Cancer screenings: Here are 5 types and critical information to know about each
Manhattan internal medicine specialist breaks down recommendations — and shares why it's key to find disease in early stages

癌症筛查：每个人都需要知道的5种关键信息
曼哈顿内科专家分别提出了建议，并分享了为什么在早期发现疾病是关键


With more than 1.9 million new cancer cases expected to be diagnosed in the U.S. in 2023, according to the American Cancer Society (ACS), screenings are critical to detect the disease in its early stages before symptoms appear, when the odds of successful treatment are higher.

根据美国癌症协会 （ACS） 的数据， 2023 年，超过 190 万例新发癌症病例在美国被发现，在症状出现之前的早期阶段，通过筛查发现疾病很关键，因为此时成功治疗的几率更高。

With different screening methods used for various types of cancer, some people may be confused about which doctors to see.

由于对不同种类的癌症有不同的筛查方法，有些人可能困惑该去看哪些医生。

Dr. Paunel Vukasinov, a board-certified internal medicine specialist and medical director at Medical Offices of Manhattan in New York City, shared his insights and recommendations for annual cancer screenings.

Paunel Vukasinov博士是一名委员会认证的内科专家，也是纽约市曼哈顿医疗办公室的医务主任，他分享了他对每年癌症筛查的见解和建议。
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MORE YOUNGER PEOPLE ARE RECEIVING CANCER DIAGNOSES, STUDY FINDS — ESPECIALLY THIS TYPE
"A routine cancer screening is a test to find out if someone has cancer before there are any signs or symptoms," he told Fox News Digital.

他告诉福克斯新闻数字频道，“常规癌症筛查常用于，在出现任何症状迹象之前，找出某人是否患有癌症，”


Screening recommendations are provided by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), an independent group of volunteer disease prevention experts.

美国预防服务工作队（USPSTF）提供筛查建议，这是一个疾病预防专家志愿者组成的独立小组。
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"Using an evidence-based approach, they provide guidance about how often different groups of people would benefit from cancer screenings," Vukasinov said.

Vukasinov说：“用基于证据的方法，他们提供不同人群受益于癌症筛查的筛查频率指导。”

Breast cancer screenings

乳腺癌筛查

About 13% (about one in eight) of U.S. women will develop invasive breast cancer sometime in their lifetime, according to BreastCancer.org.

据BreastCancer.org信息，大约14%的美国妇女可能在她们生命中的某一时间患上乳腺癌。

The USPSTF now recommends that women begin talking to their primary health care providers about breast cancer screenings at age 40.

美国预防服务工作队（USPSTF）现在建议，女人40岁以后，在考虑她们基本健康保健时包括乳腺癌筛查。

MISSING MAMMOGRAMS: OVER 20% OF WOMEN DON’T FOLLOW BREAST CANCER SCREENING GUIDELINES, STUDY SAYS

乳房X光检查缺失：研究表明，超过20%的女性不遵循乳腺癌筛查指南


This change was announced in May 2023, when the recommended age was reduced from 50 to 40.

这一变化在2023年5月宣布，建议年龄从50岁降低到40岁。

A mammogram (breast X-ray) is typically recommended every two years beginning at age 40, but this can be sooner for women with an increased risk of breast cancer, including the following groups, according to Vukasinov:
·Those with a personal or family history of breast diseases or breast or ovarian cancer
·Women who started menstruation before age 12
·Women with a known genetic mutation
·Those who have been exposed to radiation exposure
·Women with certain drug exposures and hormone therapies

根据 Vukasinov所说，乳房X光检查（胸部X光）通常建议从40岁起每两年一次，但是对乳腺癌高风险人群应该更频繁些，高风险人群包括以下几类：
·那些个人或者家族有乳腺疾病以及乳腺或卵巢癌症病史的人群
·12岁前开始来月经的女人
·已知基因突变的女人
·经历辐射的人
·接触了某些药物和激素治疗的女人

In addition to mammograms, MRI scans of the breast are sometimes used, but medical imaging is not the only form of breast cancer screening.

