When it comes to the core pillars of strategic nuclear deterrence, intercontinental ballistic missiles definitely occupy the top spot. Intercontinental ballistic missiles are so powerful that no weapon can match them, but they are extremely vulnerable before launch. In this case, its transportation and launch methods have become the primary factor that determines its battlefield survivability. So, what kind of launch method is suitable for these "nuclear behemoths"?

谈到战略核威慑的核心支柱，洲际弹道导弹无疑占据了首位。洲际弹道导弹威力巨大，任何武器都无法与之匹敌，但在发射前极为脆弱。在这种情况下，其运输和发射方式成为决定其战场生存能力的首要因素。那么，什么样的发射方式适合这些“核巨兽”呢?

The development of ballistic missile weapons has a history of more than half a century. During this period, many methods of missile transportation and launch have been derived, but the most popular one in the world is definitely the road mobile transport and launch mode. Simply put, ballistic missiles using this launch method will be installed on a transport erect launch vehicle. They can be launched directly from the vehicle without being installed on the missile launcher. It is the most convenient and cost-effective ballistic missile. Launch method.

弹道导弹武器的发展已有半个多世纪的历史。在这一时期，衍生出了许多导弹运输和发射方式，但世界上最流行的无疑是公路机动运输和发射方式。简单地说，使用这种发射方法的弹道导弹将被安装在运输直立运载火箭上。它们可以直接从车辆上发射而不安装在导弹发射装置上。它是最方便、最经济的弹道导弹发射方式。

Once a war breaks out, each missile launch vehicle can quickly leave the bunker, maneuver quickly through the extensive road network, and launch missiles into the air at unexpected places for the enemy, thereby avoiding being locked by enemy reconnaissance equipment and being decapitated. The relatively low price makes it the first choice for ballistic missile transportation and launch.

一旦战争爆发，每辆导弹发射车都能迅速离开掩体，快速机动通过广阔的路网，在敌方意想不到的地方向空中发射导弹，从而避免被敌方侦察设备锁定而被斩首。相对低廉的价格使其成为弹道导弹运输和发射的首选。

Currently, many ballistic missiles including China's Dongfeng-31, Russia's Topol-M and India's Agni-5 missiles all use this launch method. It can be said that this launch method can be used for everything from intercontinental ballistic missiles to tactical ballistic missiles, which shows its good versatility.

目前，包括中国的东风-31、俄罗斯的白杨- m和印度的烈火-5导弹在内的许多弹道导弹都使用这种发射方式。可以说，这种发射方式从洲际弹道导弹到战术弹道导弹都可以使用，可见其良好的通用性。

However, this approach also has limitations. First of all, the flexibility of this launch method relies on the highway network extending in all directions. Once a war breaks out and the highway is blocked by a large number of civilian vehicles, it may affect the deployment speed of missile launch vehicles. Secondly, the size and load-bearing capacity of the missile launch vehicle are limited. Therefore, under the constraints of the transportation platform, some modifications and sacrifices need to be made to the performance and structure of the missile.

然而，这种方法也有局限性。首先，这种发射方式的灵活性依赖于公路网的四通八达。一旦战争爆发，高速公路被大量民用车辆堵塞，可能会影响导弹发射车辆的部署速度。其次，导弹运载火箭的体积和承载能力受到限制。因此，在运输平台的约束下，需要对导弹的性能和结构进行一定的修改和牺牲。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Any form of motorized transport is subject to failure and is still less reliable than traditional fixed launchers. However, after comprehensive consideration, this transportation and launch method is still the most cost-effective. At least, a lot of money can be saved in building missile launch facilities.

任何形式的机动运输都容易发生故障，而且仍然不如传统的固定发射装置可靠。但是，综合考虑，这种运输和发射方式仍然是最具成本效益的。至少，建造导弹发射设施可以节省很多钱。

Since the launch of the first intercontinental ballistic missile in human history, the Soviet unx's R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile, ground-based fixed launchers have been accompanying the technological growth and development of ballistic missiles. In the early days of ballistic missile development, most of these fixed launchers were large missile launchers exposed on the ground, and came with a large number of command and auxiliary buildings and facilities, just like a small space shuttle launch site.

自人类历史上第一枚洲际弹道导弹——苏联的R-7洲际弹道导弹发射以来，陆基固定发射装置一直伴随着弹道导弹的技术成长和发展。在弹道导弹发展的早期，这些固定发射装置大多是暴露在地面上的大型导弹发射装置，并附带大量的指挥和辅助建筑和设施，就像一个小型航天飞机发射场。

This also directly leads to two problems: the ballistic missile launch site exposed on the ground looks too big in the sky and is easily discovered by the enemy. It is easy to be decapitated by the enemy at the beginning of the war. It is a problem for the battlefield survivability of the missile. Huge impact; and the second problem is more realistic: it is too expensive to build a ballistic missile launch site.

