读了很多关于二战不同方面的资料，听过许多幸存者的第一手故事，观看了无数电影，但我从未接触过这位英雄或苏联在解放期间对欧洲非加盟国家的影响。这个认识非常重要，非常感谢你的回答！
I’d say it was Empress Elisabeth “Sisi” of Austria
我想说这是奥地利伊丽莎白皇后“茜茜公主”
She was never meant to be queen and never wanted to be, her sister was meant to be but Emperor Franz Joseph, who was 23 at the time, saw the 15 year old Sisi and demanded to marry her or no one. So she was sent away to be married to a man she didn’t love who lived in a world unlike her own to the point where simple things like staircases would give her awful panic attacks. Her Aunt and Mother in law, Princess Sophie of Bavaria, proceeded to torment her for years afterwards, she took Sisi’s first daughter, and named and christened her without her input or knowledge and didn’t let her take care of any of her children.
她从未打算成为皇后，也从未想过要成为皇后，她的姐姐原本被选定为皇后，但当时年仅23岁的弗朗茨·约瑟夫皇帝看见了15岁的茜茜，并坚决要求娶她，否则就不娶别人。于是她被送到了远离自己世界的地方嫁给了一个她不爱的男人，甚至简单的事情，比如楼梯，都会让她产生可怕的恐慌。她的姑母和婆婆，巴伐利亚的索菲公主，在之后的几年里折磨着她，她夺走了茜茜的第一个女儿，并在没有征求她的意见或知情的情况下为她取名和施洗，也不让她照顾任何一个孩子。
除此之外，宫廷里的每个人都因为她还没有生下男性继承人而憎恨她。有一次，她甚至收到了一本讥讽她没有生儿子而被认为无用的小册子。她还因为请求丈夫对待意大利和匈牙利的臣民时显得过于干预政治而备受憎恨。她是唯一一位将匈牙利人当作人类对待的皇室成员，甚至学习了匈牙利语，这让她更加被奥地利贵族所憎恨。她本已不太好的精神健康因为第一个女儿死于伤寒而进一步恶化，她陷入了深深的抑郁中，远离了所有人，包括她活着的女儿，这摧毁了她们之间的关系。
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她开始关注自己的外貌，她的美丽也是她不幸生活的原因。她极度患有厌食症和暴食症，此外，她还穿着从法国进口的束腰紧身胸衣，腰围只有16英寸。她留着及踝长的头发，每天需要花两个小时来造型，这给她带来可怕的头痛。
她写诗表达自己的漫游情结，并对精神病患者的待遇有着特殊的关注，也许是因为她自己的经历。她最终生下一个儿子，但再次被剥夺了抚养他的权力，之后不久她感染了结核病，而她的丈夫开始了一段外遇。但这一次，她积极与丈夫和婆婆争夺对儿子教育的控制权。
她生下了第四个孩子玛丽，成功地使匈牙利获得与奥地利平等的地位。茜茜终于有机会抚养她的第四个也是最后一个孩子，她婆婆索菲在宫廷和茜茜孩子们生活中的影响迅速消失，不久之后她去世。茜茜决定开始旅行，对骑马运动和购物产生了浓厚的兴趣。事情对她来说真的开始好转了，直到她唯一的儿子鲁道夫去世，可能是一起谋杀自杀案。在短短几年内，她不得不面对姐姐、父母、儿子和最亲密的朋友的死亡。她余生只穿黑色。她继续旅行作为逃避现实的方式。最终，她被原本计划谋杀另一位皇室成员的无政府主义者谋杀。
我看到其他人提到弗朗茨·约瑟夫，她的丈夫，作为这个问题的答案，但他是唯一导致她不幸的人。如果他没有坚决要求娶她，她本可以在巴伐利亚幸福地度过一生，因为当初就是这样计划的。我对这个男人毫无同情之心，他娶了一个年幼的孩子，并将她注定过上悲惨而痛苦的生活。正是她的美丽给她的生活带来了悲剧。
When I study this man, I don’t think him tragic simply because he was publicly bisected as punishment. He is tragic because I see in him many of our own flaws.
Many of us who just want better lives.
当我研究这个人的时候，我并不认为他之所以悲剧是因为他被公开腰斩作为惩罚。他之所以悲剧，是因为我在他身上看到了我们自己的许多缺点。
我们中的许多人只是想过上更好的生活。
Just like a modern day millennial fed up at his dead-end job, the young man felt really hopeless. He was a lowly paid clerk in a small cramped office. It was located in a small town in an ancient state plagued by war and strife, two thousand years ago.
就像一个对自己一无所成的工作感到厌倦的现代千禧一代，这个年轻人感到非常绝望。他是一个低薪职员，在一个小小的拥挤办公室里工作。那个办公室位于中国两千年前战乱频发的一个古老国家的一个小镇上。
他看到办公室的茅厕里瘦弱的营养不良的老鼠正在享用人的排泄物。当狗走过时，它们吱吱地叫着逃走。相比之下，皇家粮仓里的老鼠在最好的小麦和谷物上长得肥胖，即使有人试图赶走它们也毫不在意。
The young man’s name was Li Si 李斯. At that time he was but an ordinary citizen of Shangcai county in the state of Chu in the Warring States era of China. He vowed not be a latrine rat, but instead wanted to be placed in the finest granaries with the best food to choose from. He quit his job, and went up the mountains to study law and politics from the Master.