除了乳房X光检查，有时也用核磁共振对乳腺检查，但是医学影像不是仅有的乳腺癌筛查方式。

"Breast self-exams are one of the simplest forms of cancer screening. It’s important to be aware of what ‘normal’ means and feels like for your own body, and to consult a doctor when something doesn’t seem right," said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov说：“乳房自我检查是一个简单癌症筛查的方式，感觉你自己的身体，重要的是知道什么是正常的，发现好像有些不对时咨询医生。”
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Although the American Cancer Society doesn’t recommend regular clinical breast exams or breast self-exams as part of routine breast cancer screening, the organization notes on its website that "women should be familiar with how their breasts normally look and feel and should report any changes to a health care provider right away."

尽管美国癌症协会不建议将定期临床乳房检查或乳房自我检查作为常规乳腺癌筛查的一部分，但该组织在其网站上指出，“女性应该熟悉乳房的正常外观和感觉，如果发现任何变化，应立即向医疗服务人员报告。

Cervical cancer screenings

宫颈癌筛查

Each year in the U.S., there are about 11,500 new cases of cervical cancer, which takes the lives of 4,000 women, per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

根据疾病控制与预防中心（CDC）数据，美国每年有11500宫颈癌新病例，带走4000女人的生命。

Not only is it possible to discover cervical cancer early using routine cancer screenings, but it can be found before it starts while it’s still in the "precancerous" stage, noted Vukasinov.

Vukasinov提示，常规癌症筛查不仅可能早发现宫颈癌，还可能在癌变前的阶段，癌症没有开始的时候就有发现。


Cervical cancer screenings are performed via a Pap test, also commonly called a Pap smear.

宫颈癌筛查通过巴氏检测进行，通常也称为巴氏涂片。

During this test, the practitioner scrapes the cervix to collect cell samples, which are then sent to a lab to check for any abnormalities that could indicate cancerous or precancerous cells.

检验期间，专业人员在宫颈口收集细胞样本，然后送进实验室检查是否有异常可以显示出癌或癌前细胞。

"These routine tests are often performed by an OB/GYN, but many doctors’ offices and clinics can also perform them," Vukasinov said.

Vukasinov说：“这些常规检测通常由妇产科进行，但许多医生办公室和诊所也可以进行。”

Cervical cancer screenings usually begin at age 21 and continue until around age 65 for most women, the doctor noted.

这个医生指出，通常从21岁到65岁左右的大部分女性都可以做宫颈癌筛查。

Colorectal cancer screenings

结直肠癌筛查

Colorectal (colon and rectal) cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the U.S., the ACS states.

美国癌症协会 （ACS）说明，结直肠癌（结肠癌和直肠癌）是美国第三大最常见癌症。

In 2023, experts predict there will be 106,970 new cases of colon cancer and 46,050 new cases of rectal cancer.

2023年，专家预测新增106970例结肠癌患者和46050里直肠癌患者。


These cancers usually begin with slow-growing polyps, which are small clumps of cells that collect in the colon lining.

这些癌症通常从缓慢生长的息肉开始，息肉是一小丛细胞集中在结肠内壁。

During routine cancer screenings, these polyps can be found and removed.

常规癌症筛查能发现并切除这些息肉。

The most common form of colorectal cancer screening is the colonoscopy.

最常用的结直肠癌筛查方式是结肠镜检查。

"A colonoscopy is generally an outpatient procedure wherein a doctor will examine the colon with a flexible instrument containing a camera," said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov说：“结肠镜检查是普通的门诊手术，医生会用带有摄像头的柔软设备检查结肠。”

"For most people, this screening begins at age 45 with a follow-up needed every five years."

“对大多数人来说，这个筛查从45岁开始，每五年需要进行一次。”


Screenings for this type of cancer may be needed earlier or more frequently for people with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.

对于结直肠癌风险增高的人员，这种癌症筛查可以更早开始，更高频率地进行。

That includes people with:
·A personal or family history of colorectal cancer
·A history of polyps
·Inflammatory bowel diseases
·Certain known genetic conditions

这些人群包括：
·有个人或家族结直肠癌病史
·有息肉病史
·有发炎性肠病
·某些已知的基因变异

Lung cancer screenings

肺癌筛查

Lung cancer is the second most common type of cancer in the U.S., not counting skin cancer, the ACS website states.

美国癌症协会（ACS）网站说明，不包括皮肤癌，肺癌是美国第二大最常见癌症。

In 2023, there will be 238,340 new cases and 127,070 deaths from the disease, the ACS estimates.