这也直接导致两个问题:地面暴露的弹道导弹发射场在天空中看起来太大，容易被敌人发现。战争一开始就很容易被敌人干掉。对导弹的战场生存性是一个巨大的影响；第二个问题更为现实:建造一个弹道导弹发射场太昂贵了。

A big reason why the R-7 ballistic missile has only been in service for less than ten years is that the construction cost of its launch site is too high. Public information shows that each time a launch site for R-7 ballistic missiles was built, 5% of the Soviet defense budget was spent . In desperation, the cash-strapped Soviet unx naturally chose new missiles that were more advanced and more cost-effective to replace them.

R-7弹道导弹之所以仅服役不到十年的一个重要原因是，其发射场的建设成本过高。公开资料显示，每建造一次R-7弹道导弹的发射场，就要花费苏联国防预算的5%。在经费捉襟见肘的情况下，自然而然地，苏联选择了更先进、性价比更高的新型导弹来替代它们。

Over time, an alternative to ground-based ballistic missile launch sites emerged, which was to build missile launch facilities underground, use a heavy cement concrete launch silo to accommodate the missiles, and build underground command facilities nearby. Although this will cost a lot of money, it is still much cheaper than building a ground missile launch site.

随着时间的推移，出现了一种替代地面弹道导弹发射场的方案，即在地下建造导弹发射设施，使用重型水泥混凝土发射井容纳导弹，并在附近建造地下指挥设施。虽然这将花费很多钱，但它仍然比建造地面导弹发射场便宜得多。

In addition, the thick armor and concrete can also prevent the missile from being decapitated by the enemy, ensure our own nuclear counterattack force, and be able to quickly carry out nuclear counterattack against the enemy after the outbreak of nuclear war. Therefore, to this day, the United States' Minuteman-3 intercontinental ballistic missiles still use underground silos as a launch method, and Russia also retains many missile silos to allow intercontinental ballistic missiles to perform combat readiness duties.

此外，厚重的装甲和混凝土还可以防止导弹被敌人斩首，保证我方自身的核反击力量，能够在核战争爆发后迅速对敌人进行核反击。因此，直到今天，美国的民兵-3洲际弹道导弹仍然使用地下发射井作为发射方式，俄罗斯也保留了许多导弹发射井，以允许洲际弹道导弹执行战备职责。

It can be said that although this method is old-fashioned and rigid, and it is easy to be detected by the enemy in advance, its high reliability and unparalleled anti-strike capability are enough to keep this old and strong launch mechanism alive in the new era. .

可以说，这种方法虽然陈旧僵化，容易被敌人提前发现，但其高可靠性和无与伦比的反打击能力足以使这种古老而坚固的发射机构在新时代保持活力。

Although building fixed launch facilities for ballistic missiles is expensive, it is not that expensive compared to ballistic missile nuclear submarines. As the most expensive ballistic missile launch platform in the world, ballistic missile nuclear submarines can be said to be the backbone of the maritime strategic nuclear deterrence of most nuclear-armed countries, and those countries that do not have ballistic missile nuclear submarines are also trying their best to catch up in this field. It can be seen that its importance.

虽然建造弹道导弹固定发射设施很昂贵，但与弹道导弹核潜艇相比，并不那么昂贵。作为世界上最昂贵的弹道导弹发射平台，弹道导弹核潜艇可以说是大多数拥核国家海上战略核威慑的中坚力量，而那些没有弹道导弹核潜艇的国家也在这一领域奋力追赶。可见其重要性。

Compared with the first two launching methods, nuclear submarines have the strongest concealment, and their deterrence capabilities are also the most terrifying - these nuclear black fish can sneak around in various oceans, and once a war breaks out, they can quickly surface and launch multiple missiles. A nuclear strike, and you can't even effectively detect and destroy it first.

与前两种发射方式相比，核潜艇的隐蔽性最强，威慑能力也是最可怕的——这些核黑鱼可以在各个海洋中鬼鬼祟祟地游荡，一旦战争爆发，它们可以迅速浮出水面，发射多枚导弹进行核打击，你甚至无法有效地发现并首先摧毁它。

The Russian Navy has fallen to this level, and it is gritting its teeth and insisting on sticking to its ballistic missile submarine force, because this is the pillar of Russia's nuclear deterrence against the United States.

俄罗斯海军都已经下降到这个水平了，还咬着牙坚守自己的弹道导弹潜艇部队，因为这是俄罗斯对美核威慑的支柱。

Of course, ballistic missile nuclear submarines are currently only a "patent" for a few countries, because the development of a ballistic missile nuclear submarine and its supporting submarine-launched ballistic missiles requires a large amount of funding and technological support, which ordinary countries simply cannot afford.