这个年轻人叫李斯。那时他只是中国战国时期楚国上蔡县的一个普通市民。他发誓不做茅厕里的老鼠，而是想进入最好的粮仓，享受最好的食物。他辞去了工作，上山向大师学习法律和政治。几年后，他的学业完成了。在中国的山顶上，他向大师告别。老人忍不住问他的学生有何打算。是要为祖国服务吗？是要将其恢复到往日的辉煌吗？是要给人民带来幸福吗？
Li Si replied, “There is no humiliation or tragedy worse than poverty. Those who are poor but wax philosophically about their disdain of wealth are but the greatest fools.” (诟莫大于卑贱， 而悲莫甚于穷困。久处卑贱之位，困苦之地， 非世而恶利，自托于无为- 此非士之情也）
Saying that, he went down the slopes into the fog ahead.
李斯回答道：“没有比贫穷更羞辱和悲惨的了。那些贫穷却对财富嗤之以鼻的人只是最大的愚人。”“为家乡国家服务既不能带来财富也不能带来荣耀。我将去西方，为敌国秦王效力。我的才能在那里会得到更好的发挥。”说完，他走下山坡，消失在前方的雾中。
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While Qin Shihuang unified China’s territory, Li Si united its people.
He created a whole new Chinese scxt, for each state had their own form of writing.
He created a new system of measurement.
他所服务的国王最终统一了中国，成为了中国的第一位皇帝，著名的秦始皇。李斯逐渐升至丞相的职位。
当秦始皇统一中国领土时，李斯统一了中国人民。
他创造了全新的汉字，因为每个国家都有自己的文字形式。
他创立了新的度量衡系统。
But he was rich and influential beyond his dreams.
One day he held a splendid banquet that drew aristocrats from all around the country. Their intricately adorned carriages lined the alleys around his mansion, a grand sight admired by many.
在职业晋升的过程中，他出卖了一位曾经的同学，导致其被处死。
但是他富有而有影响力，远超过了他的梦想。
有一天，他举办了一场盛大的宴会，吸引了全国各地的贵族。他们装饰精美的马车排列在府邸周围的小巷里，给许多人留下了深刻的印象。
Li Si could have resigned at the peak of his power, but things took a darker turn.
在庆祝活动中，李斯环顾四周，感叹道：“我的师傅一直警告我不要过度奢华。看着我周围的极致辉煌，似乎唯一的出路就是衰落。谁知道我会在哪里死！”李斯本可以在权力的巅峰辞职，但事情却发生了转折。
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Yet, by then, Li Si was no longer a strong and sharp youngster, but old and weaker-willed. Zhao Gao had a honeyed tongue:
“ My Lord, Fu Su will have you replaced when he ascends the throne! You will not retire in peace”
当秦始皇去世时，太监赵高建议李斯伪造皇帝的诏书。这个阴谋是让皇帝长子扶苏被最年轻的胡亥取代。这是一个叛国的阴谋，而阻止这件事发生的一切都在李斯的手中。
然而，那时的李斯已不再是一个坚强和锐利的年轻人，而是一个老去和意志薄弱的人。赵高口若悬河地说道：
“丞相，扶苏登基后会将您撤职！您将无法安享晚年。”
After a long period of deliberation, Li Si lamented, “Sigh! I had no choice but to be born in a turbulent world!” So be it, he said, he went ahead with the forgery.
Fu Su was ordered to commit suicide, and along with him his allies. Hu Hai was appointed as successor.
“丞相，不要对‘道德’如此死板。最明智的圣人知道如何灵活应变，与时俱进。”
经过长时间的思考，李斯叹息道：“唉！我生在一个动荡的世界中毫无选择！”他说，他决定继续伪造诏书。
扶苏被命令自杀，与他的盟友一同。胡亥被任命为继任者。
新皇帝是个挥霍无度的人。他修建大型宫殿，整天沉湎于狂欢。人民被重税压迫，严厉的惩罚广泛实施。担心被揭露，胡亥残忍地处决了剩下的兄弟姐妹及其家人。
李斯本人也因试图说服皇帝改过自新而逐渐被胡亥疏远。为了自己的安全起见，李斯感到别无选择，只能践踏自己的尊严。然后，他写了一封长篇的信，鼓励胡亥享受生活，向人民征税，并实施残酷的惩罚。胡亥看了这封信，笑个不停。
The former Prime Minister of the Qin Dynasty was sentenced to be cut in half in front of a gawking public audience. So too were all his family members.
Before their execution, Li Si turned to his son and lamented that he’d give anything to be hunting wild rabbits back in their hometown. Having said that, father and son hugged each other and wept, but it was too late.
然而一切都没有用了。那时，李斯只是赵高手中的一个棋子，赵高不断在他和胡亥之间播下不和谐的种子。后来，胡亥和赵高密谋以虚假指控处决李斯和他的家族。当然，在牢房里经历了一段时间的折磨后。
秦朝的前丞相被判在公众面前被腰斩。他的家人也是如此。
尽管他拥有所有的财富和权力，但他再也买不到那些无忧无虑的青年时代了。
与此同时，由于人们对苛刻的法律和沉重的税收感到厌倦，中国各地爆发了一系列叛乱。最终导致了秦帝国的灭亡，而李斯曾费尽心力帮助建立该帝国。虽然许多人可能将伪造诏书视为转折点，但我认为这一切都是注定的。李斯从一开始就不是一个正直的人，他注定道德上的失败。