美国癌症协会（ACS）预测，2023年，将有238340新病例和127070人死于此种疾病。

Not everyone needs lung cancer screenings, but they are important for those who meet the following criteria:
·People who smoke or have quit within the last 15 years
·Those between ages 50 and 80
·People with a smoking history of 20 "pack-years" or more

不是每个人都需要肺癌筛查，但是符合下面标准的人，肺癌筛查很重要：
·过去15年吸烟的人，包括已经戒烟的
·50到80岁的人
·吸烟超过20“包年”，或者更多的人

”Pack-years" are a measurement of someone’s cigarette consumption, Vukasinov explained.

Vukasinov解释，“包年”是个衡量某人香烟消费量的指标。
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"A single pack-year means that, on average, a person smoked one pack of cigarettes per day for one year," he said.

他说：“一包年意味着，平均而言，一个人每天吸烟一包，持续一年。”

"So, 20 pack-years could be a pack per day for 20 years, two packs per day for 10 years or half a pack per day for 40 years. This will vary for each individual, and even over that individual’s own lifetime."

“那么，20包年可能每天一包，吸烟20年里，也可能是每天2包，吸烟10年，或者每天半包，吸烟40年。这样因人而异，甚至个人的一生中，不同时段也不同。”
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A special type of X-ray scan, a low-dose computed tomography (CT) scan, is used to check the lungs for signs of cancer.

一种特殊的X光检查，低剂量计算机断层扫描（CT），常用于检查肺部的癌症迹象。

"As of today, this is the only recommended routine screening for lung cancer," said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov说：“到今天为止，这是唯一推荐的肺癌常规筛查。”

Skin cancer screenings

皮肤癌筛查

Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer in the U.S., with about 5.4 million cases diagnosed each year, according to the ACS.

根据美国癌症协会（ACS）数据，皮肤癌是美国最常见的癌症，大约每年诊断出5400万病例。
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Although skin cancer is often more treatable than other types, early and fast treatment is still important to improve the long-term prognosis, experts say.

专家们说，尽管皮肤癌相比其他癌症更易治疗，早期快速治疗对治疗后的长期改善仍然重要。

"A dermatologist can help determine the best cadence for skin cancer screenings," said Vukasinov.

Vukasinov说：“皮肤科医生能够帮助确定皮肤癌筛查的最好节奏。”

"This is still an active area of research, but skin cancer screenings may be especially important for people with a family history of skin cancer or with current signs of skin cancer, such as irregular or changing skin features," he added.

他补充：“这仍然是研究的活跃领域，但是对于部分人群皮肤癌筛查尤其重要，这些人群包括有皮肤癌家族病史，以及现在有皮肤癌迹象的人，皮肤癌迹象指不规则或不断变化的皮肤特征，”

Although the ACS doesn’t have any official guidance for skin cancer screenings, many doctors recommend monthly self-checks, it says on its website.

尽管美国癌症协会（ACS） 没有皮肤癌筛查的官方指导，但是根据其网站上的说法，许多医生建议每月自查。
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Other cancer screenings

其他癌症筛查

There are over 100 documented types of cancer, but screenings aren’t recommended for all types or for all people.

有100多种记录的癌症类型，但是不建议对所有人进行所有类型癌症筛查。


For some types of cancer, the screenings themselves haven’t shown a health benefit or could pose more risk than the disease, according to Medical Offices of Manhattan.

根据曼哈顿医疗办公室的意见，对某些类型癌症，筛查不能显示出健康利益，或者可能带来的风险超过疾病的本身。

"Certain tests could be harmful, for example, if they lead to direct complication from the procedure or lead to indirect harm through false positives or false negatives."

“某些检查会有伤害，例如，如果他们直接导致手术并发症，或者因为假阳性或假阴性的检查结果导致间接伤害。”

Screenings are more widely recommended for those who have a personal or family history of a certain type of cancer.

筛查广泛用于那些有某种癌症家族或个人病史的人。

"For anyone who’s unsure, talk to your primary care doctor," said Vukasinov. "Share your concerns and what you hope to achieve through cancer screenings."

“对于不确定的人，请和你的基本保健医生谈谈，” Vukasinov说，“分享你的忧虑，以及你希望通过癌症筛查得到什么。”

"Medicine continues to advance every day — and your doctor can help you navigate it to get the care you need.”

“医学每年都在持续进步，你的医生可以帮你得到你需要的护理。”