当然，弹道导弹核潜艇目前只是少数国家的“专利”，因为发展弹道导弹核潜艇及其配套的潜射弹道导弹需要大量的资金和技术支持，这是普通国家根本负担不起的。

At present, only the United States, China, Russia, France and the United Kingdom have true ballistic missile nuclear submarines. As for India's much-hyped Arihant, they still have to find a way to use the K-15 with a "short leg" range of only 750 kilometers. Let's replace the missiles.

目前，只有美国、中国、俄罗斯、法国和英国拥有真正的弹道导弹核潜艇。至于印度大肆宣传的歼敌者号，他们还是想办法更换只有750公里的“短腿”K-15吧。

In addition to the above ballistic missile launch mechanisms, there is another ballistic missile launch method that once shocked the East and the West but is no longer used today - railway mobile launch. This launch mechanism relies on a specially designed ballistic missile launch train. This train looks almost the same as an ordinary train in appearance, but it integrates a ballistic missile erected launcher, command vehicle, communication vehicle and logistics maintenance vehicle inside. , generally one train can carry 3 intercontinental ballistic missiles.

除了上述弹道导弹发射机制外，还有一种曾经震惊东西方但如今已不再使用的弹道导弹发射方式——铁路机动发射。这种发射机制依靠一种特殊设计的弹道导弹发射列车。该列车从外观上看与普通列车没有什么区别，但内部集成了弹道导弹架设发射架、指挥车、通讯车、后勤维修车等。一般一列火车可以携带3枚洲际弹道导弹。

From a certain perspective, this is the most powerful way to launch land-based ballistic missiles - the missile launch vehicle can fly along the iron pole at a speed of 200 kilometers per hour. Spy satellites can hardly lock it in real time. If you want to intercept it on the ground, it will be more difficult. It's very difficult . Therefore, when the Soviet unx put it into active use, it shocked the entire Western world and even got the nickname "Hell Train", which shows its strong deterrent power.

从某种角度来看，这是发射陆基弹道导弹最有力的方式——导弹运载火箭可以沿着铁杆以每小时200公里的速度飞奔。间谍卫星很难实时锁定它。如果你想在地面上拦截更是非常困难。因此，苏联当年将其投入使用时，震惊了整个西方世界，甚至获得了“地狱列车”的绰号，可见其强大的威慑力量。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


But while the way rail maneuvers allow for great flexibility, it's not perfect. First of all, this method is only suitable for countries with great strategic depth and developed railway networks, such as Russia, China, the United States, etc.

但是，尽管铁路机动的方式具有很大的灵活性，但它并不完美。首先，这种方法只适用于战略纵深和铁路网发达的国家，如俄罗斯、中国、美国等。

In addition, this hell train travels between regions almost year-round, and its maintenance costs far exceed that of a road-mobile missile transport vehicle. Therefore, after the end of the Cold War, no country chose to put rail-mobile launched ballistic missiles back into active use.

此外，这种地狱列车几乎全年在地区之间行驶，其维护费用远远超过公路机动导弹运输车。因此，冷战结束后，没有一个国家选择重新使用铁路机动发射弹道导弹。

It is worth mentioning that Russian strategic missile expert Vladimir Yevseyer publicly stated that Russia has actually secretly developed the next-generation "Barguzin" rail-mobile ballistic missile system. As long as the military deems it necessary, it will It will be put into active use within 3-5 years. This news is also widely regarded by the outside world as the resurrection of Hell Train and a signal to restart the nuclear arms race between the United States and Russia.

值得一提的是，俄罗斯战略导弹专家弗拉基米尔·耶夫西耶公开表示，俄罗斯实际上已经秘密研制了下一代“巴尔古津”铁路机动弹道导弹系统。只要军方认为有必要，它将在3-5年内投入使用。这一消息也被外界普遍认为是“地狱列车”复活，是美俄重启核军备竞赛的信号。

There are many ways to launch ballistic missiles, but each country has its own national conditions. It is most reliable to choose the most suitable launch mechanism based on the actual situation. For example, Russia, which combines mobile launches with underground facilities, sticks to underground launches. The United States, the United Kingdom and France, which have chosen sea-based launches, are among others.

弹道导弹的发射方式有很多，但每个国家都有自己的国情。根据实际情况选择最合适的发射机构是最可靠的。例如，将移动发射与地下设施相结合的俄罗斯，坚持地下发射的美国，选择海基发射的英国和法国等等。
原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处


Although these ballistic missiles are the core of nuclear deterrence, no one wants to see the day when these missiles are actually launched into the airspace of an enemy country. As Eisenhower said: "A nuclear weapon is most powerful when it is still on the missile launcher."

尽管这些弹道导弹是核威慑的核心，但没有人希望看到这些导弹真正发射到敌国领空的那一天。正如艾森豪威尔所说:“当核武器还在导弹发射装置上时，它的威力才是最大的。”

原创翻译：龙腾网 https://www.ltaaa.cn 转载请注明出处